Mr. Haskell
World History E-Core
5 March 2005
Chapter 31 Outline
I) Early Challenges to World Peace
A) Challenges to world peace followed a pattern throughout the 1930�s.
B) Japanese armies overran much of eastern china
C) Sanctions are penalties and they were against Italy for having violated international law.
II) The Spanish Civil War
A) In 1936 Spain plunged into civil war and although it started as a local struggle it soon drew other European powers into the fighting.
B) In the 1920�s Spain was a monarchy dominated by a wealthy upper class but a popular unrest against the old order forced the king to leave and a republic was set up with a new more liberal constitution.
C) Francisco Franco led a revolt that started a bloody civil war. Franco�s forces were called Nationalists and the supporters of the republic were known as the Loyalists.
III) German Aggression Continues
A) Hitler pursued his goal of bringing all German-speaking people into the Third Reich and he took steps to gain �living space� for Germans.
B) In 1938 Hitler started his plan towards annexing Austria which included appointing Nazis to key cabinet posts, the treaty of Versailles, and many ways of force.
C) Next Hitler set his mind on Czechoslovakia put another plan into action and unfortunately Britain and France were not willing to go to war to help them.
IV) The Plunge Toward War
A) As Churchill predicted, Munich did not bring peace but instead, Europe plunged rapidly toward war.
B) In 1939 Hitler surprised the world when he made a nonaggression pact with his great enemy Joseph Stalin.
C) A week after the Nazi-Soviet Pact, German forces invaded Poland and Britain and France honored their commitment to Poland and declared war on Germany.
V) Why War Came
A) The Versailles treaty had divided Europe into 2 camps.
B) People underestimated what Hitler could do even though he published his goals in Mein Kampf.
C) Many people believe that if Britain and France would have taken military action in 1936 Hitler would have had to retreat but they were unwilling to risk it.
VI) The First Onslaught
A) In September of 1939 Nazi forces stormed into Poland and Hitler�s blitzkrieg took place.
B) During the first winter the French waited by Maginot Line and some reporter�s refered to this quite time as the �phony war�.
C) The whirlwind Nazi advance revealed the awesome power of modern warfare.
VII) The Battle of Britain
A) With the fall of France, Britain stood alone whereas Hitler knew the British would sue for peace.
B) On August 12, 1940, the first wave of German bombers appeared over England�s southern coast and the Battle of Britain had begun.
C) Late on the afternoon of September 7, German bombers appeared over London and all throughout the night until dawn the next day, relays of aircraft showered high explosives and firebombs on the sprawling capital.
VIII) Charging Ahead
A) While the Luftwaffe was blasting Britain, Axis armies were pushing into North Africa and the Balkans.
B) In 1940, Italian forces invaded Greece where they met stiff resistance with German troops.
C) Meanwhile both Bulgaria and Hungary had joined the Axis alliance.
IX) Operation Barbarossa
A) In 1941 Hitler embarked on operation Barbarossa which was the conquest of the Soviet Union.
B) In operation Barbarossa Hitler unleashed a new blitzkrieg where about 3 million Germans poured into Russia.
C) Meanwhile, the Russians suffered appalling hardships and in 1941 the 2.5 year siege of Leningrad began.
X) Growing American Involvement
A) When the war began in 1939 the United States declared neutrality.
B) In 1941 FDR convinced congress to pass the Lend-Lease-Act which allowed him to sell or lend war materials to �any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.
C) In 1941 Roosevelt and Churchill met secretly and they issued the Atlantic Charter which set goals for the war.
XI) Japan Attacks
A) In December of 1941 the Allies gained a vital boost when a surprise attack by Japan suddenly pitched the US into the war.
B) With talks at a standstill General ToJo ordered a surprise attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor.
C) In the long run the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor would be as serious a mistake as Hitler�s invasion of Russia.
XII) Occupied Lands
A) While the Germans rampaged across Europe, the Japanese conquered an empire in Asia and the Pacific.
B) Hitler�s new order grew out if his racial obsessions and he set up puppet governments in Western European countries that were peopled by �Aryans� or related races.
C) The most savage of all policies was Hitler�s program to kill Jews and others he judged �racially inferior�, such as Slavs, Gypsies, and the mentally ill.
XIII) The Allied War Effort
A) After the US entered the war, the Allied leaders met periodically to hammer out their strategy on the war effort.
B) Like the Axis powers, the Allies were committed to total war and so democratic governments in the US and Britain increased their political power.
C) As men joined the military and war industries expanded, millions of women replaced them in essential jobs.
XIV) Turning Points
A) During 1942 and 1943, the Allies won several victories that would turn the tide of battle; the first turning point came in North Africa and Italy.
B) In Egypt, the British finally stopped Rommel�s advance at the fierce Battle of El Alamein and then turned the tables and drove the Axis forces back.
C) Victory in North Africa let the Allies leap across the Mediterranean into Italy.
XV) The Red Army Resists
A) After the Germans triumphant advance in 1941 they were stalled outside Moscow and Leningrad and this time Hitler aimed for the rich oil fields of the south.
B) The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the costliest of the war when Hitler was determined to capture Stalin�s namesake city and Stalin was equally determined to protect it.
C) After the Battle of Stalingrad the Red army took the offensive.
XVI) Invasion of France
A) By 1944 the Allies were finally ready to open the long-awaited second front in Europe, the invasion of France.
B) The Allies chose June 6, 1944, D-Day, for the invasion of France.
C) In Paris, French resistance forces rose up against the occupying Germans.
XVII) War in the Pacific
A) A major turning point in the Pacific war occurred just 6 months after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
B) After the Battle of Midway, the US took the offensive under the command of General Douglas MacArthur.
C) In October 1944, MacArthur began to retake the Philippines while the British were pushing the Japanese back in the jungles of Burma and Malaya.
XVIII) The Nazis Defeated
A) Hitler scorned talk of surrender and he said, �If the war is to be lost, the nation also will perish�.
B) After freeing France, the Allies battled toward Germany and a massive counterattack was thrown upon them which caused the bloody Battle of the Bulge.
C) By the time, Germany was reeling under round-the-clock bombing and this type of air war had only become real during this war.
XIX) Defeat of Japan
A) With war won in Europe, the Allies poured their resources into defeating Japan.
B) People were worried because they believed that the invasion was going to cost the US a million or more casualties and in end Truman ended up deciding to use the new atomic bomb.
C) Dropping the atomic bomb on Japan brought a quick end to World War II and it also unleashed terrifying destruction.
XX) Looking Ahead
A) After the surrender, American forces occupied the smoldering ruins of Japan.
B) Meanwhile in Germany, the Allies had divided Hitler�s fallen empire into four zones of occupation.
C) In both countries, the Allies faced difficult decisions about the future and how they could avoid mistakes such as in 1919.
XXI) Aftermath of War
A) While the Allies celebrated victory, the appalling costs of the war began to emerge.
B) During the war, the Allies knew about the existence of Nazi concentration camps, but only at wars end did they learn of the true horror of the torture and misery that was in them.
C) At wartime meetings, the Allies had agreed that Axis leaders should be tried for �crimes against humanity�
XXII) The United Nations
A) As in 1919, the WWII Allies set up an international organization to secure the peace.
B) Under the UN Charter, each member nation had one vote in the General Assembly, where member could debate issues.
C) The UN�s work would go far beyond peace-keeping and it ended up taking on many world problems such as preventing diseases.
XXIII) The Crumbling Alliance
A) Amid the rubble of war, a new power structure emerged that would shape events in the postwar world.
B) During the war, the Soviet Union and the nations of the West had cooperated to defeat Nazi Germany.
C) Stalin has 2 goals in Eastern Europe, first he wanted to create a buffer zone of friendly governments as a defense against Germany, and second he wanted to spread communism.
XXIV) Containing Communism
A) To deal with that threat the United States abandoned it traditional isolationism.
B) United states and Canada and USSR formed NATO in 1949
C) In 1945 the world hoped to end decades of economic crisis, bloody dictators, and savage war. , but all for the worst is received more tension.