Mr. Haskell
World History E-Core
2 February 2005
Chapter 27 Outline
World War I and Its Aftermath
I) The Stage is Set
A) Pressure for Peace
1) Aletta Jacobs first women doctor.
2) Women�s International League for Peace and Freedom gave women a way to voice their concerns.
3) Hague Tribunal was a court that could not enforce its rulings.
4) Some other things were pushing Europe to the verge of war; aggressive nationalism, economic competition, imperialism, an arms race, and rival alliance systems.
B) Aggressive Nationalism
1) Germans were proud of their new empire�s military power and industrial leadership.
2) France longed to regain its position as Europe�s leading power.
3) Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by new nations on its borders.
C) Economic and Imperial Rivalries
1) The British felt threatened by Germany�s rapid economic growth.
2) Imperialism divided European nations.
3) Germany wanted to keep France from imposing a protectorate on the Muslim kingdom of Morocco.
4) As a result of the two Moroccan crises, Britain and France began to form closer ties against Germany.
D) Militarism and the Arms Race
1) Militarism: The glorification of the military.
2) Under militarism the armed forces and readiness for war came to dominate national policy.
3) Friedrich von Bernhardi said that war was �a biological necessity of the first importance�
4) Britain and Germany both had amazing navies.
5) On matters of peace and war, governments turned to military leaders for advice.
E) A Tangle of Alliances
1) Alliances were intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack.
2) Germany formed a triple alliance with Austria-Hungry and Italy.
3) Entente Cordiale: Friendly understanding
II) The Guns of August
A) A Murder With Millions of Victims
1) Princip joined Unity or Death a terrorist group commonly known as the Black Hand
2) Francis Ferdinand was not a supporter of democracy.
3) Princip said that his only regret was killing a woman.
4) The archduke and his wife were the first victims of a war that killed millions.
B) Peace Unravels
1) Ultimatum: Final Set of demands
2) Mobilize: Prepare its military forces for war.
3) Neutrality: Policy of supporting neither side in a war.
C) Whose Fault
1) Each great power believed its power was just.
2) Germany felt that It must stand by its one dependable ally, Austria
3) Young men rushed to enlist as ladies and their elders cheered them on.
4) As armies began to move, he predicted, �The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.�
III) A New Kind of Conflict
A) The Western Front
1) German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris.
2) Trench Warfare: An underground network linked bunkers, communications trenches, and gun emplacements.
3) World War I was truly the first mechanized war.
B) Other European Fronts
1) Casualties rose higher on the west than they did on the east.
2) Germany�s fight in Tannenberg suffered one of the worst defeats of the war.
3) Bulgarian joined the Central Powers and helped crush its old rival Serbia.
C) The War Beyond Europe
1) Most of the fighting took place in Europe, WWI was a global conflict.
2) The Allies overran scattered German colonies in Africa and Asia.
3) Many people thought that if they volunteered their efforts would help the step toward citizenship and independence.
IV) Winning the War
A) Effects of the Stalemate
1) Total war: The channeling of nation�s entire resources into a war effort.
2) Propaganda: Spreading of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause.
3) Atrocities: Horrible acts against innocent people.
B) Women at War
1) Women took over the men�s jobs.
2) Many worked in factories making weapons for war.
3) They also worked as nurses on the battle lines whose lives were in just as much danger as the men.
4) Some became national heroes.
5) In many countries including Britain and U.S women�s support for the war effort helped them finally win the right to vote, after decades of struggle.
C) Collapsing Morale
1) Morale of both troops and civilians plunged.
2) Three years of war hurt Russia.
3) At first, allies welcomed the overthrow of the czar.
D) The United States Declares War
1) Declared war Germany.
2) Many Americans felt ties of culture and language to Britain.
3) Wilson still hoped to become a peace maker.
E) Campaign to Victory
1) Armistice: Agreement to end fighting with the allies.
2) Germans launched a huge offensive that pushed the allies back 40 miles.
3) German people showed their monarch their frustration as up springs exploded among huge city dwellers.
V) Making the Peace
A) The Costs of War
1) Reparations: Payments for war damage.
2) More than 8.5 million people died.
3) Rebuilding and paying huge nations war debts would burden an already battered world.
B) The Paris Peace Conference
1) Woodrow Wilson was a symbol of hope to a weary and angry world.
2) Wilson was one of three strong personalities who dominated the Paris Peace Conference.
3) Crowds of other representatives circled around the �Big Three� with their own demands and interests.
C) The Treaty of Versailles
1) June 1919, peacemakers summoned representatives of the new German Republic to the palace of Versailles outside Paris.
2) The treaty also put huge reparations that would put an already damaged German economy under a staggering burden.
3) The total cost of German reparations would come to over $30 billion.
D) Other Settlements
1) The allied nations also created treaties for the other Central Powers to sign.
2) The treaties would redraw the layout of Eastern Europe countries.
3) Mandates- territories that were administered by western powers.
E) Hopes for Global Peace
1) After the war 40 nations joined the League of Nations in hope of peace.
2) Though Wilson�s dream was coming true the U.S. Senate did not ratify the treaty that would allow the U.S. to join the League of Nations.
3) Even though the League was powerless against aggression or war it still was mile stone for a committee of Nations dedicated to peace.