When the
subjects in the adverb clause and the main clause are the same, the adverb
clause can be reduced by:
Clauses
telling time:
|
1.
Omit the subject in the adverb clause
2. Keep or omit the connector
3. Change the form of the verb according to the following: |
1.
Were+Ving -> Ving
(Connector)+Ving , S+V. |
1.a
While we are hiking/were hiking/hiked, we admire/admired the scenery
around us.
1.b (While) hiking, we admire/admired the scenery around us. |
2.
Has/Had been Ving -> Ving
(Connector)+Ving , S+V. |
2.a.
Since he has/had been living in Paris, he has/had learned to speak
French quite well.
2.b. (Since) livingin Paris, he has/had learned to speak French quite
well. |
3.
Have/Had V3 -> Having V3
(Connector) Having V3, S+V. |
3.a.
After we have/had hiked around the canyon, we are/were exhausted.
3.b. (After) having hiked around the canyon, we are/were exhausted. |
4.
Are/Were being + V3 -> Being V3
(Connector) Being V3, S+V |
4.a.
When they are/were searched, they felt nervous.
4.b. When being searched, they feel/felt nervous. |
| Clause
telling reason |
The
connector is always omitted when the adverb clause is to be
reduced. |
Either
Form 1, 2, 3 or 4
can be used depending on the tense of the verb in the original
sentence.
Not
or never can begin the reduced adverb clause. |
5.a.Because
we take/took/are taking/were taking the bus, we save/saved a lot
of money.
5.b. Taking the bus, we save/saved a lot of money.
6.a.
As I have/had never gone skiing, I want/wated to take lessons.
6.b. Never having gone skiing, I want/wanted to take lessons. |
Clauses
telling contrast:
Despite, in spite of |
7.a.
Many of my students are hardworking and honest kids although the media
gives bad reports.
7.b. Many of my students are hardworking and honest kids despite
the bad reports by the media. |
Clauses
telling condition:
If/Unless+Verbs in form 1, 2, 3, or 4 |
8.a.
If they are carefully planned, things should run smoothly.
8.b. If carefully planned, things should run smoothly. |
| Clauses
telling purpose: To infinitive |
9.a.
Sarah worked extra jobs in order that she could fly to Canada.
9.b. To be able to fly to Canada, Sarah worked extra jobs. |
Eyring,
Janet & Frodesen, Jan. (2000). Grammar Dimension 4. Boston:
Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Celce-Murcia, Marianne & Larsen-Freeman, Diane. (1999) The Grammar
Book. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers.
Ploeger, Katherine. (2001) Simplified Essay Skills. Chicago:
National Textbook Company.
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