Renascimento

RENAISSANCE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE - The term Renaissance is applied commonly to the European civilization that was developed between 1300 and 1650. Besides reviving the old greco-Roman culture, they happened in that period many progresses and countless accomplishments in the field of the arts, of the literature and of the sciences, that overcame the classic inheritance. The ideal of the humanism was without he/she doubts the piece of furniture of that progress and he/she became the own spirit of the Renaissance. In a wide sense, that ideal can be understood as the man's valorization (Humanism) and of the nature, in opposition to the divine and the supernatural, concepts that had impregnated the culture of the Medium Age. General characteristics:

Rationality ;
The human being dignity;
Scientific rigidity;
Ideal Humanist;
Re-utilization of the greco-Roman arts;

ARCHITECTURE - In the architecture renascentist, the occupation of the space for the building bases on established mathematical relationships in such a way that the observer can understand the law that organizes it, of any point in that is placed. " No longer it is the building that possesses the man, but this that, learning the simple law of the space, it possesses the secret of the building " (Bruno Zevi, to Know to See the Architecture);

Main characteristics:

Architectural orders;

Arches of Turn-perfect;

Simplicity in the construction;

The sculpture and the painting come off of the architecture and they become autonomous;

Constructions; palaces, churches, villas (it marries of rest I/you had gone of to city), fortresses (military functions).
The main builds renascentist: Brunelleschi - it is an example of artist complete renascentist, because it was painting, sculptor and architect. Besides dominating knowledge of Mathematics, Geometry and of being great expert of the poetry of Dante. It was as manufacturer, even so, that it accomplished its more important works, among them the cupula of the cathedral of Florence and the Capela Pazzi.
PAINTING

Main characteristics:

Perspective: illustration art, in the drawing or painting, the several distances and proportions that have the objects visas to each other at the distance, according to the beginnings of the mathematics and of the geometry.
* I use of the clear-darkness: to paint some illuminated areas and another in the shade, that game of contrasts reinforces the suggestion of volume of the bodies.
* Realism: him artists of the Renaissance don't see more the man as simple observer of the world that expressed the greatness of God, but as the most grandiose expression of the own God. It is the world it is thought as a reality to be understood scientifically, and not just admired.
* The use of the screen begins and of the ink to oil. Another characteristic of the art of the Renaissance, especially of the painting, it was the artists' appearance with a personal style, different from the others, since the period is marked by the ideal of freedom and, consequently, for the individualism.
The main painters were:

Botticelli - the themes of its pictures were chosen according to the possibility that you/they provided it of expressing its beauty ideal. For him, the beauty was associated to the Christian ideal. That, the human illustrations of its pictures are beautiful because they manifest the divine grace, and, at the same time, melancholic because they suppose that lost that talent of God. Outstanding works: The Spring and Nascimento from Venus.
Leonardo of Vinci - he dominated with wisdom an expressive game of light and shade, generator of an atmosphere that it leaves of the reality but it stimulates the observer's imagination. It was possessor of a versatile spirit that turned it capable to research and to accomplish works in several fields of the human knowledge. Outstanding works: The Virgin of the Rocks and Monalisa.
Michelângelo - between 1508 and 1512 he/she worked in the painting of Capela Sistina's roof, in Vatican. For that chapel, he/she conceived and it accomplished great number of scenes of the Old Testament. Among so much that express the artist's brilliant idea, a particularly representative one is the man's creation. Outstanding works: Roof of the Capela Sistina and the Sacred Family.
Rafael - its works communicate to the observer an order feeling and safety, because the elements that compose its pictures are disposed in wide, clear spaces and in agreement with a balanced symmetry. Great painter of " Madonas " was considered. Outstanding works: The School of Athens and Madona of the Morning.
SCULPTURE

In the middle of the century XV, with the turn of the papases of Avignon for Rome, this acquires its prestige. Protecting of the arts, the papases leave the palace of Latrão and they start to reside in Vatican. There, great sculptors are revealed, the largest of the which is Michelangelo, that dominates the whole Italian sculpture of the century XVI. Some works: Moisés, David (4,10m) and Pietá. Other great sculptor of that period was Andréa del Verrochio. He/she worked in goldsmithery and that fact ended up influencing its sculpture. Outstanding work: David (1,26m) in brass.
Main Characteristics:

* They looked for to represent the man just as him it is in fact;
* Proportion of the illustration maintaining its relationship with the reality;
* Depth and perspective

* I Study of the body and of the human character.

The Italian Renaissance is spread by Europe, bringing new artists that nationalized the Italian ideas. They are them: Dürer, Hans, Holbein, Bosch, Bruegel.
For your knowledgement:

The Capela Sistina was built by order of Sisto IV (rectangular 40 x 13 x 20 height). And it is in the own Chapel that makes her the Conclave: meeting with the cardinals after the Pope's death to proceed the neighbor's election. Chimney that produces black smoke that the Pope was not still chosen; white smoke that the Pope be just chosen, it informs the people in São Pedro's Square, in Vatican;

Michelangelo dominated the sculpture and the drawing of the human body marvelously well, because having dissected cadavers for a long time, as well as Leonardo of Vinci, he/she knew the position of each muscle, each tendon, each vein exactly.
Besides painter, Leonardo of Vinci, he/she was great inventor. Among its inventions are: " Screw Aerial ", primitive version of the helicopter, the elevational bridge, the diving suit, a wing-delta model, etc.
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