To review important points we've covered so far on morphology, I'd like you to do review exercises on free-bound/ derivational-inflectional morphemes first.

Now, the next topic we'll discuss is word formation. We now know that we create new words by attaching bound morphemes to free morphemes. Of course, even with inflectional bound morphemes we could say that we have a new word formed by the process. This is because although the category of the lexical morpheme remains the same, it contains contrastive grammatical meaning. This process of forming a new word from adding bound morphemes to free morphemes is, therefore, called '1. complex'. The derived word is called a 'complex word'.

As studied earlier, a verb can be inflected with present marker, past tense marker, present participle marker and past participle marker. In some case, the past form and or the past participle form of a verb is not created by affixing inflectional morphemes. Rather, the form of a verb changed into a new verb form, such as drink, drank, drunk. The process involved is termed '2. ablaut'. It is an internal change of the vowel in the word. Nouns can be created by this process as well. For instance, we have 'song' out of 'sing', 'shoot' out of 'shot'.

However, with verbs, if the past and/or the past participle form of a verb changes completely, then the process involved is called '3. suppletion'. For example, go, went, gone, good, worse, worst.

Another way to form a new word is combining two lexical morphemes which are free morphemes together to create a larger word. This process is called '4. compounding'. Take 'toothpaste' for example, how many free bound morphemes do we have? Two. Are they lexical morphemes or grammatical ones? Lexical morphemes. What does the derived word mean? A kind of paste that is used to brush teeth. In terms of meaning, a compound noun may or may not have the meaning that is related to the original words which were combined. If the meaning of each original word retains or is suggested in the newly derived form, it is called endocentric. If not, it is called exocentric. Now, let me give you some examples of compounding which are exocentric. Break-neck means highly dangerous, describing speed and 'sugar daddy' refers to an old man who generously gives gifts to young girls in return for their favors.

English orthography of compound words is not consistent. Sometimes, they are spelled as single word such as 'girlfriend'. Sometimes, however, they are written with a hyphen in between, such as 'red-hot' and sometimes, as two-word words such as 'bus stop' and 'sugar cane'.

How can we distinguish compound words from set phrase, then? Remember, in this class we use different stress markers for individual words and set phrases. It's important, therefore, that we are able to distinguish each of them. We can do this simply by testing with the following:
1. insert an item between such compound words with are written separately: try inserting 'big' into a gold fish? *a gold big fish
2. inflect them: a spider web?*spiders web
3. intensify them: a green card? *a very/somewhat/rather/quite green card: a registration card issued to an alien to work and live in the U.S.

Next, we want to look at '5. blending'. 'Brunch' is a good example of blending. In blending, we take the first part of the derived word from the first part of one word, and the second part of the derived word from the end part of another word. The derived word is not the same as a compound word because with the compound word we put the two words together without changing any of them. It is not complex either because they are not formed by affixes.

6. Conversion is to use a word as a new category. A noun can be used as a verb such as 'John winters in Bali every year. A preposition can be used as a verb as well such as 'We decided to out the new coach because of his poor performance'. Of course, verbs and nouns of the same forms can be categorized under conversion as well. In this case, the word class is distinguished by the different stress patterns.

7. Coinage is our last word formation to be studied. 'Walkman' is a trademark of portable stereo cassette players used with headphones. It is later used to call products of the same kind and became a new word.