Mr. Haskell
World History E-Core
16 March 2005
Chapter 29 Outline
The Mexican Revolution
1) Prosperity benefited wealthy landowners, business people, and foreign investors.
2) The unrest boiled over when Fancisco Madero, a liberal reformer, demanded free elections in 1910.
3) During the power struggle that followed, several radical leaders emerged.
Reforms
1) It permitted the breakup of large estates; placed restrictions on foreigners owning land, and allowed nationalization, or government take over, of natural resources.
2) At first, the constitution was just a set of goals to be achieved sometime in the future.
3) In 1929, government leader organized what later became the Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI).
Rising Tide of Nationalism
1. After World War I, trade fell off with Europe between Latin American countries, and new independent Latin American economies began to emerge.
2. Cultural nationalism began to rise by the 1920s, and Latin American countries began to take pride in their unique blend of western and Indian traditions.
3. During this time, several famous artists painted great works of art in the form of murals, and they remain a great source of national pride to this day.
The �Good Neighbor� Policy
1) During and after World War I, investments by the US in the nations of Latin America soared, especially as British influence declined.
2) During the Mexican Revolution, the United States supported leaders who it thought would protect American interests.
3) Under the Good Neighbor Policy, the US withdrew troops it had stationed in Haiti and Nicaragua.
Movements for Change in Africa
1) During the early 1900s, more and more Africans felt the impact of colonial rule.
2) Many western-educated Africans criticized the injustice of imperial rule.
3) A system of racial segregation, known as apartheid; goal was to ensure white economic power.
Growing Self-Confidence
1. During the 1920s, a movement known as Pan-Africanism began to nourish the nationalist spirit; Pan-Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.
2. W.E.B. Dubois organized the first Pan-African congress in 1919, where delegates from African colonies, the West Indies, and the United States called on the Paris peacemakers to approve a charter of rights for Africans.
3. In 1922, after years of resistance to British rule, the British finally agreed to declare Egypt independent.
Modernization
1) Nationalism brought immense changes to the Middle East in the aftermath of WWI.
2) In a move that swept away centuries-old traditions, Turkish nationalists overthrew the sultan, defeated western occupation forces, and declared Turkey a republic.
3) As Iran modernized, it won better terms from the British company that controlled its oil industry.
Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
1) Arab nationalism blossomed after WWI and gave rise to Pan-Arabism.
2) Since Roman times, Jews had dreamed of returning to Palestine.
3) At first, some Arabs welcomed the money and modern technical skills that the newcomers brought with them.
Moves Toward Independence
1. During WWI, more than a million Indians had served overseas, suffering heavy casualties.
2. Indians became increasingly upset that they had to die for England, but still had no freedom.
3. In the 1920s, a new leader emerged in Mohandas Gandhi, who united all Indians behind the drive for independence.
Mohandas Gandhi
1) Mohandas Gandhi came from a middle-class Hindu family.
2) He admired Christian teachings about love and had read the works of Henry David Thoreau, an American Philosopher of the 1800s who believed in civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws.
3) Through his own example, Gandhi inspired Indians to �get rid of our helplessness.�
The Salt March
1) To mobilize mass support, Gandhi offered a daring challenge to Britain in 1930.
2) To Gandhi, the government salt monopoly was an evil burden on the poor and a symbol of British oppression.
3) Gandhi�s campaign of nonviolence and the self-sacrifice of his followers slowly forced Britain to agree to hand over tome power to Indians and to meet other demands of the Congress party.
Looking Ahead
1. As India came closer to independence, Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased.
2. During the 1930s, the idea of an independent Muslim state separate from India began to form in the Congress party.
3. When independence was granted in 1945, the question began to rise as to whether or not the Indian Muslim and Hindus would remain a united country.
The Chinese Republic
1) In 1912, Sun Yixian stepped down as president in favor of a powerful general, Yuan Shikai.
2) During this period of upheaval, foreign powers increased their influence over Chinese affairs.
3) On May 4, 1919, student protests erupted in Beijing and later spread to cities across China-a startling event in those days.
Leaders for a New China
1) In 1921, Sun Yixian and his Guomindang, or nationalist, party established a government in south China.
2) Jiang Jieshi, however, was determined to destroy the �Red bandits,� as he called the Communists.
3) Within a few years, the Communists would triumph, and Mao would move to impose revolutionary change on China.
Japanese Invasion
1. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China, adding it to the growing Japanese empire.
2. The Japanese set up their puppet government in Nanjing, the former Nationalist capital.
3. From 1937 to 1945, the Guomindang, the Communists, and the Japanese were locked in a three-sided struggle.
Liberal Changes of the 1920s
1) In the 1920s, Japan moved toward greater democracy.
2) During WWI, the Japanese economy enjoyed phenomenal growth.
3) Behind the seeming well-being, Japan faced some grave problems.
The Nationalist Reaction
1) In 1929, the Great Depression rippled across the Pacific, striking Japan with devastating force.
2) Economic disaster fed the discontent of the military and extreme nationalists, or ultranationalists.
3) In 1931, a group of Japanese army officers provoked an incident that would provide an excuse to sieve Manchuria.
Militarists in Power
1) By the early 1930s, ultranationalists were winning popular support for foreign conquests and a tough stand against the western powers.
2) Civilian government survived, but by 1937 it had been forced to accept military domination.
3) By 1939, Japan had joined with two aggressive European powers, Germany and Italy.