THE CYPRUS
Cyprus is one of the most important and beautiful Islamic countries. It holds an 11 important strategic location, and considered the corner stone in the east of Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, the super powers struggled continuously to control it. It was conquered and opened for Islam at the time of the guided Khaleefah Othman (r.a). He had asked Mu� awiyah, the governor of ash-Sham at the time, to open Cyprus, which took place in 649 BC. Muslims continued to control Cyprus till the end of 19th century. During the last times, it became sometimes target for attacks from Byzantines and Crusaders, but Muslims used to drive them away and extend on it again the authority of Islam.
Therefore, Cyprus is an Islamic land, and an Islamic island. The Greek unbelievers who remained in it are considered people of Zimmah, who are not allowed to have control over it, the same as their likes in other Muslim countries. The power of Russia, in the 19th century, enhanced and it posed threat to the Ottoman state and Britain, which was the leading state, at the time. Britain became concerned about its vital road that passes through Gibraltar to India across Suez Canal. It realized access of Russia to Cyprus that stands at the eastern waist of the Mediterranean Sea, would place Suez Canal under the Russian threat. This came at the time when Britain came out of seven years of war with France (1756-1763) over India, where the influence of France was completely eliminated from India that became entirely in Britain� s hands. Maintaining the security of the sea road between the British islands and India across Gibraltar and Suez Canal was vital for Britain. Therefore, Britain used its political shrewdness with the Ottoman state, which had control over the island of Cyprus, in order to reach the island. From another side, the Ottoman state at that time realized the growing power of Russia and feared its access to Cyprus. Britain thought, by way of power, to have a foothold in Cyprus. While the Ottoman state thought, by way of weakness, to maintain its authority over Cyprus.
Britain managed to convince, or rather deceive the Khaleefah Abdul Hameed to conclude an agreement, which apparently looked as protection of Cyprus against its occupation by Russia through temporary English presence in it, who will later on leave. This is the way the Kahaleefah looked at that agreement. According to the designs of Britain, the agreement was an introduction to permanent British occupation of the island. Based on this understanding, an agreement was concluded between the Ottoman state and Britain in 1876, which stipulates the following: 1) Maintaining the military and political authority to the Ottoman Khilafah. 2) The English pay annual royalty of 92 thousands golden coin. 3) The English remain under the Ottoman military leaders during their presence in the island. 4) The English depart after the cessation of the Russian danger, which England claimed it had reliable information that Russia, was going to attack the Dardanelle and pass through to the Mediterranean Sea and then to Cyprus.
Sultan Abdul Hameed, who is known of his political shrewdness, wanted to tackle the weakness of the sate before the Russians by dragging England to conflict with the Russians. This would halt the Russians danger against Cyprus, protect the island and the English would leave. He did not take account of the cunning and deception of the 11 English, though he (may Allah have mercy on his soul) looked in his memoirs aware of the malice and deception of the English. However, it appears he knew the English persisted to have a foothold in Cyprus, with or without an agreement. So, he preferred the agreement with strict conditions, betting on the change of international situation and finally removing the English out. However, things did not go the way Sultan Abdul Hameed desired, for the enemies of Allah and His Messenger conspired against him and deposed him of power in 1908. The Union and Progress society assumed the power after him; so they did not attach great importance for the state, and were incapable of fulfilling the plans of Khaleefah Abdul Hameed (may Allah have mercy on his soul). Then, World War I broke out in 1914; and Britain cancelled the treaty and annexed Cyprus to it under the pretext of alliance between the Ottoman State and Germany against Britain in that war. It was annexed officially in 5/11/1914. After the rebellion of Mustafa Kamal against the Khaleefah by support from the English, formation an authority in Ankara in parallel with the authority of the Khaleefah and sending delegates for negotiating with the English over the peace conditions. Mustafa Kamal ordered his delegate led by Ismat Inonu, who was an English agent like his master, to sign in July 1923, a treaty with the English, in which the government in Ankara recognized the ultimate English authority over Cyprus and annexing it to Britain, thus considering it English territories. It is known, this is one of the services criminal Mustafa Kamal delivered to the English. The abolition of the Khilafah comes at the top of these services, to indicate his loyalty to the English and his treason to Allah, His Messenger and the believers.
It was mentioned in the treaty of Mustafa Kamal that Cypriot Muslims have to accept either the Turkish or English nationality. However those who prefer the Turkish nationality have to leave the island. Article 21 in that treaty had stipulated the following: �Cypriot Turks have the right to hold British nationality; but they have to concede their Turkish nationality within two years after signing this treaty. Whoever wanted to obtain a Turkish nationality must leave the island within 12 months after choosing this right� .
In March 1925, an English governor was appointed over Cyprus; and it was declared as a crown colony. Cyprus continued to officially follow the British crown till 1959, where it was officially declared (an independent republic). However, the situation in Cyprus became unstable to the English after World War II. This is because Britain emerged from the war weak internally due to the destruction resulting from the war. Then it became less significant internationally, because America emerged as a leading state on the international arena. Thus, America started to look for controlling the colonies of the western states, particularly Britain and France, and Cyprus was not far from her ambitions. As a result, the actual situation in Cyprus started to shake. America has noticed the great political importance of Cyprus in relation to Asia, Europe and Middle East. So it determined to eliminate the English
influence in it under the title of �abolition of colonies� , which is an American trademark., so as to inherit the western states in their colonies, particularly Britain and France. Thus, she took her first step in that direction, where the church, with American support, revealed the result of a referendum made to the Cypriot people, which shows they want to get out of the colonilization of Britain and join Greece. The result of that referendum carried out on 15/1/1950 was 96%. Since that time the claim of Greece to Cyprus started.
The matter that pushed this claim forward is that Italy handed back 12 islands in the Aegean Sea after it came out defeated in World War II. It had occupied between 1911-1912, and handed them over to Greece after signing the peace treaty in Paris. This pushed Greece to look towards Cyprus with support from America. By encouragement from America, it submitted between 1952-1954 an official application to the UN asking the withdrawal of England from Cyprus. Then it submitted in 16 Augusta, 1954, a complaint against England in the UN, where it demanded right of self-determination to the Cypriot people. However, Britain that was still influential at the international arena foiled these efforts. It used to incite
Turkey that was ally to it to oppose the Greek demands and to mobilize the Turkish public opinion against annexing of Cyprus to Greece, a matter, which the Turkish people reject.
However, America continued to coerce Greece for harassing England. As a result America started in 1955 to incite the Roman Orthodox (Cyprus inhabitants of Christians) who were antagonist to the English. The Romans had originally the idea of (Anosys), which means union of Cyprus with Greece or its total annexation to it, but the English continued to oppose this idea. America exploited this situation, and tried to expel the English by stirring disturbances trough her agents in the island. She rather encouraged these unrests to become operations with bombs, as it happened in the beginning of 1955, where hundreds of the English were killed. As a result, England held a conference in London in 29 August 1955 to study the situation in Cyprus. It managed to include Turkey along side Greece for discussing the Cyprus issue. It realized this would lead to the failure of the conference because of the different views the two states carry regarding Cyprus. Thus, the conference did not produce any results. However, the historical significance of London conference is that Turkey has been officially accepted for the first time as a party in the issue, from political aspect.
The disturbances continued in Cyprus, stirred by America and Greece and their followers in the island so as to expel the English influence from it, and inserting the American influence, whether directly or indirectly, by annexing it to Greece that was ally to America. The struggle was fierce because Britain had built two military bases inside the island over an area of about 256 square kilometres. These two bases enjoy complete British sovereignty. America was interested in removing these two bases and the entire English influence. This is because she delivered Europe in World War II, so she finds herself entitled to inherit its colonies. Therefore, struggle between America and Britain broke out as we mentioned above. This struggle intensified in 1958, where America kindled a revolution in Cyprus against the English by inciting the Greek and pushing them to demand annexing of Cyprus to Greece. So, they fought against the English to expel them from the island. However, Britain used to have strong control over the island; so it pushed its loyal agent, archbishop Makaryus to lead the revolution against the British occupation, demanding dependence rather than annexation to Greece. Then the British exiled Makaryus to the island of Sechele in the Indian Ocean. This was to increase his popularity, return as leader of Cyprus, and foil the idea of annexing the island to Greece, and instead demand independence. On the other side, Britain pushed the Turks to oppose the annexation of the island to Greece. Thus, Britain managed to frustrate the American plan and maintain its presence in Cyprus. It completed its game by giving Cyprus its independence, where it changed to a republic as a result of the talks in Zurich that continued from 5-11 November 1959. These talks were concluded by signing the document of independence (Zurich Document), which is formed of 27 articles. It gives both of the Turks and Greek in Cyprus the right of Veto concerning matters related to the independence of the island. In 20 January 1960, Britain enhanced its authority by making Cyprus member in the Commonwealth.
However, America tried to hinder the government process in the island by using the article of the constitution that grants the right of Veto for both sides regarding the future of the island. America endeavoured to incite the Turks by spreading amongst them that Greece wants to annex Cyprus. She used two factors to achieve that. The first is that the public opinion in Turkey stands at the side of the Turks in Cyprus and strongly rejects the control of Greece over Cyprus. The second is that the rulers of Turkey who assumed power through the coup of 1960 were incapable to firmly face America, because some of them got their role in the coup by the help of America, though the leader of the coup, Esmat Inono is of the old friends of England. These two factors helped America to stir the Turkish masses, so as they use the constitutional article of Veto to protest against the conduct of Makarius concerning
the island except with the approval of the Turks in Cyprus. This annoyed Britain, so it answered back by suggesting to its agent, the president Makarius to abolish the constitution and refer to the majority rule. This resulted in the movement of the Turks against Makarius. America used this disorder and carried the case to the UN. She aimed at removing the British bases from the island. However, Britain pressured the UN member states and limited the international forces dispatched to the island to forces friend to Britain only, beside its own forces and Canadian forces ally with it. Thus it frustrated the new American plan of using the UN for removing the British military bases from the island; and the island remained effectively in the hand of Britain by the name of the Security Council for the first time. Struggle continued over the island between America and Britain, where the first tries to remove the British influence and the British military bases, and the second tries to maintain its influence and bases. Then America tried another approach; so it used her direct influence with Turkey and Greece. She contacted both of them directly, used all possible pressure and proposed three solutions to the island, which all of them focus on eliminating the British military presence in the island. These are the three solutions: 1) The island is annexed to Greece under the pretext the Greek are the majority. Greece compensates Turkey by giving it a Greek island in the Mediterranean Sea instead of Cyprus. 2) Cyprus state is eliminated, while the island is effectively divided between Turkey and Greece. 3) Two states are formed in the island, but united in a federal state. It is noticed the three solutions guarantee the removal of the British bases from the island.
However, due to the strong influence Britain used to have in Turkey and Greece at that time, which was equal to that of America, it foiled the three solutions. But America did not halt and proposed a new solution, which requires the guarantee of the independence of Cyprus by the super powers Russia, America, Britain and France. This solution means that Russia particularly would not accept to secure the independence of the island as long as the British bases remained in the island, which requires their removal. This solution had also failed due to the increasing efforts Britain spent with Turkey and Greece, so they rejected the idea of the super powers security. Frictions and tensions between the Turks and Greeks of Cyprus continued during the authority of Makarius. Britain used these tensions to strengthen its military presence benefiting from the insecurity there. This is the approach Britain uses when it has influence and power, where it would form a committee or hold a conference, regardless whether it succeeded or not. However, it would keep the island busy with discussions and negotiations, which Britain used as a respite so as to reconsider its position. It did that when it called for London conference in 1955, and the conference it called for in London in 15/1/1964. Both did not produce any result, while the tensions continued in the island.
At that period some events took place that influenced the course of events in Cyprus. Parliamentary elections took place in Turkey in 1973. A coalition was formed between the Republican People party led by the loyal agent of the English, Bulent Ajawid and the National Salvation party led by Najmuddin Arbekan, which is extension to the National Order party, and agent to the English policy. When Arbekan was in Europe, the English foreign minister declared, in the house of Common, the necessity of creating an Islamic party in Turkey. Arbekan returned back to Turkey in a private English aeroplane. This collation that was formed under the patronage of the English is the one that executed the movement of 1974, which was a turning point in the Cypriot issue. This movement represents birth of Turkey, for it was the first military government in the life of the Republic. It proceeded as follows: In 1973, Ra� uf Danktash became vice president in the Turkish side. On the other side, Makarius was brought from America and chosen again as president. In January 1974, a coalition formed from the Republican People party and the National Order party officially assumed power in Turkey.
In that year, 5/7/1974 America succeeds in executing a coup in Cyprus that overthrew Makarius. It aimed at eliminating the tensions and imposing the complete authority of the government over all the territories of the island as an introduction to remove the British bases after restoring satiability. Britain responded by Turkish military landing at the island. America could not prevent this landing because the American administration was preoccupied at that time with the Watergate scandal that happened at Nixon time. This Turkish military intervention deprived the coup perpetrators the opportunity of forming a united stable state that can remove the British military bases. The failure of the coup perpetrators to control the island and impose stability in it helped as well in inciting the global public opinion against the coup that was supported by America. So there was a wide global condemnation to this disgraceful coup. Rushed to oppose the coup and considered it threat to its security. It also condemned the Turkish invasion of the island. This in turn contributed to the inability of the leaders of the coup to impose their authority over the capital, let alone the entire island. America desired to transform the British military bases in the island to become bases subject to NATO so that she controls them through her control over NATO. However, Britain undertook huge efforts to maintain alone its bases in Cyprus, which are very vital for it. Thus, the island became an area for violent international conflict between America and Britain, for long time. The issue of British military bases in Cyprus was the subject of struggle. Thus, the issue of Cyprus became an issue of military bases more than being an issue of elimination of colonilization, or issue of the Turkish and Greek sects.
After the Turkish military landing in the island, its division between the Greek and Turkish Cypriots was effectively sanctified. The Turks controlled the northern part of the island, and they facilitated the entry of Turkish citizens to the island to increase the number of Turks in the island. This would balance the Greek majority in the island and sanction its permanent division between the two sects. This would undoubtedly increase the instability in the island and contribute to confirming the presence of the British military bases in the island forever. This situation continued as it is in the north after the Turkish landing without officially declaring a state in the north. Though, it effectively exists till 15/11/1983, because Ra� uf Danktash, the governor of the Turkish section of the island, announced the creation of the state of north Cyprus, with obvious English support through the military government in Turkey. This occurred as follows:
In the Greece elections in October 1981, the American agent Andres Papandreou was selected for government. He immediately, in February 1982 went to Cyprus, where, in his talk, he discharged the brunt of his anger against England. He explained that Greece would act as a state and start �a crusade campaign� against Turkey and the Cypriot Turks. He said the issue must be transferred to the UN, because it is an international issue. In other words, he spoke as a voice for the American policy. The UN took after that a resolution that recommends the immediate withdrawal of the Turkish army, which it called the occupier, from Cyprus. Then the council of the federal state of Cyprus (the Greek part) took a decision in 17 June 1982 regarding the right of the Cypriot people to self-determination. The Cypriot Turks answered back by declaring the creation of the Turkish republic of Cyprus in its north in 15 November 1983. Thus, England succeeded in protecting its influence in Cyprus. In 18 November 1983, the Security Council condemned this (Turkish) declaration. In other words, America did not support this declaration; and the Security Council issued resolution number 550, in 13 May 1984, in which it described the declaration of Turkish Cypriot republic in the north fragments the island, and it is not accepted internationally.
Furthermore, the troubles in Turkey were continuous and severe. They continued fluctuating till Uzal; the American agent became a Prime Minister in 1983, then president of the republic in 1984. So the time of Uzal started in Turkey. After the creation of the Turkish republic in north Cyprus, and the long period of the authority of Uzal, the American agent (1984-1990), international meetings and discussions about Cyprus renewed, though lesser than it was before 1980. The plan regarding Cyprus Treaty prepared by the UN secretary in 17 January 1985 in New York, and in 29 March 1986 did not give fruit. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the satisfaction of America, she turned her attention to the Islamic countries, so it revived the issue of Cyprus. However, the policy of America towards Cyprus after the cold war had differed to what it was before. The thing that changed was her style and not her policy, because in origin, the policy of America was always to ultimately remove the English from Cyprus.
In 1990, New York summit was held and Security Council adopted resolution number 649, through which the UN directed a call to the two sides in Cyprus to find out an acceptable solution, which carries the concept of two communities and two divisions, and the leaders of the two parties have to sit down face to face. The important point in the resolution is that it depended on the situation present in the sixties, rather than that of 1974. Torgut Uzal gave attention to the subject and showed in 1991interest in the concept of a quadrant summit that states the Cypriot issue must be between Turkey, Greece, the Turkish Cypriot republic and the Roman Cypriots. In 28 June 1991, he informed the UN secretary, Perez de Culliar in his report to the Security Council that he accepted the concept of quadrant summit. The intention of the quadrant summit was to exclude England; however could not succeed in that because he either died or was killed after a short while.
In 11 October 1991, the Security Council accepted in the UN resolution number 716 that supports the report prepared by the general secretary Perez De Cuilliar regarding the Cypriot issue. This report that was presented in 28 June to the Security Council contained also the idea of the quadrant summit presented by Uzal. In 1992, the Security Council presented to the parties a set of ideas prepared by the UN, which contain 100 article that contain various solutions to the different aspects. The Turkish side did not accept all the ideas of this set, while the leader of the Roman side, Fasilio; the American agent accepted them all. However, during that period Fasilio was deposed and replaced by the English agent, Claidese, who rejected all the articles.
After that, the EU that was created by signing its political treaty in 7/2/1992 in Holland entered the struggle arena when it agreed to examine the Greek Cyprus for joining the EU as representative of Cyprus. The EU announced the application meets all the required conditions. In the same year, and after the selection of Clairdese as president of the republic, Britain thought of initiating the idea of bilateral treaties between Greece and Cyprus, on the assumption they are two different entities, thus removing the American idea of annexing Cyprus to Greece. Therefore, the idea of common defence between Greece and the Roman part of Cyprus was approved, on condition of rejecting the UN set of ideas, speeding the membership of EU and increasing the armament activity. All of these steps have been taken to maintain the current situation in Cyprus and to frustrate the American plans, because the UN set of ideas is an American proposal. England urged on the membership of the EU because if Cyprus became a member in the EU then its issue would not become an international one, rather related to the EU, where it becomes difficult for America to interfere in it. As regarding the armament, the crisis of S-300 missiles was an important event in 1997. England installed Russian-made S-300 missiles in the Greek island of Crete, which is close to Cyprus, by the Greek army, as part of the common defence between Greece and the Greek part of Cyprus. The purpose of that was to warm up the atmosphere in the island between the Cypriot Turks and Greek, for these missiles strengthen the Greek Cypriots. Accordingly, the demonstrations and disputes in Cyprus at the separation lines reigned over the situation. Therefore, supplying the S- 300 missiles aimed at frustrating the peace solutions proposed by America through the UN, by escalating the situation between the two sides and preventing them from setting together for any talks. America took interest in the subject and considered it
dangerous. So, it undertook serious attempts with Russia, the source of the missiles, and strong pressure on Greece for withdrawing the missiles. She succeeded in that, and the missiles crisis came to an end. At the same time, a proportional change took place in the policy of the EU.
In January 1997, the EU declared the full membership of Cyprus is linked to the political solution, and the Turkish side must also take part in the EU recommendations. This meant rejecting to examine the application of the Greek Cypriot side alone, as representative of the island, as it was promised before. Greek 11 reacted against this declaration and informed the EU of its intention in using the right of Veto for it is a founder member in the EU. The change in the policy of the EU was due to American pressure, because she considered the membership of the Greek Cyprus in the EU not enough to expel the English from it. America was at that time interested with expelling the English from Cyprus and removing its bases from it. She has also noticed England play a double game, and there must be solution from the UN that agrees with her demands. In December 1999, in Helsinki, Turkey was accepted within the list of the states recommended for the EU membership. Neither America or Britain opposed to that; they rather both accepted and supported it when it was proposed, but each of them from its own angle. Therefore, after Turkey was accepted in the recommended list of membership, Clinton sent to Turkey a congratulation message, where he said in it: �Your leadership had an obvious role in helping the initiation of discussions regarding Cyprus� . In the summit of Helsinki, the EU manifested the necessity of finding a political solution for Cyprus. In other words, the EU did not want to join Cyprus to the union while it faces division and problems, for this creates troubles for it. Therefore, the continuous English-American struggle over Cyprus would bring troubles and problems rather than benefits to the EU. The summit of Helsinki was the fruit of a balanced policy, which says to Turkey (solve the problem of Cyprus and join the EU), and says as well (if it is necessary, Cyprus can join as it is). Since Cyprus is an important strategic location, and because the EU suffered at that time of the international pressure, Cyprus was unlikely to be dispensable.
In November 2000, the EU declared the document of partnership related to the membership of Turkey in the EU. The issue of Cyprus was mentioned in this document, in the section of (short term objectives). This indicated the membership of Turkey in the EU is directly linked with the issue of Cyprus. After that, Danktash withdrew from the indirect talks conducted through the UN general secretary. Then the chairman of the EU council, Romani Brudi announced in 2001 that Cyprus could join the EU with its current situation, and without solving the problem. As a result Turkey replied it is ready to pay any price or alternative for the sake of Cyprus. Thus, talks resumed in January 2001 between Danktash and Clairids. The UN general
secretary, Koufi Annan and the special envoy of Cyprus, Alfaro De Suto joined the talks. In 2001, UN general secretary went by himself to Cyprus and joined the talks.
In the autumn of 2002, the EU invited Danktash to understand his formal views. During that the UN general secretary invited Danktash and Clairids to New York. America knew that the continuous problems created by Danktash would make him an obstacle in their way, therefore she claimed he was sick and thus kept him in New York for some time after his arrival there. During that time, the general secretary, Koufi Annan prepared the plan that carries his name. As regarding Turkey, there was a coalition of three parties that governs Turkey. The major influence in it was for the English, while America has some in it. This was during this period of Cypriot talks, and the problems created by Danktash to distance any solution proposed by America through the UN. The members of this Turkish coalition were the English agent, Bulent Ajawid, the chairman of the Democratic People party, the American agent Dawlat Bhishli, the chairman of the National Movement party, and the English agent, Mas� ud Yelmaz, the chairman of the Mother Homeland party. America faced difficulty in presenting a solution to Cyprus due to the great English presence in the Turkish government. Therefore, America paved the way for toppling the ruling coalition and pushing the group (of old Islamite) who had allied with them under the leadership of Abdullah Ghul and Rajab Tayyeb Ardoghan. In other words they pushed their ally, the Justice and Development party to take the power in Turkey. America undertook many measures to achieve that goal. The most significant and noticeable one was her withdrawal of 5 billion dollars from the Central bank, which led to economic crisis. This economic crisis caused the decline of the popularity of the government to the ground. After that came the statement given by Dawlat Bhishley, the American ally, which is: � Either the elections are held on 3 November or we would withdraw from the coalition� . Thus, the government was forced to take the decision of early elections; which were conducted on 3 November 2002. The Justice and Development party led by Rajab Ardoghan won an overwhelming majority in the elections.
Since that moment a government completely loyal to America was formed in Turkey. At that time, the UN general secretary presented his plan (Annan plan) to the parties in Cyprus, benefiting from the accession of America� s allies to authority in Turkey. The plan was submitted to Danktash and Clairidis in 11 November 2002, ie one week after the victory of Ardoghan. Under the shadow of the issue of Cyprus, membership of the EU and the American war against Iraq, the government of Ardoghan undertook a standard number of visits and reception of foreign delegates. It also declared it will solve the problem of Cyprus, the membership of EU and AGSP at the same time. It increased its pressure on Danktash, but with passing by him, because he had deep roots in the issue of Cyprus and support in the Turkish army. Danktash understood the radical change in the Turkish foreign policy, and its endeavour to solve the Cyprus issue according to �Annan paln� . Therefore, Danktash spoke harshly in January 2003, saying: � If Turkey is going to abandon its national principles, and it is ready to accept Annan plan as it is, then let it declare that openly. In that case, they can find a person other than me that accepts this plan as it is, put his signature, and thus the problem would be solved� .
Annan plan contained a fundamental document, attach� with other five documents. These documents had many other documents linked to them. These documents include: a foundation treaty, arrangements linked to the stage the settlement of Cyprus issue, treaties concluded between the concerned states (Cyprus, Turkey, Greece and England), the matters left to the decision of SC and UN, the matters connected to the conditions required by EU for Cyprus membership in it, the constitution of 1960 and matters related to the land, nationality/citizenship, and ownership, internal security services. Simply, these documents contained every thing related to the arrangement/organisation of the foreign and internal relations of Cyprus. There was no any mention at all of the two English military bases in Dikilia and Acrotiri. This means America and England had both agreed not to touch the two bases. Thus, it can be stated the legal situation of these bases has been sanctioned and confirmed as it came in the independence treaty, which means they represent a third entity alongside the other two entities of the Turks and Greeks. Beside, England continued through its agent, Danktash, to create obstacles, which led to make some changes in Annan plan, many times. Accordingly, the implementation time of the plan was postponed many times. The different sides were supposed to complete their meetings by 28 February 2003; however the plan was postponed till March 2004. Danktash encountered a reprehensible defeat in the election undertaken in Cyprus in 14 December 2003. His votes� percent had decreased so much compared to the high number of votes he had obtained before. So, as a president of the republic, he was obliged to confer upon Mohammad Ali Tal� at, America� s loyal man, the chairman of the Republic Party, the task of forming the government. As a result, Tal� at formed a coalition with Sirdar Danktash, son of Danktsh, and the chairman of the Democratic Party.
As a result of the pressure by the government of Ardoghan and paving the way in Cyprus for the advantage of America, there was tendency to accept Annan plan. America aims in this plan to form a united Cyprus, which will join EU as a union, and finally remove Cyprus from the grip of England, except its military bases. England, on the other side thought of keeping the current situation, as it is, ie two independent states. Therefore, it endeavoured to frustrate and reject Annan plan, through spreading clandestine propaganda against it. It viewed America would have control over the Cypriot Union once Annan plan was implemented.
Finally, Annan plan was presented to the Cypriot people in 24 April 2004 for voting. However, the result was unexpected, for it was rejected in the south, though it was accepted in the north. This meant the end of Annan plan, though the result was satisfactory and balanced for America, EU and England. Despite America could not achieve success to the plan in the two sides, she however obtained an important advantage in the north. Thus, the influence of England declined; and America would be able to open the issue of Cyprus in future again if necessary. She is now removing the siege imposed against the north (there are voices that demand of that). She will secure to it economic progress, make of it an important business and tourist centre and safeguard wide fame for it. She might also establish a military centre in the area of Ad-Deeb Kirbaz (the tail of the island) so that it becomes a gun aperture directed towards Asia. Thus, she would have controlled the strategic tail (of the island) overlooking Asia and Middle East. Hence, America would have achieved success, though it was not complete. England had also achieved some share of success, because it did not allow any harm to its influence in Cyprus, or encroachment to its military centres there. However, we cannot say it feels comfortable, because it understands the prime aim of America is to expel it from Cyprus, and she will not abandon that aim easily. The EU wished that Cyprus became united and joined it as a union, but this did not happen. Therefore, this is considered loss to the EU from this angle. However, the EU obtained an important foothold through considering the application of South Cyprus alone to it. As regards Cyprus, it is difficult for it to obtain a benefit as long as super powers like England and America struggle over it locally and internationally. However, it might be said it obtained a partial benefit through using its strategic and political position.
Therefore, these countries that struggle over Cyprus, namely America, Britain and EU, will use the results of the elections as a starter to increase their relative success so that it becomes a complete success that achieves their objectives. Thus, Cyprus will remain a suspended and delicate issue that did not get the right solution. The only solution is to return all of it back to its original body, which is the Ottoman state, or Turkey currently. The sectarian solutions that serve the super powers are undoubtedly colonialist solutions. The true solution is to return the island back to its Islamic origin; and there is no any other solution.
This solution requires from the Muslims to support their brothers in the island and Turkey, rather than turn to them their back. It is strange the agent states present in the Islamic world were always preferably disposed to the Greek side against the Turk side. When the Turks created a republic in north Cyprus, there was no any state of those present in Muslim lands that stood on the side of Muslims authority in the island; they rather recognised the Greek authority over the entire island. This disgraceful stance of the Muslim rulers towards the important Muslim issues indicates these rulers do not act in compliance with Islam, which they put alongside their names in their identity cards, and nor in observance of the interests of their people. They rather act in compliance with the interests of their masters of the colonialist disbelieving states. We are aware the puppet rulers in Muslim lands do not dare to adopt any one of Muslims issues. Their situation is well known regarding all the issues of the ummah, and not that of Cyprus only. Their main concern is only to please their masters, whether Muslim lands were preserved or lost. We, however, realize the ummah is in wait of great good, by the Allah� s leave; these rulers will vanish; and the Khilafah rashidah is on its way back, by Allah� s leave. Then this Khilafah rashidah will annex the island (of Cyprus) to the land of Islam, and make of it again a lighthouse that shines in the east of the Mediterranean Sea, so
that it restores its old position as a departure point for the conquerors.
�Indeed this is not difficult for Allah�.
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