*********

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*********

The Project 64 etext of the ~North Atlantic '86 Manual~, converted to
etext by Vincent <vcsfu@is1.hk.super.net>.

NATL8610.TXT, May 1997, etext #241#

*********

NORTH ATLANTIC '86 MANUAL
=========================

1.0 INTRODUCTION
================
NORTH ATLANTIC 86 is an operational level game, featuring combat
between Soviet and NATO air, land, surface-naval and submarine forces
for control of the North Atlantic.  Every ship, airplane, or infantry
company available to the local Soviet and NATO commanders is now under
your control.  You will need to organize your ships into task forces
to perform various missions: sea lane interdiction, land bombardment,
supply/troop transport, evacuation, etc.  All play revolves around the
creation and manipulation of these task forces and the effective
concentration of air power.  Included are campaign games covering
September 7 to December 31, 1986 and November 1 to December 31, 1986,
minigames covering the invasion of Iceland in November 1986, and a
North Atlantic convoy operation in September 1986.

1.1 Description of Action
-------------------------
Each game turn represents the passage of 12 hours.  A game turn
consists of:  (1) building and adjusting friendly task forces; (2)
moving your task forces; (3) launching air missions; (4) launching
missile attacks; (5) combat resolution.

1.2 Talking to the Computer
---------------------------
To enter a response to the computer that consists of numbers (such as
ship or task force identification numbers or the number of aircraft
performing a mission), type the number into the computer and press the
(RETURN) key.  To select a routine from the Task Force Menu or answer
a Yes/No question, just press the desired key.  If you wish to halt
the game during the combat resolution phase, type CNTRL-C.  This will
cause the program to pause until you press another key.

1.3 Saving a Game
-----------------
Upon completion of the combat phase of each turn, the computer will
allow the player(s) to save the game in progress.  You will need a
scratch disk to store the saved game data.  The disk must be
initalized for SSI use, before starting the game by following the
instructions included in the game program.  Once the game is saved,
you will be able to restart it from point at which you left off.

1.4 The Map
-----------
The map is a 40 x 40 square grid representation of the North Atlantic
Theatre.  Each square measures 100km in width.  Green squares are
land; blue squares are ocean; white squares are bases; red squares are
Soviet TFs; and black squares are NATO TFs.  The range between squares
is calculated between the center of the first square and the center of
the second square.  The number thus obtained is rounded up.

Example:

     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
     |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
     |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |X |  |
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
     |  |  |  |X |  |  |  |  |  |  |
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
     |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
     +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+

5 squares over and 1 square up equals range of 5.099, or 6.


1.5 Starting a Game (DOS 3.2 or 3.3)
------------------------------------
To begin a game, boot your game disk and the game will begin
automatically.  If you are using an Apple II with Pascal, you must
first use your BASIC disk.  If you are using an Apple III, you must
first go into apple II emulation mode.


2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
=======================

2.1 Parts Inventory
-------------------
A. Game Box
B. Rule Book
C. 5 1/4" game disk
D. Two map data cards.

2.2 Passwords
-------------
At the start of a non-solitaire game, both sides will be required to
enter a password.  The password may contain any combination of letters
and numbers totalling less than 256 characters.  It is important that
both sides keep their passwords secret to insure that the computer
will give secret information only to the proper side.  Some sample
passwords are: "NATO", "1986", and "Q".

2.3 Abbreviations
-----------------
   Abbreviations used in the game are explained below
       CVN      Nuclear Aircraft Carrier
       CV       Aircraft Carrier
       BB       Battleship
       CGN      Nuclear Guided Missile Cruiser
       CG       Guided Missile Cruiser
       CL       Light Cruiser
       DDG      Guided Missile Destroyer
       DD       Destroyer
       FFG      Guided Missile Frigate
       FF       Frigate
       SSNG     Nuclear Guided Missile Submarine
       SSN      Nuclear Submarine
       SS       Submarine
       LST      Landing Ship Tank
       LHA      Helicopter Assault Ship with Loading Dock
       LPH      Helicopter Assault Ship
       LPD      Landing Ship with Loading Dock
       AP       Transport
       AK       Cargo Ship
       AO       Oiler
       AE       Ammunition Ship
       AKR      Vehicle Cargo Ship
       AFS      Combat Stores Ship
       TF       Task Force
       CAP      Combat Air Patrol
       SSM      Surface to Air Missile
       ASM      Air to Surface Missile
       ASW      Anti-submarine Weapon
       SAM      Surface-to-Air Missile
       AST      Anti-submarine Torpedo
       AAM      Air-to-Air Missile


3.0 SEQUENCE OF PLAY
====================
North Atlantic 86 is designed to be a two-sided game: Soviet vs NATO.
The NATO forces must be commanded by a human player.  The Soviet
forces may be commanded by either a human or the computer.

3.1 Scenario Selection Phase
----------------------------
During the scenario selection phase, the player(s) select a scenario
and determine the conditions under which the game will be played.  The
set-up may be changed by entering the following numbers:

        (1) New Game or Saved Game
        (2) Color TV or Black & White TV
        (3) Solitaire or two-player
        (4) Solitaire level of difficulty (1-4)

The scenario may be altered by entering the following numbers:
        (5) Campaign 1 (Sep 7 - Dec 31, 1986)
        (6) Campaign 2 (Nov 1 - Dec 31, 1986)
        (7) Convoy QR44 (Sep 25 - Sep 30, 1986)
        (8) Iceland (Nov 11 - Nov 20, 1986)

3.2 Scenario Set-Up
-------------------
At the start of each game, the computer will assign all ships,
aircraft, infantry and supplies to their set-up locations prior to the
battle.

3.3 Sequence
------------
(A) NATO TF Adjustment Phase
(B) NATO Movement Phase
(C) Soviet TF Adjustment Phase
(D) Soviet Movement Phase
(E) Soviet Air Operations Phase
(F) NATO Air Operations Phase
(G) Combat Resolution Phase
(H) Save Game Phase

3.4 Keeping Time
----------------
An AM turn followed by a PM turn equals one day.  The calendar is
adjusted at the end of the PM turn.


4.0 TASK FORCE ADJUSTMENT
=========================
At the start of the task force adjustment phase, the computer will
display a menu listing four options for adjusting your forces and
seven options for reviewing the status of your forces.  To enter the
desired routine, just press the corresponding numbered or letterd key.

4.1 Forming Task Forces
-----------------------
A. Enter the code for the port in which you will assemble your TF (A,
   M, R).

B. Enter the code for the mission your TF will perform.  See Section
   9.2 for list of the possible missions.

C. The computer will list those ships in the selected port that are
   eligible ship perform the selected mission.  Each ship will be
   displayed with its ship number.

D. Assemble your TF by entering the desired ship numbers.  In some
   cases, the screen cannot list all of the eligible ships at once; if
   you do not see the ships that you want, press (RETURN) and another
   batch of ships can be listed.

E. When the computer prompts CONTINUE SELECTION Y/N, press (Y) if you
   are satisfied with your selection, or press (N), and the computer
   will run through the list again.

4.2 Combining TFs
-----------------
Two TFs occupying the same grid location may be combined in the
following manner:

A. Enter the number of the "gaining TF" and the "merging TF".

B. All ships in the "merging TF" will be added to the "gaining TF" and
   the "merging TF" will be deleted.

C. If the "merging TF" had a lower endurance than the "gaining TF",
   then the "gaining TF" will assume the lower endurance.

D. Submarine TFs may not combine with non-submarine TFs.

E. Aircraft carriers may not combine with non-combat patrol (C) TFs.

F. Transports may not combine with non-transport (T) TFs.

4.3 Dividing TFs
----------------
A. Enter the number of the TF you wish to divide.  The computer will
   list the ships in the selected TF.

B. The Soviet player is allowed 9 active TFs, the NATO player is
   allowed 11.  If you are currently using the maximum number of TFs,
   then the computer will display the message TOO MANY ACTIVE TFs and
   return to the menu.

C. Enter the number of the ships you wish to transfer to a new TF.
   The computer will set up a new TF for you.  The new TF will have
   the same mission and endurance as the original TF.

D. If you are currently using fewer than your maximum number of TFs,
   then the DIVIDE TF function may be used to "scuttle" crippled
   ships.  Just enter the letter (S) following the number of the ship
   you are transferring.  Your opponent will receive one less victory
   point for ships that are scuttled than would ordinarily be awarded
   for a ship sunk involuntarily.  (Your crew is assumed to have been
   removed safely).

4.4 Loading Transports
----------------------
Troops and supplies may be loaded onto ships which are located in a
friendly port (America, Murmansk, Riga).

A. Use the LOAD TRANSPORTS routine, enter the code for the port in
   which the loading is to take place.  The computer will list all
   eligible ships in that port with a cargo capacity greater than
   zero.

B. Enter the number of the ship you wish to load and then enter the
   number of infantry companies and/or supply units you wish to load.
   Each infantry company represents 100 men.

C. If you wish to unload cargo while still in port, type a (U) in
   response to the question NUMBER OF INFANTRY COMPANIES/SUPPLY UNITS
   TO BE LOADED ? By typing a (U), the current cargo will be unloaded.

D. Only supply units may be loaded into ships whose prefix begins with
   the letter A (AP, AK, AE etc).

4.5 Checking the Pipeline
-------------------------
Reinforcements and repaired ships will periodically be sent to ports
you control.  To check the status of these ships, you may wish to
request the current condition of your ship "pipeline".

A. Enter the code (A, M, R) for the port you wish to check.

B. Enter the Ship Type Prefix: Press (RETURN) if you wish to view all
   ships in the piepline.  To view a particular type of ship, enter
   the first letter of the ship abbreviation.  EXAMPLE Enter "D" to
   list only DD and DDG type ships in the pipeline.

C. Enter Maximum Delay Time: Press (RETURN) to view all ships in the
   pipeline.  Enter a number (N) if you do not wish to view any ships
   that will exceed N days in the pipeline.

D. The computer will list all ships currently in that port and all
   ships due to arrive there.

E. For ships in the repair, refit or reinforcement "pipeline", the
   computer will list the time in days before that ship can return or
   arrive.

4.6 Sunk Ships Display
----------------------
The computer will list all ships that have been sunk and the points
awarded for their sinking.  During the Campaign scenarios, the
computer will not list sunk cargo and amphibious ships.

4.7 Air Group Display
---------------------
The computer will display the number of each type of aircraft assigned
to each friendly airbase or carrier that is active.

4.8 List Active TFs
-------------------
A. The computer lists the TF number, mission, and endurance for each
   friendly TF currently active.

B. If you wish to examine the ships in a particular TF, enter the
   number of the TF you wish to examine.  If you do not wish to
   examine a TF just press (RETURN).

4.9 Map Display
---------------
The computer will display the map and all friendly active TFs.  If you
wish to locate a particular friendly TF on the map, enter that TFs
number.  The TFs square will flash to indicate its location.

4.10 Base Display
-----------------
A. The computer will display the infantry companies, supply dumps,
   combat aircraft and utility aircraft available at each friendly
   base.

B. For the NATO player, the computer will display the NATO Morale
   points.

4.11 Ending the Game
--------------------
Both players should agree before ending the game.  The computer will
display the final score.

4.12 Weapons Display
--------------------
A. Press (W) to enter the Weapons Display Routine.  The computer will
   ask to enter a ship number.  To view an individual ship, enter the
   I.D. number for that ship.  (The ship I.D. numbers can be found in
   the Pipeline Display for ships in Port or the Divide TF routine for
   ships in a TF).

B. To view each ship in a particular TF, enter (T) in place of the
   ship number.  The computer will prompt you to enter a TF number.
   To view each ship in a specific port, enter the following TF
   numbers for the desired port:  1-Murrmansk, 2-Riga, 16-America.

C. The various weapons systems are described below:
   1. Main Guns: guns larger than 150mm, may be used for bombardment
                 or surface combat.
   2. Light Guns: guns 50mm to 149mm, may be used for bombardment,
                  surface combat or area defense flak.
   3. Missile Defense: combined rating of short-range guns and
                       missiles used for self-defense.  Based on
                       quantity and quality of the system involved.
   4. Helicopters: Patrol/ASW helicopters carried by a particular ship
                   or base.  Used for both submarine and surface
                   search and anti-sub attack.
   5. Air-Recon: the reonaissance aircraft carried by a particular
                 carrier or base, used for surface search only.
   6. Air-EW: the electronic warface aircraft carried by a particular
              carrier or base, used to protect friendly CAP and strike
              aircraft from enemy missile attack.
   7. Air-ASW: the anti-submarine patrol aircraft carried by a
               particular carrier or base.  Used for long-range
               submarine search and anti-sub attack.
   8. Air Earlywarning: the Early Warning aircraft carried by a
                        particular carrier or base.  Allows a TF or
                        base to react to incoming bomber or missile
                        attack.
   9. SSM-System: the Surface-to-Surface Missile carried by a
                  particular ship.  Displayed are NUMBER IN SALVO,
                  TOTAL CARRIED and MISSILE RANGE in km.  Used to
                  attack enemy ships.
  10. ASW-System: the Long-Range Anti-Sub missile system is displayed
                  along with the system's range in turn.
  11. SAM-System: the Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile system is
                  displayed along with the range in km.
  12. AST-System: the Anti-Submarine Torpedo System is displayed along
                  with the torpedos range in km.  The MK48, Tigerfish
                  and 533mm Torpedoes may also attack surface ships.
  13. EW Strength: the Qualitative rating assigned for a ship's radar
                   and ECM equipment.  For submarines, this is the
                   "quie" rating.
  14. Sonar Strength: the qualitative rating assigned for a ship's
                      sonar equipment.


5.0 TASK FORCE MOVEMENT
=======================
TFs move by expending movement points.  The number of movement points
a TF is allowed is dependent on the TFs "fleet speed".

5.1 Fleet Speed
---------------
A. A TFs fleet speed is calculated as 30 knots or the speed of the
   slowest ship in the TF, whichever is lower.

5.2 Movement
------------
A. A TF receives one movement point for each 2-1/2 knots of fleet
   speed.  A TF will receive a minimum of three movement points.

B. A TF expends two movement points for each square moved in
   directions N,S,E, W.

C. A TF expends three movement points for each square moved in
   directionns NW, NE, SW, SE.

D. A TF with fewer than two points remaining in its move may not move
   any further, but it may still "dock".

E. If you accidently press the wrong key while moving, you may press
   the (A) abort key and start your move over.  This may not be done
   after you have docked a TF or pressed (0) to end the move.

F. A TF may never enter a land square, TFs may move freely through any
   other square.

5.3 Entering Harbor - Unloading Ships
-------------------------------------
A. A TF that begins move on a friendly base square may enter the
   harbor and unload cargo by pressing (9) for "dock".  For a TF that
   begins its move in a harbor and wishes to remain in the harbor,
   press (9) to dock.  For a TF that wishes to exit a harbor but
   remain in the same square, press (0).

B. Each ship may unload a maximum of 18 infantry companies or 3 supply
   units or an equivalent combination of infantry and supply.

C. While "in harbor" a TF may never be attacked by enemy ships,
   submarines or missiles.

D. While "in harbor" a TFs ships are more vulnerable to bombing
   attack; bomber accuracy is doubled when attacking ships "in
   harbor".

E. To unload troops and supplies on an enemy-controlled base
   (amphibious assault), follow the procedure listed in A, above Ships
   will unload infantry /supplies at a rate of 9/2 instead of 18/3.
   When unloading at an enemy- controlled base, ships will never enter
   the harbor.

5.4 Movement Sequence
---------------------
A. During the movement phase, TFs must be moved sequentially according
   to TF number.  Once a TF has completed its move, the action cannot
   be reversed.

B. A player may examine the ships in a TF at any time during the TFs
   movement segment.  Press the (S) ships key, and the computer will
   give a complete status display for each ship in the TF.  The column
   heads for the display are explained in section 2.3.

C. To change a TFs EW(Electronic Warfare) mode, press (M).  A TFs EW
   mode may be either Passive or Active.  TFs in Passive Mode have all
   Radars and Active Sonars turned off.  TFs in Active Mode will
   automatically reveal their position to enemy searches.  TFs in
   active mode will have an increased chance to destroy or jam enemy
   anti-ship missiles.  Submarines in active mode will have an
   increased chance to acquire torpedo targets.  Active EW- mode is
   indicated when the words "EW-MODE" are displayed in inverse print.


6.0 PLANNING LAND ATTACKS
=========================
On any turn in which both Soviet and NATO forces occupy either Faroes
or Iceland, the computer will request an attack level for both
players.  The attack levels range from 0 to 5, with 0 being no attack,
1 being a very low intensity attack... 5 being a very high intensity
attack.  The supplies consumed by a particular attack will be equal to
the attack level.


7.0 AIR OPERATIONS
==================
During the Air Operation Phase, a player may (1) launch CAP ; (2)
observe search results; (3) launch air stikes; (4) transfer aircraft
(5) launch SSM/ASW attacks.

7.1 CAP Missions
----------------
A. At the start of the Air Operation Phase, each player must determine
   how many of his fighters will fly CAP missions.  Aircrafts
   performing CAP may not participate in air strikes or transfers
   during that turn.

B. Fighters may fly two types of CAP missions: (1) normal CAP, and (2)
   long- range CAP.  Normal CAP will protect only the TF or airbase
   from which it originated. Long-range CAP will protect any friendly
   TF within range of the CAP aircraft. For CAP purposes, the range
   equals half the aircraft's strike range.  Only a fraction of an
   airgroup performing long-range CAP will intercept an enemy bomber
   or missile strike.  (The greater the distance between the CAP's
   home base and the strike target, the smaller the fraction).  The
   number of CAP aircraft eligible to intercept a strike may be
   further reduced if the strike bombers are armed with long-range
   landoff missiles.

C. CAP fighters have two methods of engaging enemy airstrikes: (1)
   Long-Range Air-to-Air Missile Combat, (2) Dogfight Combat.  Both
   Missile and dogfight combat will occur when CAP intercepts
   airstrikes armed with regular bombs (standoff range=0).  There is a
   chance that CAP aircraft will fail to engage enemy air strikes
   armed with Long-Range Stand-Off Missiles.  The probability of
   failure is affected by: (1) stand-off range, (2) CAP air-to-air
   missile range, (3) range of CAP aircraft, (4) the success of Early
   Warning Aircraft in detecting the strike.  It is possible that CAP
   will proceed in firing missiles at an airstrike, but fail to engage
   it in dogfight combat.

D. Listed below are the AVERAGE/MAXIMUM interception ranges (in km),
   each type of fighter aircraft:

                          Long Range CAP
                       Missile       Missile      Dogfight    Dogfight
                        + EW         No EW         + EW       No  EW

  TORNADO    -ADV      320/440       64/70        145/290       31/62
  FALCON     -F16        NM           NM          115/230       29/58
  TOMCAT     -F14      450/550       70/75        125/250       30/60
  EAGLE      -F15      300/400       63/68        125/250       30/60
  HARRIER    -AV8        NM           NM           65/130       27/54
  FORGER     -Y36        NM           NM           55/110       26/53
  FLOGGER    -M23      300/400       63/68        125/250       30/60


                           Normal CAP
                       Missile       Missile      Dogfight    Dogfight
                        + EW         No EW         + EW       No  EW

  TORNADO    -ADV      110/200       25/50         35/70        25/50
  FALCON     -F16        NM           NM           35/70        25/50
  TOMCAT     -F14      160/300       27/55         35/70        25/50
  EAGLE      -F15      110/200       25/50         35/70        25/50
  HARRIER    -AV8        NM           NM           35/70        25/50
  FORGER     -Y36        NM           NM           35/70        25/50
  FLOGGER    -M23      110/200       25/50         35/70        25/50

   + EW = Successful Early Warning
   EW   = Unsuccessful Early Warning
   NM   = Aircraft does not carry long-range missile

7.2 Search Missions
-------------------
A. Searches are performed automatically each turn by utility aircraft
   based on ships, carriers, or land bases.  These aircraft will be
   listed on the Weapons display.  The SURFACE/SUBMARINE search ranges
   for each type of aircraft are listed below:

        HELICOPTER   4/3           RECONNASSANCE    20/0
        ASW          0/6           EARLY WARNING     8/0

B. The success of a seach attempt is affected by the number of
   aircraft searching and the distance to the enemy TF/submarine, and
   the number of ships in the enemy TF.

C. The different types of utility aircraft will search separtately.

D. Submarines may obtain SONAR CONTACTS on enemy TFs within their
   Patrol Area.


7.3 Search Display
------------------
A. The results of all friendly searches may be viewed on the search
   display.

B. The number for each located enemy TF or submarine will be listed
   and the location square on the map will be lit with the appropriate
   color.

C. To check the location and view the contents of an enemy force,
   enter the TF number for that force.  The computer will list the
   types of ships sighted and flash the location on the map.  The list
   of sighted ships may not be entirely accurate.

D. The computer will not list the contents of a submarine force or a
   surface TF located only due to its ACTIVE EW mode.

E. A TF with an asterisk by its number was located in a harbor.


7.4 Launching Air Strikes
-------------------------
Enemy bases and enemy surface TFs sighted on the Search Display may be
attacked by available friendly aircraft within range.

A. The computer will request a target for each friendly active
   airbase/carrier.  Type in the I.D. number of the enemy TF/base you
   wish to attack.  The computer will list the range to the target and
   ask you how many of each type of aircraft you want to launch.  The
   computer will not allow you to attack unsighted/detected enemy TFs.
   Each player may launch a total of ten air strikes per turn.  A
   particular carrier/base may launch more than one air strike in a
   turn.

B. The following bases may be attacked by typing in the target numbers
   listed below or the first two letters of the base's name.

         MURMANSK     1         ICELAND (SV)       6
         RIGA         2         SCAPA FLOW        17
         HAMBURG      3         FAROES (NATO)     18
         BERGEN       4         ICELAND (NATO)    19
         FAROES (SV)  5

C. For planning air strikes against enemy ships the computer will ask
   you to enter a stand-off range.  If you enter a range greater than
   zero, then each fighter included in the strike will automatically
   carry air-to-air missiles and each bomber in the strike will
   automatically carry an air-to-surface missile.  If you enter a
   range of zero, then for each type of fighter included in the air
   strike, you may substitute bombs for the air-to-air missiles.
   Bombers will automatically carry bombs when the stand-off range is
   zero.  Aircraft may not be included in a strike if the stand-off
   range is greater than the range of the aircraft's AAM or ASM.

D. When planning strikes against land targets, the computer will not
   allow you to enter a stand-off range.  If fighters are included in
   strikes against land targets, the computer will ask if the fighters
   should carry bombs or air-to-air missiles.  For each type of
   aircraft carrying bombs, the computer will ask BASE ATTACK ON
   GROUND SUPPORT B/G.  Ground support may be desirable if opposing
   forces are present on Iceland or Faroes.

E. Listed below are the various aircraft types, including their range,
   weapon system and weapon system range:

AIRCRAFT           AIRCRAFT RANGE   WEAPON SYSTEM     SYSTEM RANGE

Tornado      -ADV     12000           AMRAAM            150*
Falcon       -F16       900           Sidewinder         10
Eagle        -F15      1000           AMRAAM            150*
Torncat      -F14      1000           Phoenix           300*
Corsair      -A7E       600           Walleye            50
Intruder     -A6E       800           Harpoon           110
Harrier      -AV8       400           Sidewinder         10
Forger       -YAK36     300           Aphid              10
Flogger      -MIG23    1000           Apex              150*
Fencer       -SU24     1200           A-7                10
Backfire     -TU22M    2500           A-6               300
Badger       -TU16     1800           A-6               300
Cub          -AN12     2500           none               -
Startlifter  -C141     2500           none               -

* 100 added to range of long range AAMs to aid in calculating
interception range.

7.5 Aircraft Transfers
----------------------
Aircraft transfers may be performed between airbases and/or carriers
with the following restrictions:

A. Only four air missions may be performed each turn.

B. Transport aircraft (Starlifter, Cub) may only be included in
   transfer mission during the first two missions performed during AM
   turns only.

C. For transfer purposes, aircraft have their range tripled.

7.6 Air Transport Operations
----------------------------
Troops or supplies may be transferred between airbases, using
transport aircraft (Starlifter, Cub).

A. Whenever a transport aircraft is included in an air transfer
   mission (see 7.5), the computer will ask TRANSPORT TROOPS OR
   SUPPLIES T/S.  Press (T) to transport infantry; press (S) to
   transport supplies; press (RETURN) if you do not wish to transport
   any cargo.

B. Each transport may carry one company (100 men) of infantry.  The
   number of supply units transferred in equal to the number of
   transport aircraft divided by the transfer range.

7.7 Airborne Assault
--------------------
An airborne assault will occur whenever transport aircraft are
included in an air strike against an enemy base on Iceland or Faroes.

A. Only one airborne assault strike may be flown per turn.

B. Each transport aircraft included in the mission will attempt to
   airdrop one infantry company on the target island.  If a transport
   is destroyed by CAP or AA-fire, an infantry company is also
   destroyed.

C. The airdropped infantry force will automatically be included in a
   level-5 attack against the enemy infantry on the island on the same
   turn they are dropped.

7.8 Launching SSM and ASW Attacks
---------------------------------
A. Tfs may use SSMs or ASWs to attack enemy TFs/subs detected during
   the search phase.  TFs in a harbor may not fire SSMs or ASWs nor
   may they be fired upon by SSMs or ASWs.

B. If you select an enemy surface TF for a target, the computer will
   allow you to fire any of your ship's SSMs, if they are within
   range.  The range of an SSM in squares is equal to its range in km
   divided by 100, fractions rounded up.  The number of SSMs that may
   be fired in one turn by a particular ship/ sub may not exceed the
   maximum salvo number for that ship/sub.

C. Range permitting, each ship in attacking TF which has no SSMs will
   automatically fire one of its SAMs at the target TF.  This will
   only occur if the attacking TF is in Active-EW mode.

D. If you select an enemy submarine for a target, your ships may fire
   their ASW systems at the target.  Each ship in the attacking TF
   will have a 50% chance of firing its ASW.  A maximum of three ASWs
   of any one type may be fired per turn.  The range of ASWs is equal
   to two spaces.

E. When conducting as SSM or an ASW attack, each submarine in a TF
   will have only a 33% chance if firing its missiles.

F. When selecting a target, if you are unsure of the enemy TF numbers
   or locations, type (S) for the target number, and the computer will
   display the numbers of the sighted enemy TFs and allow you to
   locate them on the map.


8.0 COMBAT RESOLUTION
=====================
During the combat resolution phase, the computer will automatically
perform the following functions:

(1) Air Strike Resolution
(2) Missile (SSM, ASM, ASW) Resolution
(3) Surface and Submarine Combat Resolution
(4) Return Aircraft to their Bases/carriers
(5) Resolve Land Combat
(6) Repair and Refit of ships
(7) Activate Reinforcements

8.1 Air Strike Resolution
-------------------------
Each air strike is resolved in the following sequence:

(1) Air Early-Warning resolution
(2) Long-range AAM combat
(3) Dogfight combat
(4) Ships fire Long range SAMs
(5) Bombers launch ASMs
(6) Flak resolution
(7) Bombers drop bombs

For stand-off missile strikes, segments 6 and 7 are omitted.

A. Early Warning aircraft may detect incoming air strikes and missile
   strikes against targets up to 8 spaces (800 km) away from their
   bases.  Successful detection is affected by the number of early
   warning aircraft available, the distance from the base to the
   target, and the stand-off range of the airstrike.

B. Long range AAM combat may occur if CAP or strike aircraft are
   equipped with Phoenix, AMRAAM or Apex missiles.  The number of
   missiles each aircraft may fire is dependent on the type of missile
   as follows:

               Phoenix       3
               AMRAAM        2
               Apex          1

AAMs fired by strike aircraft may acquire targets from any of the air
groups performing Normal or Long-range CAP.  AAMs fired by CAP
aircraft may acquire targets from the Strike Group only.  The success
of each AAM fired is reduced by the ECM rating of the target aircraft
and the ASW number of the target aircraft's base/carrier.  Following
each AAM combat.  50% of the firing aircraft in each participating CAP
group will suffer missile depletion and be unable to fire at incoming
air strikes occuring per that turn.

Fighter aircraft must be able to "lock-on" to their targets in order
to fire their long-range AAMs.  The chance of a successful lock-on is
determined by the firing aircraft's RADAR strength.  The chance of
firing an enemy plane with a missile is affected by the ECM rating of
the target aircraft:

    TORNADO         3         INTRUDER       4           BACKFIRE     3
    FALCON          1         HARRIER        1           BADGER       1
    TOMCAT          3         FORGER         0           CUB          0
    EAGLE           3         FLOGGER        1           STARLIFTER   0
    CORSAIR         1         FENCER         1

The higher the ECM rating the lower the chance of being hit to Long
range AAMs.

C. Dogfight combat may occur between CAP fighters and Strike aircraft.
   Individual CAP fighters will randomly select a bomber or escort
   target and attack it.  If the attack fails to shoot down the target
   aircraft, the target aircraft will counterattack.  This sequence is
   repeated for each intercepting CAP fighter.  On PM turns an
   aircraft must "locate" its target in order to attack or
   counterattack in a dogfight.  The chance of location a target is
   determined by the aircraft's RADAR strength.

   Aircraft are assigned dogfight ratings as follows:

        TORNADO     4         INTRUDER     1          BACKFIRE       1
        FALCON      5         HARRIER      3          BADGER         1
        TOMCAT      4         FORGER       2          CUB            1
        EAGLE       5         FLOGGER      4          STARLIFTER     1
        CORSAIR     2         FENCER       2

   For target selection purposes, the higher the dogfight rating, the
   greater the chance that the aircraft will be engaged.  For combat
   purposes, aircraft carrying AAMs have their dogfight rating
   doubled.  If the AAM is a SIDEWINDER, two additional points are
   added to the dogfight rating.  If the AAM is an APHID, one
   additional point is added.

D. Ships in the target TF may fire SAMs at the strike aircraft if the
   stand-off range of the strike is less than or equal to the range of
   the SAM.  If early warning aircraft failed to detect the strike and
   the target TF is in PASSIVE EW mode, the SAMs will not fire.  The
   number of SAMs a ship may fire is dependent on the type of SAM:

        STANDARD     4         SA-N-1       1         SA-N-6      3
        SEADART      2         SA-N-3       2         SA-N-7      4
        SEASLUG      1

   The Aegis Cruisers, CG-Ticonderoga and CG-Yorktown, may fire 8
   standard missiles at an air strike or missile strike.  The target
   selection and missile resolution are the same as for AAM combat.
   Each time a ship fires SAMs, there is a chance it may exhaust its
   SAM supply.  The supply of SAMs may only be replenished during
   refit time.  The probability of SAM supply exhaustion, increases
   with the number of SAMs fired.  There is a 50% chance that a
   particular ship will be unable to fire its SAMs at an air strike.

E. Bombers that survive CAP and SAM combat may release their ASMs.  If
   stand-off range equals zero, strike aircraft will be attacked by
   flak before dropping their bombs.  Surviving bombers will select a
   target ship from those in the target TF and attempt to penetrate
   the flak and deliver their ordnance.  Target selection is
   accomplished in the following manner: Each ship is assigned a
   selection value (SV) equal to its defense factor plus Five times
   its cargo/aircraft capacity; the chance of a particular ship being
   attacked is equal to the SV of that ship divided by the combined SV
   of the target TF.

F. The chance of a bomber being shot down by flak is equal to the TF
   flak strength plus the target's missile defense strength, divided
   by 500.  The TF flak strength is equal to the combined AA (light
   gun) ratings of all ships in the TF.  If there are more than 12
   ships in the TF, the TF flak strength is equal to the average AA
   rating of the ships in the TF, multiplied by 12.

G. The chance of a bomb hitting the target is affected by: (1) bomber
   accuracy, (2) maximum speed of target, (3) flak intensity, (4)
   range of the strike (5) size of the target, (6) the "radar"
   capability of the bomber (on  M turns).  The relative bomber
   accuracy/radar capabilities of the varous aircraft are listed
   below:

      TORNADO      14/9       CORSAIR    7/5            FLOGGER    1/4
      FALCON        6/4       INTRUDER  10/8            FENCER     9/7
      TOMCAT       10/8       HARRIER    6/2            BACKFIRE   5/5
      EAGLE        10/6       FORGER     3/1            BADGER     3/3


8.2 Missile Resolution
----------------------
During the missile resolution phase, all anti-ship and anti-sub
missiles will attempt to destroy their targets.

A. Prior to attacking a ship, the anti-ship missiles may be engaged by
   CAP-firing AAMs, ship firing SAMs, light guns and the target
   ship's missile defense systems.  SAMs will not be fired at surface
   skimming missiles.  SAMs may not fire if early warning aircraft
   failed to detect the incoming missile and the target TF is in
   PASSIVE-EW mode.  There is a possibility that a TF may switch from
   PASSIVE to ACTIVE EW Mode during the missile Resolution phase.  One
   point is added to the TF flak-strength for each aircraft flying
   Normal CAP over the target TF; otherwise, flak strengths are
   computed the same as for bomber defense.  Note: The further the
   stand-off range from which a missile is fired, the greater the
   likelihood the missile will totally miss the targeted TF.

B. Missiles that survive AAM and SAM fire will break into groups of
   from 1 to 7 missiles.  Each group will select and engage a
   particular target.  As flak fires at the missile group, the second
   missile will be twice as hard to destroy as the first; the third
   will be three times as hard to destroy as the first, etc.

C. Missiles that survive all defensive fire may still be jammed by the
   target ship.  The success of jamming is affected by the missile's
   accuracy rating and the EW rating of the target ship.  Missiles
   with accuracy less than five, attacking ships with EW greater than
   three, will be fairly easy to jam.

D. If all else fails, the missile may still miss the target.  The hit
   or miss frequency depends on the missile's accuracy rating.
   Accuracy ratings for anti-ship missiles are listed below:

       HARPOON     9*      SS-N-7        7*           SS-N-12       6
       TOMAHAWK    9*      SS-N-2c       5            SS-N-19       7
       EXOCET      9*      SS-N-3        4            AS-6          5*
       WALLEYE     7       SS-N-22       7            AS-7          7

       * indicates surface skimming.

D. The probability of anti-submarine missiles hitting their targets is
   affected by: (1) submarine speed, (2) submarine EW rating, (3)
   missile accuracy.  The accuracy ratings of the various ASW missiles
   are listed below:

       ASROC     4       FRAS-1     4          SUBROC      4
       SS-N-16   4       IKARA      3          SS-N-14     3


8.3 Surface Combat
------------------
Surface combat may occur between opposing TFs that occupy the same
space if at least one of the TFs is performing a combat patrol
mission (C) and has an endurance of at least 9.

A. Surface combat is resolved using the following sequence:
    (1) each Soviet ship in a TF performing a "C" mission will fire at
        one of the ships from one of the NATO TFs in the same space.
    (2) each NATO ship that occupies the same space as the attacking
        Soviet, TF will fire at one of the ships from the attacking TF.
    (3) each NATO ship in a TF performing a "C" mission will fire at
        one of the ships from one of the Soviet TFs in the same space.
    (4) each Soviet ship that occupies the same space as the attacking
        NATO TF will fire at one of the ships from the attacking TF.

B. Target selection for surface combat is similar to that used for air
   attacks.  In surface combat, a ship's selection value is equal to
   that ship's defense factor.

C. When attacking each ship will: (1) fire torpedoes, (2) fire main
   guns, (3) fire light guns.  Only Soviet ships armed with the 533MM
   torpedo may fire torpedoes during surface combat.  The accuracy of
   torpedoes and gunfire is adjusted by the speed and size of the
   target.


8.4 Submarine Combat
--------------------
A. Submarines patrol an area up to two spaces away from their artus TF
   location.

B. Each sub in a TF will have a chance to engage an enemy TF within
   its patrol area.  The probability of engagement is affected by the
   sub's speed, sonar strength, and EW mode.  Subs that have been
   detected by enemy search have their probability of engagement
   reduced by 2/3.  The probability of engaging an enemy sub will be
   1/4 that of engaging an enemy surface TF.

C. The chance of engaging and torpedoing an enemy ship will be reduced
   by the number of ASW ships (sonar strength greater than zero)
   present in the defending TF.

D. When attacking submarines fire two torpedoes at their target.
   After each attack, there is a ten precent chance that the sub's
   torpedo supply will be exhaused.  The sub must undergo refit in
   port to regain its torpedo capability.

E. After a submarine attack, the ASW ships in the target TF will
   attempt to track and attack the sub.  The ASW ships may fire either
   ASW or AST systems at the sub.  The probability of getting a shot
   at the sub is affected by sub speed.  ASW ship speed, sub EW
   strength, ASW ship's sonar strength, and ASW/ AST system's range.
   The probability of sinking the sub is affected by ASW/ AST system's
   accuracy.

F. The Range/Accuracy of the ASW and AST systems is listed below:
       ASROC      20/4          MK48 TORPEDO         50/5
       SUBROC     55/4          TIGERFISH TORPEDO    40/4
       IKARA      20/3          533MM TORPEDO        20/3
       FRAS-1     25/4          400MM TORPEDO         7/4
       SS-N-14    50/3          MK46 TORPEDO         10/4
       SS-N-16    75/4


8.5 Aircraft Returning to Base
------------------------------
A. After completing their missions, aircraft will attempt to return to
   the same base or carrier from which they were launched.

B. If launched from a carrier which received 26% or more damage or had
   its speed reduced below 15 knots, the aircraft will try to make an
   "emergency" landing on another carrier or airbase.

C. Emergency landings will occur automatically if there is a friendly
   base or carrier within 3 squares of the origin carrier.

   CV-Invincible and CV-Ark Royal may only receive Harrier aircraft,
   CVG-Kiev and CVG-Minsk may only receive Forger aircraft.

D. If an emergency landing is required and there are no eligible bases
   or carriers within 3 squares, then the aircraft will ditch in the
   ocean.

E. Aircraft which engaged in CAP, STRIKE or TRANSFER missions during
   the turn will suffer approximately 1% Non-Combat Losses for each
   mission.  Troops and supplies being Air-Transported will also
   suffer the 1% loss.


8.6 Land Combat
---------------
Land combat may occur whenever both Soviet and NATO infantry are
present on Iceland or Faroes.  Land combat must be planned at the
end of the previous movement phase.

A. Land attack procedure is as follows: (1) defender forces open fire
   conflicting casualties on the attacker, (2) surviving attacker
   forces inflict casualties on the defender.

B. As a general rule, the greater the attack level (1-5), the greater
   the casualties on both sides.  Attacks made without adequate
   supplies will suffer doubled casualties.  Defensive fire from an
   unsupplied force will be half as effective.

C. The ultimate objective of land combat is to capture or defend the
   airfield and harbor facilities on Iceland or Faroes.  If the Total
   Combat Strength (TCS) of the attacker is greater than the TCS of
   the defender, the airfield/ harbor may be captured.  The attacker
   TCS is computed as (INF COMPANIES + GROUND SUPPORT POINTS) x RANDOM
   NUMBER.  The defender is computed as INF COMPANIES + GROUND SUPPORT
   POINTS.

D. It is possible that an airfield will be suppressed for one turn
   following an defense enemy assult.  The message AIRFIELD UNDER
   HEAVY FIRE will signal the airfield's suppression.  Air operations
   will not be allowed during the turn following the suppression
   message.


8.7 Ground Support and Bombardment
----------------------------------
The outcome of land combat may be affected by bombers performing
ground support missions and ships performing bombardment (B) missions.

A. Bombers flying ground support over Iceland or Faroes add ground
   support points to the local land combat strength.  Ships in TFs
   with "B" mission will also add ground support points if the TF
   occupies the Iceland or Faroes squares.

B. Battleship main guns are worth three ground support points each:
   all light guns are worth 1/2 ground support point each.  Cruiser
   main guns are worth one ground support point each.

C. Ground support points have the following effect on land combat: (1)
   each ground support point will suppress, on the average, one
   company worth of enemy defensive/offensive fire, (2) each ground
   support point will add, on the average, 1/2 company worth of
   friendly offensive/defensive fire.

D. An aircraft's ground support capability is determined by: (1) the
   aircraft's bomb accuracy rating, and (2) the aircraft's radar
   rating on P.M. turns.  During a ground support strike, each <*>
   burst displayed on the screen indicates 2 ground support hits
   (points) have been scored.


8.8 Repair and Refit Ships
--------------------------
A. Damaged ships which docked during the previous movement phase are
   placed in the Repair and Refit Pipelines.  Undamaged ships will be
   placed in the refit pipeline only.  A TF that docks with an
   endurance greater than 50 will not be required to refit.  Refit
   time is three days.

B. The average number of turns needed for repair is equal to 9 x
   DAMAGE POINTS SUFFERED.  The number of damage points suffered is
   equal to the ship's DEFENSE FACTOR x DAMAGE PERCENTAGE.  Repair
   time may be doubled for some ships with smaller ships having a
   greater chance of lengthed repair time.  (There is a 71% chance
   that an average FF's repair time will be doubled while a U.S.
   Battleship has only a 5% chance of requiring double repair time.)


8.9 Reinforcement Arrival
-------------------------
Ship reinforcements will arrive on a day-to-day basis as scheduled on
the pipeline display.  Infantry, supply, and aircraft reinforcements
will be as follows:

OPTION  LOCATION  INF  SUPPLY   Y36   M23   SU24   TU22m   TU16  AN12
 (1)    MURMANSK  25     30      3    18B   18B     3B      3B    15
 (2)      RIGA     0     30      0     6H    0      6H      6H     0

OPTION  LOCATION   INF  SUPPLY  ADV  F16  F15  F14  A7  A6  AV8  C141
 (3)     AMERICA    30     50     0    6    3    3   3   1   3     6
 (4)    SCAPA FLOW   5      5     3    0    0    0   0   0   3     0

 B = arrives in Bergen       H = arrives in Hamburg

A. Each turn there is a 1/16 chance of arrival for each of the
   above-listed reinforcement options (only during campaign games).

B. The Soviets will be more likely to receive reinforcement option #1
   during the first two weeks of October and the last week in
   September.

C. The Soviets will automatically receive reinforcement option #1
   following any turn in which the combined total of Fencers and
   Floggers is less than 100.  When this occurs the NATO player will
   be awarded 50 points.

D. NATO will automatically receive reinforcement option #3 following
   any turn in which the combined total of Tornados, Eagles and
   Falcons is less than 50.  When this occurs the Soviet player will
   be awarded 25 VPs.

E. Reinforcements will not arrive during the Convoy QR44 or Iceland
   Scenarios.


9.0 GENERAL OPERATIONS
======================

9.1 Damage to Ships
-------------------
Ships accrue damage points when they are hit by bombs, torpedoes,
missile or gunfire.  When the total damage points are greater than the
equal to a ship's Defensive Factor (DF), that ship will sink.  When
total damage points are greater than 50% of ship's DF, that ship is
crippled.

A. Listed below are the average damage points caused by each type of
weapon:

         Light (AA) gun      5            Walleye       12
         CL Main gun         1            SS-N-2C        5
         BB Main gun         7            SS-N-3        12
         Torpedo             8            SS-N-7         9
         Bomb                8            SS-N-12        9
         SAM                 2            SS-N-19        8
         Harpoon             4            AS-6          15
         Tomahawk            7            AS-7           7
         Exocet              7            SS-N-22        6

B. ASW or torpedo hits will always sink a submarine.

C. Torpedo hits will reduce a ship's maximum speed by at least five
   knots.

D. Whenever a ship is hit, it may suffer additional damage due to
   critical hit.  The message EXPLOSION ON BOARD ... reveals that a
   critical hit has been scored.

E. Crippled ships may accrue additional damage while returning to
   port.  Major additional damage will be shown by the message
   EXPLOSINON ON BORAD.  Crippled ships are considered to have fires
   or flooding which has not yet been controlled.  It is possible for
   a crippled ship to repair itself while at sea.  Repairs will be
   attempted until a ship is no longer crippled.

F. Carriers with 26% or more damage or maximum speed less than 15
   knots may not launch or land aircraft.  Note: this means that
   carriers in TFs reduced to five knots, due to zero endurance, will
   not be able to launch aircraft.

G. The U.S.N. Carriers with between 26% and 35% damage will attempt
   repairs until damage is reduced below 26%.


9.2 TF Missions
---------------
Listed below are the missions that may be assigned to a TF and the
endurance allowed for each mission:

              Mission              Endurance
       C - Combat patrol      60 turns (30 days)
       B - Bombardment        60 turns
       T - Transport          60 turns
       E - Evaculation        60 turns
       U - Submarine          90 turns
       R - Return               N/A

A. Carriers may only perform "C" missions.

B. AP,AK,AO,AE,AKR and AFS type ships may only perform "T" missions.

C. LST,LHA,LPH,LPD type ships may only perform "T" or "E" missions.

D. SS,SSN and SSNG type ships may only perform "U" missions.

E. Only TFs with a "C" mission may initiate surface combat.  A TF may
   not initiate surface combat with endurance less than 9.

F. Surface combat may cause a Bombardment (B) TF to abort its mission.
   (An aborted "B" mission would change to "R".)

G. An evacuation (E) TF that docks at a friendly base will
   automatically load infantry into all LST, LPH, LHA and LPD type
   ships up to their capacity.  Evacuation TFs that load infantry will
   have their mission changed to "T" and may then unload the troops
   normally at any harbor or port.


9.3 TF Endurance
----------------
A. TFs endurance is reduced by one for each trun that it spends at
   sea.

B. TF that ends its move in a harbor will not have endurance reduced.

C. A bombardment TF will have its endurance reduced by 10% for each
   turn that it provides bombardment support.

D. Surface combat reduces endurance as follows: The attacking TFs
   endurance is reduced to 8 (if currently greater than 8), if the
   defending TFs combined defensive factors multiplied by a random
   number between 0 and 1 is greater than 25.  The defending TFs
   endurance is reduced to 8 (if currently greater than 8) if the
   total attacker defense factors multiplied by random number between
   0 and 1 is greater than 25.

E. If a TFs endurance reahces zero and it fails to dock during that
   turn, all its non-nuclear powered ships will have their speed
   reduced to 5 knots.

F. Submarines with zero endurance may not fire torpedoes.


9.4 Supply
----------
Supply units are used for (1) infantry daily supply, (2) land combat,
(3) forming TFs (4) performing air missions.

A. Bases must spend daily supplies to maintain their troops.  The
   daily apply cost for each base is equal to the number of occupying
   infantry comapnies divided by 100, fractions rounded up.  EXAMPLE:
   An infantry Ace of 225 companies must have three supply units for
   daily supply (225/100 = 2.25 rounded up to 3).  Bases that have
   supply levels inadequate to meet daily supply requirements will
   lose 1% of their infantry strength per day, fractions rounded up.
   America, Murmansk, and Riga are exempted from daily supply
   requirements.

B. Supplies are consumed in land combat.  Attacking forces will
   consume the supply dump for each level of attack, while defender
   forces will consume one supply dump, regardless of the attack
   level. (See section 6B for effects of inadequate supply on combat.)

C. The major ports (America, Murmansk, and Riga) must use supplies to
   form ships into TFs.  The cost of placing a ship in a TF is equal
   to 1/5 of that ship's DF (fractions rounded down).

D. A TF that returns to port with an endurance greater than 30 will
   return a unused fuel to the port.  The quantity of fuel (supply)
   returned is equal to each ship's DF divided by 10 (fractions
   rounded down).

E. Airbases consume one supply point for each air strike launched.
   CAP, search and transfer missions do not consume supply points.  If
   a base's supply level falls below three.  CAP and search missions
   may not be flown.


8.5 Scoring
-----------
A. Players receive victory points (VPs) for sinking enemy ships equal
   to the ship's defense factor plus its cargo/aircraft capacity.
   Players receive one VP for each damage point inflicted on an enemy
   ship at sea at the end of the game.  Players also receive one VP
   for each week a ship is out of operation at the end of the game
   (less three days for normal refits).  A ship that scuttled is worth
   one less victory point than one that sinks on its own.

B. The NATO player receives ten VPs for each NATO Morale point
   remaining at the end of a Campaign Scenario. (See section 9.8).
   The NATO Player receives 4 VPs for each supply point in Scapa Flow
   at the end of the convoy QR.44 scenario.  The NATO player begins
   the Convoy scenario with 100 victory points.

C. Either player may score 500 VPs wach for possession of Iceland or
   Faroes.  Control of the airfield and harbor facilities is required
   for the possession.  In the Convoy scenario the Soviet player is
   not awarded points on Iceland and the Faroes.

D. The Soviet Player scores 1000 points if NATO Morale is zero at the
   end of the game. (See section 9.8).

E. The current score is summarized at the beginning of each turn.

F. Subtract Soviet VPs from NATO VPs and compare the results to the
   following table to determine the victory level:

           1000 and up         NATO Decisive Victory
           500 to 999          NATO Substantive Victory
           100 to 499          NATO Marginal Victory
           -99 to 99           Draw
           -499 to -100        Soviet Marginal Victory
           -999 to -500        Soviet Substantive Victory
           -1000 and less      Soviet Decisive Victory


9.6 Weather
-----------
There are four levels of weather: clear, light, overcast, heavy
overcast and storm.

A. There is a random chance each turn that the weather will change.
   The weather is graduated such that in any one turn, the weather
   should not change from clear to heavy overcast; it would have to
   change to light overcast before it could become heavy overcast.
   There is a random chance that heavy overcast will become a storm
   instead.  Storms will be rare in September and October and more
   frequent in November and December.

B. Weather will influence the ability to spot enemy TFs at range
   greater than 1.5.  The chance of spotting TFs at ranges over 1.5
   will be reduced 1/3 during light overcast and 2/3 during heavy
   overcast.  Storms will prevent all air operations, including
   missile attacks.

C. During storm, turns all surface TFs will have their speed restrict
   to 5 knots.

D. The light blue area at the top of the map is the Iceberg Zone.
   Surface TFs must stop upon entering an iceberg square.  Submarines
   are unaffected by iceberg areas.  The iceberg areas will expand
   southward as the game progresses.


9.7 Airbase Capacity
--------------------
The maximum combat aircraft capacity for each airbase is listed below:

      Iceland    80     Hamburg      600       Riga     900
      Faroes     60     Scapa Flow   900       America  900
      Bergen    500     Murmansk     900


9.8 NATO Morale
---------------
NATO Morale will be reduced by long periods of inadequate supply.

A. NATO Morale level will start the game at 100 for compaign 1 or 400
   for Campaign 2.

B. NATO Morale will be reduced by one point for each turn that the
   supply quantity at Scapa Flow is less than ten or the troop level
   is less than 20,000 (200 companies).

C. Morale points may not be regained if Morale level equals zero.  The
   Soviet player will receive 1000 points at the end of the campaign.


9.9 Replacing Cargo Ships
-------------------------
A. During the Campaign Scenarios, any amphibious or cargo ships sunk
   will be replaced by a cargo ship.  The replacement cargo ship will
   be numbered instead of named, have a cargo capacity of 4 and a
   maximum speed of 20 knots.

B. Sunk cargo ships (including amphibious) will not be listed on the
   sunk ship display for campaign scenarios.  Points for sunk cargo
   ships will be included in the score displayed before each turn.


9.10 Airfield Repair
--------------------
When an Airfield is captured it will take between 1-3 days to bring
the airfield to operational status.


9.11 NATO Carrier Early Arrival
-------------------------------
If between October 1 and November 10 the NATO player is reduced to
less than two American carriers at sea or in the pipeline for less
than 5 days, then the pipeline time of the CV-Kitty Hawk is reduced to
five days.  In this event the Soviet player is awarded 50 victory
points.


10.0 GAME DURATION
==================

10.1 Campaign Game Duration
---------------------------
Campaign games will end after a specified number of turns:
Campaign 1 - 252 turns, Campaign 2 - 122 turns.


10.2 Mini-Game Duration
-----------------------
Mini-games will end after a specified number of turns.  Mini-game
durations are as follows: Convoy QR.44 - 12 turns, Iceland - 20 turns.


11.0 SOLITAIRE PLAY
===================
When playing solitaire games, the computer will command the Soviet
Forces.

A. There are four levels of solitaire difficulty.  The level of
   difficulty is determined at the start of the game.  At level 3, the
   Soviets will perform according to their normal accuracy.  As the
   level number is decreased, the Soviet bomber, torpedo and gunfire
   accuracy will increase.  These levels may be used to handicap a
   two-player game if desired.

B. It is possible to start a game in solitaire mode, save it and then
   restart it as a two player game.  To do this, set the main menu to
   two player mode before restarting the saved game.

C. It is possible to save a two-player game and restart it as a
   solitaire game, subject to the following restriction.  All Soviet
   TFs must end the two- player segment IN-PORT.


12.0 TWO-PLAYER GAMES
=====================
When using the two-player format, the following procedure should be
observed.

A. While the NATO player is giving commands to his forces, the Soviet
   player should turn away or leave the room.

B. While the Soviet player is giving commands to his forces, the NATO
   player should turn away or leave the room.

C. During the combat resolution phase, both players should view the
   results.


13.0 ORDER OF BATTLE
====================

CONVOY QR.44 SCENARIO
---------------------

                                    COMBAT

                                   AIRCRAFT
BASE         INFANTRY  SUPPLIES  (TRANSPORTS)             SHIPS

NATO
----
AMERICA       40000      900       48(100)
SCAPA FLOW      0         25         15
AT SEA          0        148        120    2CVN 2CGN 8DDG 3DD 7FFG 19FF
                                             4AKR 2AO 2AK 3AE 15SSN

SOVIET
------
MURMANSK      40000      900         24
RIGA            0        500          0
HAMBURG         0        500          0
BERGEN        10000      300       180(225)
FAROES        30000       30         60
ICELAND       40000        0          0
AT SEA          0          0         24    2CVG 2CGN 7CG 7DDG 5FFG
                                             9SSN 12 SSNG


ICELAND SCENARIO
----------------

NATO
----
AMERICA       40000      900       48(130)
SCAPA FLOW      0         50         36
AT SEA        13600       74        120    1CVN 1CV 2BB 4CGN 10CG 12DDG
                                           8DD 7FFG 12FF 6 LPD 8LST 2LHA
                                           2LPH 4AKR

SOVIET
------
MURMANSK      10000      900         24
RIGA            0        500          0
HAMBURG         0        500       96(225)
BERGEN        10000      300        180
FAROES        30000       30         60
ICELAND       40000       30         50
AT SEA          0          0         24    2CVG 2CGN 4CG 1CL 9DDG
                                           3FFG 5FF 13SSN 12SSNG



CAMPAIGN.1
----------

NATO
----
AMERICA       40000      900       48(100) 2CVN 2CV 2BB 4CGN 10CG 11DDG
                                           10DD 10FFG 24FF 6LPD 8LST 2LHA
                                           2LPH 4AKR 2AO 2AK 4AE 2AFS
                                           16SSN 5SS

SCAPA FLOW    24000       50         72
(MORALE 100)
FAROES         8000       20         24
ICELAND       12000       20         36
AT SEA          0          0         17    2CV 13DDG 11FF 10SSN 5SS


SOVIET
------
MURMANSK      40000      900         48*   2CVG 2CGN 2CG 2CL 16DDG 2DD
                                           5FFG 9FF 8AP 2LPD 10LST 21SSN
RIGA            0        500          0    14SSNG 10SS
HAMBURG         0        500         96
BERGEN        90000      300       342(255)
AT SEA          0          0          0    11SSN 14SSNG



COMPAIGN.2
----------


NATO
----
AMERICA       40000      900      168*(120) 1CVN 2CV 2BB 4CGN 10CG 12DDG
                                            8DD 7FFG 18FF 6LPD 8LST 2LHA
                                            2LPH 4AKR 2AE 2AFS 6AK 9SSN
                                            6SS
SCAPA FLOW    24000       10         48
(MORALE 40)
AT SEA          0          0          0    15SSN



SOVIET
------
MURMANSK      10000      900         48*   2CVG 2CGN 5CG 2CL 12DDG 3FFG
                                           9FF 3AP 2LPD 6LST 16SSN 25SNG
                                           10SS
RIGA            0        500          0    9AK
HAMBURG         0        500         96
BERGEN        10000      300        192
FAROES        30000       30         60
ICELAND       40000       30         50
AT SEA          0          0          0    12SSN 20SSNG


* Includes carrier planes



14.0 SHIP DATA

Abbreviations:

MG     Main Guns
AA     Secondary Guns
MD     Missile Defense
MS     Maximum Speed
CC     Cargo Capacity
DF     Defense Factor
TF     Task Force
ARV    Days until Arrival (in Campaign.1)
CLASS  Ship Class (Ships of the same class will have all of the same
       ratings including missiles, EW strength, etc.)
ID     Ship Identification Number



                        MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
CV-INVINCIBLE        0    0   60   25   12   20   20     0      4   146
CV-ARK ROYAL         0    0   60   25   12   20   20     0      4   147
CVN-NIMITZ           0    0   75   30   72   97   16     7      1   148
CVN-VINSON           0    0   75   30   72   97   16    30      1   149
CV-KENNEDY           0    0   75   30   72   60   16    55      2   150
CV-KITTY HAWK        0    0   75   30   72   60   16    85      2   151
BB-IOWA              9   12   60   30    0   86   16    15     11   152
BB-NEW JERSEY        9   12   60   30    0   86   16     7     11   153
CGN-TEXAS            0    2   30   35    0   14   16     7     17   154
CGN-ARKANSAS         0    2   30   35    0   14   16     7     17   155
CGN-CALIFORNIA       0    2   30   35    0   12   16    30     18   156
CGN-SOUTH CAROLINA   0    2   30   35    0   12   16    12     18   157
CG-TICONDEROGA       0    2   30   35    0   14   16    45     26   158
CG-YORKTOWN          0    2   30   35    0   14   16    50     26   159
CG-BELKNAP           0    1   30   35    0   10   16    12     27   160
CG-WAINWRIGHT        0    1   30   35    0   10   16    12     27   161
CG-FOX               0    1   30   35    0   10   16    25     27   162
CG-BIDDLE            0    1   30   35    0   10   16    25     27   163
CG-WORDEN            0    0   30   35    0   12   16    25     28   164
CG-GRIDLEY           0    0   30   35    0   12   16    50     28   165
                     0    1   30   35    0   10   16    12     27


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
CG-HALSEY            0    0   30   35    0   12   16    55     28   166
CG-REEVES            0    0   30   35    0   12   16    55     28   167
DDG-BIRMINGHAM       0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   168
DDG-NEWCASTLE        0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   169
DDG-GLASGOW          0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   170
DDG-EXETER           0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   171
DDG-SOUTHAMPTON      0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   172
DDG-NOTTINGHAM       0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   173
DDG-LIVERPOOL        0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   174
DDG-CARDIFF          0    1    2   30    0    8   20     0     31   175
DDG-BRISTOL          0    1    2   25    0   12   20     0     32   176
DDG-ANTRIM           0    2   12   30    0   10   20     0     33   177
DDG-GLAMORGAN        0    2   12   30    0   10   20     0     33   178
DDG-FIFE             0    2   12   30    0   10   20     0     33   179
DDG-NORFOLK          0    2   12   30    0   10   20     0     33   180
DDG-ROMMEL           0    2    0   30    0    8   16    20     35   181
DDG-CALLAGHAN        0    2   30   35    0   14   16    50     34   182
DDG-CHANDLER         0    2   30   35    0   14   16    50     34   183
DDG-COCHRANE         0    2    0   30    0    8   16     7     35   184
DDG-WADDELL          0    2    0   30    0    8   16     7     35   185


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
DDG-FARRAGUT         0    1    0   35    0   10   16    15     36   186
DDG-LUCE             0    1    0   35    0   10   16    15     36   187
DDG-KING             0    1    0   35    0   10   16     7     36   188
DDG-MAHAN            0    1    0   35    0   10   16     7     36   189
DDG-DEWEY            0    1    0   35    0   10   16     7     36   190
DDG-PREBLE           0    1    0   35    0   10   16     7     36   191
DD-KINKAID           0    2   35   30    0   12   16     7     37   192
DD-HEWITT            0    2   35   30    0   12   16     7     37   193
DD-RADFORD           0    2   35   30    0   12   16     5     37   194
DD-PETERSON          0    2   35   30    0   12   16     5     37   195
DD-O'BRIEN           0    2   35   30    0   12   16    15     37   196
DD-BRISCOE           0    2   35   30    0   12   16    15     37   197
DD-NICHOLSON         0    2   35   30    0   12   16    30     37   198
DD-HANCOCK           0    2   35   30    0   12   16    30     37   199
DD-CUSHING           0    2   35   30    0   12   16    45     38   200
DD-O'BANNON          0    2   35   30    0   12   16    55     38   201
FF-BROADSWORD        0    0   22   30    0    8   20     0     56   202
FF-BRILLIANT         0    0   22   30    0    8   20     0     56   203
FF-BRAZEN            0    0   22   30    0    8   20     0     56   204
FF-BOXER             0    0   22   30    0    8   20     0     56   205


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
FF-AMAZON            0    1    7   30    0    7   20     0     57   206
FF-ACTIVE            0    1    7   30    0    7   20     0     57   207
FF-AMBUSCADE         0    1    7   30    0    7   20     0     57   208
FF-ARROW             0    1    7   30    0    7   20     0     57   209
FF-ALACRITY          0    1    7   30    0    7   20     0     57   210
FF-AVENGER           0    1    7   30    0    7   16    30     57   211
FF-LEANDER           0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   212
FF-AJAX              0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   213
FF-DIDO              0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   214
FF-EURALYUS          0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   215
FF-GALATEA           0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   216
FF-ARETHUSA          0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   217
FF-NAIAD             0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     58   218
FF-CLEOPATRA         0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     59   219
FF-MINERVA           0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     59   220
FF-PHOEBE            0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     59   221
FF-SIRIUS            0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     59   222
FF-ARGONAUT          0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     59   223
FF-DANAE             0    0   12   25    0    7   16     0     59   224
FF-PENELOPE          0    0   12   25    0    7   20     0     59   225


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
FF-APOLLO            0    0   12   25    0    7   20     0     59   226
FFG-WADSWORTH        0    1   15   30    0    8   16     7     54   227
FFG-DUNCAN           0    1   15   30    0    8   16     7     54   228
FFG-MORISON          0    1   15   30    0    8   16     7     54   229
FFG-PHILIP           0    1   15   30    0    8   16     7     54   230
FFG-FLATLEY          0    1   15   30    0    8   16     5     54   231
FFG-FAHRION          0    1   15   30    0    8   16     5     54   232
FFG-COPELAND         0    1   15   30    0    8   16    15     54   233
FFG-GALLERY          0    1   15   30    0    8   16    15     54   234
FFG-JARRETT          0    1   15   30    0    8   16    15     54   235
FFG-UNDERWOOD        0    1   15   30    0    8   16    30     54   236
FF-HEPBURN           0    1   15   25    0    7   16     7     55   237
FF-GRAY              0    1   15   25    0    7   16     7     55   238
FF-LANG              0    1   15   25    0    7   16     7     55   239
FF-PATTERSON         0    1   15   25    0    7   16     5     55   240
FF-VREELAND          0    1   15   25    0    7   16     5     55   241
FF-BAGLEY            0    1   15   25    0    7   16     5     55   242
FF-AINSWORTH         0    1   15   25    0    7   16     5     55   243
FF-BARBEY            0    1   15   25    0    7   16    10     55   244
FF-VALDEZ            0    1   15   25    0    7   16    10     55   245


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
FF-TRUETT            0    1   15   25    0    7   16    20     55   246
LPD-FEARLESS         0    0   22   20    6   14   16    15     61   247
LPD-INTREPID         0    0   22   20    6   14   16    15     61   248
LST-AIR BEDIVERE     0    0    2   15    4    7   16    30     62   249
LST-SIR GERAINT      0    0    2   15    4    7   16    30     62   250
LST-SIR LANCELOT     0    0    2   15    4    7   16    30     62   251
LST-SIR PERCIVALE    0    0    2   15    4    7   16    15     62   252
LST-SIR TRISTRAM     0    0    2   15    4    7   16    30     62   253
LHA-TARAWA           0    3   30   25   18   30   16    30     63   254
LHA-NASSAU           0    3   30   25   18   30   16    30     63   255
LPH-GUAM             0    4   30   20   18   12   16    45     64   256
LPH-INCHON           0    4   30   20   18   12   16    45     64   257
LPD-DULUTH           0    4   30   20    8   12   16    45     65   258
LPD-AUSTIN           0    4   30   20    8   12   16    45     65   259
LPD-CORONADO         0    4   30   20    8   12   16    45     65   260
LPD-TRENTON          0    4   30   20    8   12   16    30     65   261
LST-NEWPORT          0    0   22   20    6   14   16    25     61   262
LST-BOULDER          0    0   22   20    6   14   16    25     61   263
LST-SUMTER           0    0   22   20    6   14   16     0     61   264
AKR-COMET            0    0    0   20   12   12   16     0     68   265


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
AKR-METEOR           0    0    0   20   12   12   16     0     68   266
AKR-MERCURY          0    0    0   20   16   22   16   2.5     60   267
AKR-JUPITER          0    0    0   20   16   22   16     5     60   268
AO-NEOSHO            0    0    0   20   16   22   16     5     60   269
AO-TRUCKEE           0    0    0   20   16   22   16    30     60   270
AK-NORTHERN LIGHT    0    0    0   20   12   12   16     5     68   271
AK-SOUTHERN CROSS    0    0    0   20   12   12   16     5     68   272
AE-BUTTE             0    0    0   20   12   12   16     5     68   273
AE-FLINT             0    0    0   20   12   12   16     5     68   274
AE-SHASTA            0    0    0   20   12   12   16     5     68   275
AE-KISKA             0    0    0   20   12   12   16    10     68   276
AFS-CONCORD          0    0    0   20   12   12   16     5     68   277
AFS-SAN JOSE         0    0    0   20   12   12   16    10     68   278
SSN-SWIFTSURE        0    0    0   30    0   30   21     0     79   279
SSN-TRANFALGAR       0    0    0   30    0   30   21     0     79   280
SSN-SPARTAN          0    0    0   30    0   30   21     0     79   281
SSN-COURAGEOUS       0    0    0   25    0   30   21     0     80   282
SSN-VALIANT          0    0    0   25    0   30   21     0     80   283
SSN-WARSPITE         0    0    0   25    0   30   21     0     80   284
SSN-PHILADELPHIA     0    0    0   35    0   30   22     0     77   285


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
SSN-MEMPHIS          0    0    0   35    0   30   16    50     77   286
SSN-CINCINNATI       0    0    0   35    0   30   16    50     77   287
SSN-GROTON           0    0    0   35    0   30   16    50     77   288
SSN-LA JOLLA         0    0    0   35    0   30   16    50     77   289
SSN-PHOENIX          0    0    0   35    0   30   22     0     77   290
SSN-ATLANTA          0    0    0   35    0   30   16    15     77   291
SSN-HOUSTON          0    0    0   35    0   30   16    17     77   292
SSN-NORFOLK          0    0    0   35    0   30   16    20     77   293
SSN-SUNFISH          0    0    0   30    0   30   22     0     78   294
SSN-PUFFER           0    0    0   30    0   30   16    25     78   295
SSN-SANDLANCE        0    0    0   30    0   30   22     0     78   296
SSN-SEA DEVIL        0    0    0   30    0   30   16   22.5    78   297
SSN-GUITARRO         0    0    0   30    0   30   16    15     78   298
SSN-SEA HORSE        0    0    0   30    0   30   16    14     78   299
SSN-FINBACK          0    0    0   30    0   30   16    12     78   300
SSN-BATFISH          0    0    0   30    0   30   16    40     78   301
SSN-TUNNY            0    0    0   30    0   30   16    40     78   302
SSN-CAVALLA          0    0    0   30    0   30   16    40     78   303
SSN-RIVERS           0    0    0   30    0   30   16    40     78   304
SS-ODIN              0    0    0   15    0   10   23     0     81   305


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
SS-ORPHEUS           0    0    0   15    0   10   23     0     81   306
SS-OLYMPUS           0    0    0   15    0   10   23     0     81   307
SS-ONSLAUGHT         0    0    0   15    0   10   23     0     81   308
SS-OTTER             0    0    0   15    0   10   23     0     81   309
SS-ORACLE            0    0    0   15    0   10   16    20     81   310
SS-OCELOT            0    0    0   15    0   10   16    20     81   311
SS-OPPORTUNE         0    0    0   15    0   10   16    20     81   312
SS-ONYX              0    0    0   15    0   10   16     5     81   313
SS-SEA LION          0    0    0   15    0   10   16     5     81   314

AK CLASS TRANSPORT   0    0    2   20    4    7   16    -      -     -



SOVIET UNION
------------

                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
CVG-KIEV             0    4   94   30   15   50    1     0      3     7
CVG-MINSK            0    4   94   30   15   50    1     0      3     8
CGN-KIROV            0    2   94   35    0   50    1     0     16     9
CGN-MOLOTOVSK        0    2   94   35    0   50    1     0     16    10
CG-KALININ           0    2   54   35    0   14    1     0     29    11
CG-KUIBISHEV         0    2   54   35    0   14    1     0     29    12
CG-KERCH             0    4   54   35    0   12    1     0     21    13
CG-TASHKENT          0    4   54   35    0   12    1     0     21    14
CG-ISAKOV            0    4   40   35    0   10    1     0     22    15
CG-VARYAG            0    4    0   35    0    9    1     0     24    16
CG-DROZD             0    4   40   35    0   10    1     0     23    17
CL-NEVSKIY          12   12    0   30    0   20    1     0     25    18
CL-KUTUZOV          12   12    0   30    0   20    1     0     25    19
DDG-KULAKOV          0    2   54   35    0   12    1     0     41    20
DDG-UDALOY           0    2   54   35    0   12    1     0     41    21
DDG-SOVREMENNYY      0    4   40   35    0   12    1     0     42    22
DDG-SUROVYY          0    4   40   35    0   12    1     0     42    23
DDG-SMELYY           0    4   40   35    0    8    1     0     43    24
DDG-SDERZHANNYY      0    4   40   35    0    8    1     0     43    25
DDG-STROYNYY         0    4   40   35    0    8    1     0     43    26

                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
DDG-OGNEVOY          0    4   40   35    0    8    1     0     43    27
DDG-SLAVNYY          0    4   40   35    0    8    1     0     43    28
DDG-UPORNYY          0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    29
DDG-ZHGUCHIY         0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    30
DDG-ZORKIY           0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    31
DDG-GORDYY           0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    32
DDG-DERZKIY          0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    33
DDG-BOIKIY           0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    34
DDG-GNEVNYY          0    8    8   35    0    8    1     0     44    35
DD-SVETLYY           0    4   16   35    0    7    1     0     45    36
DD-VESKIY            0    4   16   35    0    7    1     0     45    37
FFG-BODRYY           0    2   14   30    0    8    1     0     51    38
FFG-DOSTOYNYY        0    2   14   30    0    8    1     0     51    39
FFG-LADNYY           0    2   14   30    0    8    1     0     51    40
FFG-RAZUMNYY         0    2   14   30    0    8    1     0     51    41
FFG-ZADORNYY         0    2   14   30    0    8    1     0     51    42
FF-AMETIST           0    2   17   35    0    5    1     0     52    43
FFIZUMRUD            0    2   17   35    0    5    1     0     52    44
FF-RUBIN             0    2   17   35    0    5    1     0     52    45
FF-SAFFIR            0    2   17   35    0    5    1     0     52    46


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
FF-ZHEMCHUG          0    2   17   35    0    5    1     0     52    47
FF-BARSUK            0    4    4   30    0    5    1     0     53    48
FF-BOBR              0    4    4   30    0    5    1     0     53    49
FF-BUYVOL            0    4    4   30    0    5    1     0     53    50
FF-GEPARD            0    4    4   30    0    5    1     0     53    51
AP-APSHERON          0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    52
AP-BASKUNCHAK        0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    53
AP-DAURIYA           0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    54
AP-DIKSON            0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    55
AP-DONBASS           0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    56
AP-SEVAN             0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    57
AP-TAMAN             0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    58
AP-YAMAL             0    0    2   15    4    7    1     0     62    59
LPD-IVAN ROGOV       0    2   47   20    6   16    1     0     66    60
LPD-MAKSIM GORIKI    0    2   47   20    6   16    1     0     66    61
LST-TORTSEV          0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    62
LST-SHAKHTER         0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    63
LST-PRESNYA          0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    64
LST-FILCHENKOV       0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    65
LST-VILKOV           0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    66


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
LST-OBYEKOV          0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    67
LST-ILICHYEV         0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    68
LST-LAZO             0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    69
LST-K. KOMSOMOLETS   0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    70
LST-V. KOMSOMOLETS   0    4    0   15    4    6    1     0     67    71
SSNG-01              0    0    0   35    0   40    2    20     71    72
SSNG-02              0    0    0   35    0   40    2    20     71    73
SSNG-C2              0    0    0   25    0   30    2    20     72    74
SSNG-C4              0    0    0   25    0   30    2    20     72    75
SSNG-C5              0    0    0   25    0   30    2    20     72    76
SSNG-C6              0    0    0   25    0   30    7     0     72    77
SSNG-C8              0    0    0   25    0   30    7     0     72    78
SSNG-C9              0    0    0   25    0   30    7     0     72    79
SSNG-C12             0    0    0   25    0   30    7     0     72    80
SSNG-C13             0    0    0   25    0   30    7     0     72    81
SSNG-C14             0    0    0   25    0   30    2    20     72    82
SSNG-C15             0    0    0   25    0   30    2    20     72    83
SSNG-E12             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    84
SSNG-E13             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    85
SSNG-E14             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    86


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
SSNG-E15             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    87
SSNG-E16             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    88
SSNG-E17             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    89
SSNG-E18             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    90
SSNG-E19             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    91
SSNG-E20             0    0    0   20    0   30    8     0     73    92
SSNG-E21             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    93
SSNG-E22             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    94
SSNG-E23             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    95
SSNG-E25             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    96
SSNG-E26             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    97
SSNG-E28             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    98
SSNG-E29             0    0    0   20    0   30    2    20     73    99
SSN-A1               0    0    0   45    0   40    1    10     74   100
SSN-A2               0    0    0   45    0   40    1    10     74   101
SSN-A3               0    0    0   45    0   40    1    10     74   102
SSN-A4               0    0    0   45    0   40    1    10     74   103
SSN-A5               0    0    0   45    0   40    1    10     74   104
SSN-V2               0    0    0   30    0   30    1    10     75   105
SSN-V3               0    0    0   30    0   30    1    10     75   106


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
SSN-V4               0    0    0   30    0   30    1    10     75   107
SSN-V5               0    0    0   30    0   30    1    10     75   108
SSN-V6               0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   109
SSN-V7               0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   110
SSN-V8               0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   111
SSN-V9               0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   112
SSN-V10              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   113
SSN-V11              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   114
SSN-V12              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   115
SSN-V13              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   116
SSN-V14              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   117
SSN-V15              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   118
SSN-V16              0    0    0   30    0   30    9     0     75   119
SSN-V17              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   120
SSN-V18              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   121
SSN-V19              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   122
SSN-V20              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   123
SSN-V21              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   124
SSN-V22              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   125
SSN-V23              0    0    0   30    0   30    1     0     75   126


                    MG   AA   MD   MS   CC   DF   TF   ARV   CLASS  ID
SSN-V24              0    0    0   30    0   30    1    20     75   127
SSN-V25              0    0    0   30    0   30    1    20     75   128
SSN-V29              0    0    0   30    0   30    1    20     75   129
SSN-V30              0    0    0   30    0   30    1    20     75   130
SSN-V31              0    0    0   30    0   30    1    20     75   131
SS-T3                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   132
SS-T4                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   133
SS-T5                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   134
SS-T6                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   135
SS-T7                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   136
SS-T8                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   137
SS-T9                0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   138
SS-T10               0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   139
SS-T11               0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   140
SS-T12               0    0    0   15    0   10    2     0     76   141

AK CLASS TRANSPORT   0    0    2   20    4    7    2    -      -     -


15.0 STRATEGY NOTES
===================

SOVIET STRATEGY
---------------
Soviet strategic goals are: (1) capture and hold the strategic
airfields on Iceland and Faroes: (2) reduce or destroy NATO supply
convoys to Great Britain.  Control of Iceland and Faroes is worth 500
VPs each, while a prolonged supply shortage in Britain is worth 1000
VPs.

FAROES
------
Faroes Island may be easily captured by a coordinated Soviet airborne
assault.  Within the first 4 turns of the game, the Soviets should
drop 22,000+ paratroops on the island and include all available
Fencers on ground support.  The airfield will usually be captured
within 3 turns of the drop.  The Soviets should continue attacking the
NATO remnants on the island until all have been eliminated.  Faroes
proximity to the other Soviet bases (Bergen, Hamburg) will make NATO
attempts to recapture it extermely difficult.

ICELAND
-------
The Soviets may employ two methods for capturing Iceland: (1) Airborne
Assault or (2) combined Airborne/Amphibious Assault.  Method (1)
should be attempted on the first turn of the game, before NATO army in
reinforcements.  All Backfire and Badger bombers within range should
fly ground support (a mission for which they are not well suited).
With luck the airfield can be caputred or suppressed on the first turn
and a second wave of Soviet airborne troops can be dropped on the
island.  A 3:1 Soviet edge in troop strength will usually  gaurantee
the capture of the airfield and the eventual destruction at the NATO
garrison.

Should the Soviets fail to capture or suppress the airfield on the
first turn then NATO can fly in 10,000 troops and 44 additional combat
aircraft for the second round of combat.  If NATO reinforcements are
allowed to fly, in the Soviets will find themselves out of supply and
outclassed in the air, with only a marginal superiority in troop
strength.  This situation will usually result in the complete
destruction of the assault force over a period of one or two weeks.

Method (2) requires the coordination of airborne and amphibious forces
for an assault on Iceland.  The advantage of this method is that it
allows the Soviets to deliver their assault while in supply.  The
disadvantage is that the NATO player can easily react to the threat as
the amphibious convoy makes its approach.

The Amphibious Assault effort should include three TFs: (1) and
amphibious/ transport TF; (2) a bombardment TF; and (3) a Combat
Patrol TF.

The amphibious TF should include all available LPD, LST and AP type
ships and an escort of best ASW type ships (Kara and Kresta-II class
CGs and Krivak class FFGs).  The amphibious TF should transport only
supplies!  The bombardment TF should include the two CLs and a screen
of 6 to 8 heavily gunned DDGs, DDs and FFs.

The Combat Patrol TF should include all surface ships armed with SSMs.

The three TFs should move together on the shortest possible course to
Iceland.  Drop paratroops on Iceland on the same turn that the
amphibious TF starts to unload.  Continue dropping troops until there
are over 60,000 on Iceland.  Badgers and Backfires from Bergen and
Fencers from Faroes should fly ground support if possible.

The assault on Iceland is not a sure thing.  Submarines and bombers
can wreck your amphibious ships and Iceland's CAP can chew up your air
transports.  However, with a little luck a well planned assault can
overwhelm NATO defenses.

ANTI-SHIP MISSIONS
------------------
For the first 20 turns the Soviet player must focus on attempts to
capture Faroes and Iceland.  When these operations have been completed
(whether successful or not) he can concentrate on sinking NATO ships
for the remainder of the game.

Soviet air power will cause the majority of NATO's ship losses.
Soviet aircraft are generally inferior to NATO aircraft and should be
used discreetly in areas of dense CAP concentrations.  Backfire and
Badger bombers may be used anywhere when launching the AS-6 missile at
maximum stand-off range.

The Soviets should maintain sbout 20 submarines in the mid-Atlantic
throughout the game.  Submarines should be grouped according to speed
and missile type.  Submarines should close to within 1 space of the
target before firing missiles.  If possible, subs should coordinate
their missile attacks with the air and surface missile platforms.

The Soviet surface fleet is at a severe disadvantage when opposed by
American carriers.  The surface fleet should stand out of range until
the big carriers return to port or are crippled by air attack.  When
based in Iceland the fleet may sortie on short notice against poorly
protected NATO convoys.  The surface fleet should attempt to launch
SSMs from beyond the range of the NATO Exocets and Harpoons, and then
run for port.

BATTLE OF BRITAIN
-----------------
The Soviet player must use his land based air force to reduce the
build-up of supplies and aircraft on Scapa Flow.  The Soviet player
should include all of his Bergen based Floggers and Fencers in his
raids against Scapa Flow.  Backfires and Badgers should not be
included in these missions.  The NATO forces on Scapa Flow cannot be
allowed to become too powerful, the Soviet player must accept heavy
air losses to keep them reduced.

NATO STRATEGY
-------------
NATO strategic objectives are: (1) maintain a sufficient supply level
on Great Britain and (2) maintain or regain control of the airfields
on Faroes and Iceland.

FAROES
------
The Faroes garrison cannot establish an effective defense early in the
game.  Massive air strikes from Bergen will reduce supplies to nothing
and chew up the defending CAP.  It may be worth while to evacuate the
8000 man garrison by air.

NATO Forces should attempt to recapture Faroes only after the maximum
number of aircraft carriers and smphibious ships are available and
Iceland is under NATO control.

ICELAND
-------
The NATO player has some chance of thwarting the Soviet invasion of
Iceland.  To defend Iceland the NATO player must add 300 or more
companies of reinforce- ments and maintain an adequate flow of
supplies to the garrison.  NATO supply ships must deliver at least 50
supply dumps per week to Iceland to sustain an effective defense.

NATO can base up to 80 combat aircraft on Iceland.  These aircraft can
bomb Soviet transports as they approach, provide CAP to shoot down
Soviet bombers and air transport and provide ground support after the
Soviet troops have landed.

If the Soviets gain a substantial numerical advantage in troops over
the Iceland garrison the NATO player should consider evacuating his
aircraft.  Soviet land attacks may bring the airfield under fire and
ground NATO aircraft on the following turn.  Beware the possibility of
losing the airfield before the combat aircraft can be evacuated.

The NATO player should not risk too much to defend Iceland.  NATO can
usually recapture Iceland in November after all the amphibious and
cargo ships become available.

AMPHIBIOUS OPERATIONS
---------------------
Amphibious operations should include all available ships in the NATO
fleet divided into Task Forces as follows: 1 or 2 (C) carrier TFs, 1
(B) bombardment TF, 1 (T) amphibious/transport TF, 1 to 3 submarine
groups.  Some examples of TF composition are listed below:

(C) CVN-CVN-CGN-CGN-CGN-CGN-DDG-DDG-DD-DD-FFG-FFG-FF-FF
(C) CV-CV-CG-CG-CG-CG-DDG-DDG-DD-DD-FFG-FFG-FF-FF
(B) BB-BB-DDG-DDG-DD-DD-FF-FF-FF-FF
(T) CG-DDG-DDG-DDG-DDG-DD-DD-FFG-FFG-FF-FF-FF-FF-all amphibious and
    transports
(U) SSN-SSN-SSN-SSN-SSN-SSN
(U) SS-SS-SS-SS-SS-SS
All surface TFs should move together on the voyage to the objective,
Tomcats from the escorting carriers should fly long ranged CAP.
Intruders and Corsairs should pound the objective airfield during the
approach and provide ground support after the troops land.
Starlifters based at Scapa Flow should drop paratroops on the
objective in conjunction with the amphibious landing.  The bombardment
TF should be moved into the objective square to add to the ground
support effect.

Barring disaster, a well coordinated NATO assault can overwhelm the
best prepared Soviet defense.  Disasters can happen of course.  The
loss of one or more carriers to freak missile or torpedo hits can turn
a smooth operation into a very hairy experience.

NATO CONVOYS
------------
Convoy operations are required to periodically resupply Iceland or
Scapa Flow.  All convoys to Scapa Flow should be escorted by a carrier
TF.  One or more NATO submarine TFs should accompany the convoy to
defend against Soviet subs.

THE BRITISH FLEET
-----------------
The majority of the British fleet starts the game based on Iceland.
Some or all of this force should be withdrawn to America prior to the
arrival of the Soviet Invasion Force.  If the NATO player intends to
defend Iceland then those ships armed with Exocet missiles should
remain in the Iceland area to attack the invaders.  The weak British
carriers are best used in ferrying Harriers from America to Scapa
Flow.

THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN
---------------------
The NATO player should attempt to maintain an effective air presence
in Scapa Flow.  Soviet bombing raids with less than a 2:1 advantage in
fighters will consistently suffer heavy losses in daylight attacks.
Soviet night bombing raids will suffer fewer losses but the bomb
accuracy of the Fencer is reduced by 30%.

When NATO air strength on Scapa Flow falls below 30 fighters then all
air- craft except the Harriers should be withdrawn to America.


16.0 CREDITS
============

Game Design and Programming - Gary Grigsby
Game Development - Joel Billings
Customized Disc Operating System - Roland Gustafsson
Art & Graphic Design - Louis Saekow, Kathy Lee, and Kevin Heney


17.0 HISTORICAL NOTES
=====================

MAY          - Soviet Forces attack NATO under cover of Spring
               Manuevers.
             - NATO command control disrupted by Soviet bombing of
               airfields, communications centres, troop barracks.
             - Many NATO communication and surveillance satellites
               destroyed by Soviet ASAT weapons.
             - Soviet marines land in Norway.
             - Soviet Airborne forces land in Denmark.
JUNE 1       - Denmark cut off from Northern Army Group (N.A.G.).
             - Danish government evacuates to Great Britain.
JUNE 3       - Denmark surrenders.
JUNE 10      - Soviet, Czech and Hungarian forces invade Austria.
JUNE 20      - Austria surrenders.
JUNE 27      - Soviet Forces capture Oslo.
             - Norway surrenders.
             - Soviet forces capture Hamburg and Bremen.
JULY 5       - Soviet ground forces enter Netherlands.
             - NATO forces retreat west of the Rhine river.
JULY 9       - Soviet airborne force land north of Amsterdam.
             - N.A.G. collapses.
JULY 11      - Soviets capture Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague.
JULY 17      - Soviets enter Belgium, encircle Antwerp.
JULY 19      - Belgium and Netherlands surrender.
JULY 22      - Soviet Forces capture Cologne and Bonn, encircle the
               Ruhr cities.
JULY 30      - Soviet airborne forces land in Luxemborg.
AUGUST 1     - French Intervention - French army enters Luxembourg.
AUGUST 4     - Soviet airborne division in Luxembourg collapses under
               French attack.
AUGUST 11    - NATO remnants withdraw to France.  Germany surrenders.
AUGUST 18    - Soviets agree to cease fire with France.  France
               declares its neutrality.
AUGUST 22    - NATO forces evacuated to Great Britain.
(thru AUG 29)

AUGUST 25    - Soviet Baltic Fleet sighted in North Sea, west of
               Bergen.
AUGUST 28    - Soviets bomb British airfields and ports from captured
               bases in West Germany and Norway.
AUGUST 31    - Soviet Baltic Fleet enters Murmansk combines with
               Atlantic Fleet.
SEPTEMBER 1  - British Fleet relocates in Iceland.
SEPTEMBER 6  - British Prime Minister vows to continue fighting.


NORTH ATLANTIC '86
REFERENCE CHARTS
==================

DAMAGE POINTS
-------------

Light (AA) gun      5        Harpoon       4      SS-N-3        12
CL Main gun         1        Tomahawk      7      SS-N-7         9
BB Main gun         7        AS-7          7      SS-N-12        9
Torpedo             8        Exocet        7      SS-N-19        8
Bomb                8        Walleye      12      AS-6          15
SAM                 2        SS-N-2C       5      SS-N-22        6


DOGFIGHT RATINGS
----------------

TORNADO     4      INTRUDER      1       BACKFIRE      1
FALCON      5      HARRIER       3       BADGER        1
TOMCAT      4      FORGER        2       CUB           1
EAGLE       5      FLOGGER       4       STARLIFTER    1
CORSAIR     2      FENCER        2


TF MISSION ENDURANCE
--------------------

      Mission                 Endurance
C - Combat Patrol           60 turns (30 days)
B - Bombardment             60 turns
T - Transport               60 turns
E - Evacuation              60 turns
U - Submarine               90 turns
R - Return                    N/A


BOMBER ACCURACY/RADAR CAPABILITY
--------------------------------

TORNADO     14/9       CORSAIR        7/5            FLOGGER      1/4
FALCON       6/4       INTRUDER      10/8            FENCER       9/7
TOMCAT      10/8       HARRIER        6/2            BACKFIRE     5/5
EAGLE       10/6       FORGER         3/1            BADGER       3/3


ASW MISSILE ACCURACY
--------------------

ASROC        4         FRAS-1        4
SUBROC       4         SS-N-16       4
IKARA        3         SS-N-14       3


ANTI-SHIP MISSILE ACCURACY
--------------------------

HARPOON        9*       SS-N-7       7*           SS-N-12       6
TOMAHAWK       9*       SS-N-2C      5            SS-N-19       7
EXOCET         9*       SS-N-3       4            AS-6          5*
WALLEYE        7        SS-N-22      7            AS-7          7

* Indicates surface-skimming


RANGES OF AIRCRAFT & THEIR WEAPONS
----------------------------------


   AIRCRAFT         AIRCRAFT         WEAPON          SYSTEM
                      RANGE          SYSTEM           RANGE

Tornado      -ADV     12000           AMRAAM            150*
Falcon       -F16       900           Sidewinder         10
Eagle        -F15      1000           AMRAAM            150*
Torncat      -F14      1000           Phoenix           300*
Corsair      -A7E       600           Walleye            50
Intruder     -A6E       800           Harpoon           110
Harrier      -AV8       400           Sidewinder         10
Forger       -YAK36     300           Aphid              10
Flogger      -MIG23    1000           Apex              150*
Fencer       -SU24     1200           A-7                10
Backfire     -TU22M    2500           A-6               300
Badger       -TU16     1800           A-6               300
Cub          -AN12     2500           none               -
Startlifter  -C141     2500           none               -

* 100 added to range of long range AAMs to aid in calculating
interception range.


AVG./MAX. INTERCEPTION RANGES
-----------------------------


                          Long Range CAP
                       Missile       Missile      Dogfight    Dogfight
                        + EW         No EW         + EW       No  EW

  TORNADO    -ADV      320/440       64/70        145/290       31/62
  FALCON     -F16        NM           NM          115/230       29/58
  TOMCAT     -F14      450/550       70/75        125/250       30/60
  EAGLE      -F15      300/400       63/68        125/250       30/60
  HARRIER    -AV8        NM           NM           65/130       27/54
  FORGER     -Y36        NM           NM           55/110       26/53
  FLOGGER    -M23      300/400       63/68        125/250       30/60


                           Normal CAP
                       Missile       Missile      Dogfight    Dogfight
                        + EW         No EW         + EW       No  EW

  TORNADO    -ADV      110/200       25/50         35/70        25/50
  FALCON     -F16        NM           NM           35/70        25/50
  TOMCAT     -F14      160/300       27/55         35/70        25/50
  EAGLE      -F15      110/200       25/50         35/70        25/50
  HARRIER    -AV8        NM           NM           35/70        25/50
  FORGER     -Y36        NM           NM           35/70        25/50
  FLOGGER    -M23      110/200       25/50         35/70        25/50

   + EW = Successful Early Warning
   EW   = Unsuccessful Early Warning
   NM   = Aircraft does not carry long-range missile

*********

End of the Project 64 etext of the North Atlantic '86 Manual.

*********
