EIP Occupation Research Topics

© Prokas João Maskaren.
The Indian Union has no more a natural right over Goa than it has over Greenland!
Regarding the Occupation and Annexation, or so-called 'liberation' of the EIP (Estado da India Portuguesa or Portuguese India: Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, Nagar-Haveli & the Anjedive Islands) by the Indian Union, I would like to request one and all to kindly help me to locate the documents and information sources as listed below.
  1. The full April 1960 final ruling and the 'grounds' on which the International Court at the Hague upheld the sovereignity and integrity of the EIP while refusing to force the Indian Union to grant access to EIP troops over the Indian Union's territory to the encroached-upon enclaves of Dadra and Nagar-Haveli.


  2. The specific free, informed and uncoerced acts of the peoples of 'Dadra & Nagar-Haveli' and of 'Goa, Daman & Diu' by which they chose to freely accede to the Indian Union, if any.

    I am fully confident that there was no such legal actions and that the Indian Union just merely annexed the EIP without even the pretence of consulting its people.


  3. The complete text of the UN Resolution 1542 XV of 1960.


  4. Proof of the belligerent intentions of Portugal, of its intentions to lease the EIP to NATO, the USA, or the Martians, along with proof that it had inducted substantial military reinforcements, tanks, nuclear warheads and ICBMs, etc., and other heavy armaments into the EIP, and why these mythical 'substantial military reinforcements,' 'tanks' and other heavy armaments dematerialized when the invaders came in. In fact, the invaders were reduced to weeping over the lack of such basic war machinery as anti-aircraft guns, thus making the fight entirely one-sided and uninteresting!


  5. The complete set of UN documents detailing its discussions of late December 1961 and early 1962, on the occupation of the EIP by the Indian Union and the Portuguese complaint, together with the final Resolution(s) by which the UN 'recognized' that the EIP had been 'nationally re-united' with the Indian Union, and on that ground dismissed the Portuguese complaint.


  6. The Entire Constitutional Law of the EIP, upto its final occupation by the Indian Union.


  7. The specific legal process by which the Indian Union incorporated the EIP into itself, after the EIP had formally, freely sought accession, and the specific documents, including the 12th amendment to the Indian Union constitution and the so-called 'Anti-Secessionist Oath' and their legal bases.


  8. The particular case regarding appeals from Goa to Lisbon. (see below).
This is based on the following incontrovertible sequence of events:
  1. 15th August 1947: England ('Great Britain') grants the English East Indian Empire Independence, which organized itself as the Indian Union, and demanded that the French and Portuguese evacuate and cede their enclaves to it.


  2. 1950: The Indian Union demands that Portugal cede it the Estado da India Portuguesa.


  3. Terrorists sponsored by the Indian Union seize the French enclave of Chandernagore (Chandranagar) in Bengal, and French officials withdraw.


  4. 1953: The Indian Union imposes an blockade on the EIP following its failure to persuade Portugal to cede it.


  5. 21st July 1954: Terrorists sponsored by the Indian Union — a mixed bag of Indian Union citizens and EIP renegades, re-inforced by armed Indian troops, invaded the enclave of Dadra.


  6. 31st July 1954: Another band of terrorists, with a significant contingent from the Hindu fascist Jana Sangh, and again re-inforced by Indian troops, invaded the enclave of Nagar-Haveli. These two enclaves finally capitulated to the terrorists on 10th August 1954.

    I wish to pointedly point out that neither of these two invasions were 'Satyagrahas' or Pacifist, further that there was no provocation whether by the citizens of the EIP or by the Portuguese. Moreover, the EIP's citizens never formally sought or requested these actions, although a small minority did.


  7. The two groups of terrorists combined under the name of the 'Free Dadra & Nagar Haveli Administration' under a core group, the self-styled Varishtha Panchayat or Varishtha Parishad — 'Council of Elders' and requested absorption into the Indian Union. However, the Indian Union, acting cautiously, was content to administer them by proxy, until the case filed by Portugal against it be finalized.


  8. The EIP administration officially demands access from the Indian Union to these enclaves (that had been seized by terrorists sponsored, armed and aided by the Indian Union and which, moreover, reinforced these terrorist bands with its own regular troops).


  9. 15th August 1954: Terrorists sponsored by the Indian Union, attack and overwhelm the tiny garrison in the fortress of Tiracol, an enclave on the north frontier of 'Goa' separated by the river Tiracol. It is claimed that this was a 'Satyagraha' or 'Pacifist' aggression, and hypocritically, the terrorists feign astonishment that the EIP forces put them down with force, especially after the acts of unprovoked aggression and terrorism against Dadra & Nagar-Haveli.


  10. 22nd December, 1955: Upon the Indian Union's refusal of access throught its territory to EIP troops to liberate the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar-Haveli from the Indian Union's sponsored terrorists, Portugal filed an appeal with the International Court at the Hague, asking it to instruct the Indian Union to grant this access.


  11. The Indian Union let loose a Propaganda Barrage against Portugal and the EIP, alleging that Portugal was planning to lease the EIP to NATO or the USA, and that it was inducting tanks and other heavy armaments into the EIP. Also the Indian Union manufactured a climate of war or war hysteria, wholly and entirely based upon lies.


  12. France conducted a plebiscite in its remaining enclaves: Pondichery, Yanam, Mahe and Karaikal. The result was for accession to the Indian Union, and France accordingly ceded these to the Indian Union.


  13. April 1960: The International Court, giving its final decision, an exercise in Hypocrisy:

    Upheld the sovereignity and integrity of the EIP...

    BUT

    Refused to force the Indian Union to grant access to EIP troops over the Indian Union's territory to the encroached-upon enclaves of Dadra and Nagar-Haveli.

  14. 11th August 1961: The Indian Union annexed the enclaves of Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. Since then they have not even been given internal self-government, being still administered as Colonies and Conquests. The Demographic of these enclaves has been heavily altered since the Occupation, with colonists, who have been encouraged to settle and have been given incentives to set up industries in the main city, Silvasa and in other places, outnumbering the natives.


  15. Belgrade Convention of Communist Russia's satellites, including the Indian Union, where the African Communists demanded that the Indian Union invade and annex the EIP.


  16. Delhi Seminar Against Portugal: As a follow-up of the Belgrade Convention, the Indian Union held another meeting in Delhi to denounce and intimidate Portugal and to pave the ground for its forthcoming invasion of the EIP.


  17. 15th December 1961: Jawaharlal Nehru-Kaul, the Prime Minister of the Indian Union, wrote (in his reply to England's Prime Minster Macmillan) "The Portuguese Government went on strengthening their position in Goa by bringing in larger forces and ships and mining both land and sea routes. It became impossible for us to watch these developments and to allow this situation to continue. No Government of India could do so or wanted to do so. Our peaceful approaches had failed completely."

    "My whole mind reacted strongly against armed action, and yet the compulsion of events and the great pressure of our people's wishes made us realise that something positive and strong had to be done," he added, as the records show.

    But, the British High Commission in Delhi and the Commonwealth Relations Office in London believed that no military intervention would take place until internal unrest in Goa had been "fomented to serve as a pretext".

    There was no upheaval in Goa. Three Portuguese soldiers were killed in skirmishes with terrorists there. Hundreds of Indian labours working in Goan manganese mines began fleeing Goa due to mounting tension. Goan mine workers had also gone on strike and the Portuguese arrested a number of them.


  18. 18th December, 1961: The Indian Union invaded the remainder of the EIP with a force of some 50,000 troops, overwhelming the lightly armed EIP garrisons manned by 3,500 troops, mainly EIP natives.


  19. 19th December, 1961: The vastly overwhelmed EIP forces surrender to the invaders.


  20. Jawaharlal Nehru-Kaul, the Prime Minister of the Indian Union, informed the people of the EIP that they did not have any choice and that if they did not wish to live under the Indian Union's occupation, they could leave and emigrate.


  21. Portugal complained against the unprovoked aggression by the Indian Union against the EIP. After discussion on the complaint, the UN, hypocritically abandoning the application of the UN Resolutions 1541 XV and 1542 XV, adopted a Resolution or set of Resolutions by which it 'recognized' that the EIP had been 'nationally re-united' with the Indian Union (the consent of the EIP's people, and the requirements of a free, fair and informed plebiscite under the Resolutions 1541 XV & 1542 XV, be damned!) and on that ground dismissed the Portuguese complaint.


  22. The Indian Union enacted the 12th Amendment to its Constitution in 1962, annexing the EIP as two territories under the titles 'Goa, Daman and Diu' and 'Dadra & Nagar-Haveli' from the days they were occupied and including them as 'Union Territories' (territories administered directly by the central government) in the first schedule of its constitution. The condition of the Anjedive Islands is indeterminate: It seems that the islands have been annexed to the southern province of Karnataka or Mysore!


  23. In 1963, the Indian Union's occupation force in 'Goa' held the first 'elections' to a legislative assembly for 'Goa, Daman & Diu,' whose members were to be dominated by the unelected and nominated members representing the Occupation. The candidates who came forward to contest this 'election' were required to make an 'Anti-Secessionist Oath.' (Sic!)


  24. *A woman citizen of the EIP filed, in the Bombay High Court of the Indian Union, a case sometime in the 1990s, challenging the procedure still being followed, till then, of carrying forth the appeal process in Goan (EIP) marital cases to the Portuguese Supreme Court in Lisbon.
References:
  1. Goa Tourism - 1

    The Indian Parliament passed the 12th Amendment of the constitution in 1962, integrating Goa, Daman and Diu with the Indian Union from the day of liberation and including these as Union territories in the first schedule of the constitution.


  2. Goa Tourism - 2

    On August 15, 1954, the Satyagrahis from India entered Goa and captured Tiracol fort peacefully by overpowering and outnumbering the Portuguese officials. Severe repression followed. The leaders were arrested and deported and the volunteers jailed.

    While mass Satyagrahas (peaceful processions) were going on throughout Goa, the United Front of Goans occupied the village of Dadra near Daman (a Portuguese possession in Surat district) and hoisted the Indian national flag on July 21, 1954.

    On July 31, the Azad Gomantak Dal volunteers alongwith the cadres of Jana Sangh (a Hindu Nationalist Party in India) liberated Nagar Haveli and Naroli.

    The Portuguese government sought a right of passage to send military reinforcements to these territories over the Indian soil. But the Indian government turned down this request.

    The Portuguese took up the matter in the International Court at the Hague on December 22, 1955, which however after prolonged legal battle rejected the Portuguese appeal in April 1960.

    As encouraged by the NATO support, Lisbon began war preparations in Goa by bringing in tanks, armoured cars and troops, and imposed curfews in Panjim; New Delhi also took precautionary measure along the Indo-Goa border. The military built-up on both sides worsened the already volatile situation.

    Meanwhile, the "Varishtha Panchayat" of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli urged the Indian Government for inclusion of these territories into India.


  3. Goa News

    Dadra and Nagar-Haveli, two small Portuguese-controlled enclaves near Daman... While Portuguese were controlling Daman from Goa with the access via the Arabian sea, they had to however pass through Bombay territory... Taking advantage of the geographical situation, then Bombay chief minister Morarji Desai responded positively to the request made by Goa's freedom fighters and sent Indian Reserve Police to help liberating Dadra and Nagar-Haveli after consulting the centre.

    "The police and other Portuguese officials ... must have mistaken our Reserve Police for a military force. For, soon after spotting them, they ran away to the adjacent forest and hid themselves there. This enabled the satyagrahis to take possession of these enclaves without any difficulty", states Desai in his book 'The Story of My Life.'

    Prabhakar Vaidya, who had actually participated in the liberation struggle, recalls that one armed battle had taken place in Silvasa on 10 August 1954 but the RSS participation in it was less than half of 82 persons. It was led by the Azad Gomantak Dal, he adds.


  4. Website of Colonists in Silvasa

    The entire territory comprising of 72 groups of villages were administered by the Portuguese from 1779 to 1954 until 2nd August 1954. After its liberation the administration was carried on by selected village panchayat members known as Free Dadra & Nagar Haveli Administration.

    On August 11th 1961 the 'Free Dadra & Nagar Haveli' was integrated in the Indian Union as a UNION TERRITORY and was succeeded by formal statutory administration headed by an Administrator.

    Since then it remains as a centrally administered area under the Ministry of Home Affairs.


  5. Aureliano Fernandes

    Aureliano Fernandes Department of Politics, University of Goa, Goa. June, 1999:

    �� The transition from a colonial to a new democratic domain in Goa, which in fact began in December 1961 itself, necessitated a displacement of the structures of inequality and took place through a multiprolonged process:

    (a) The 12th Amendment to the Indian Constitution Act 1962, integrated Goa, Daman and Diu into the Indian Union.

    (b)�The Presidential Ordinances for establishing an administrative system paradoxically posed a fundamental challenge to the definition of a democratic state. The Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Ordinance 1962 not only provided for the continuance of functionaries of the former colonial administration but of "all laws in force immediately before 20th December 1961 or any part thereof until amended or repealed by a competent legislature or competent authority" (Colaco 1997 35).


  6. Bharat-Rakshash

    Facing this modest and insignificant air threat was amassed a huge Indian Air Force detachment. India had by that time six Hunter squadrons and four Canberra squadrons as its latest additions to the Air Force.

    The Goa operations gave the IAF an opportunity to employ jet air power for the first time on a massive scale. However that the Portuguese did not have any AA defences nor aircraft to defend their positions. This robbed the IAF of a realistic battlefield scenario. It was not until 1965 that the combat potential of the air force was actually put to test.


  7. Jawaharlal Nehru-Kaul: Experiments Wth Hypocrisy!


  8. Case: The Indian Union vs. EIP Files


  9. EIP Files
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