From 1959 through 1993, some 25,000 Cubans managed to escape from the island, mostly by sea in small boats and fragile rafts. Others fled by way of the U.S. Naval Base at Guant�namo, which is encircled �on the Cuban side� by barbed-wired fences and heavily mined fields, much like those between the former East and West Germany. (See diagram on page 2) It is estimated that only one of every three or four Cubans who have attempted to escape has been successful. Thousands have died in the attempt or have been captured and imprisoned.

Group of rafters rescued in the Florida Straits.

Much like former East Germany, Guantanamo Naval Base contains a system of fences
and minefields that surround the Cuban side in order to impede escape through this route.

On July 13, 1994, 41 persons, including 12 children, perished when the Castro regime sank the tugboat 13 de Marzo, on which 70 people were trying to flee. In August of 1994, an unprecedented event took place on the shores of northern Cuba. Over 35,000 Cubans launched makeshift boats and rafts into the Florida Straits after Fidel Castro tacitly gave his consent to their departure.

In the face of this extraordinary spectacle of massive numbers of people fleeing their own country at such risk, we must ask who these people are and why they are willing to risk their lives this way. For the most part, they are young and of humble origin, precisely those whom the revolution has claimed as its main beneficiaries and supporters. According to various studies, what motivates them is their complete rejection of a totalitarian system that stifles them and deprives them of any semblance of freedom. They have the perception that any opposition is useless. That is why many rafters have said, "I would rather die in the ocean than have to go on living in Cuba."

Since 1959, over one million Cubans have gone into exile legally. These refugees have come from all areas of the island and represent all races and socioeconomic groups. It has been a very painful exodus, tragically dividing most Cuban families. Those who have sought to go into exile have first suffered discrimination and persecution at home. They have been sent to forced labor camps and despoiled of all their property. Those who have remained behind are now encouraged to ask for dollars from their relatives abroad to buy in Cuba vital goods not available otherwise.

Nevertheless, Castro faced strong opposition from within his own ranks. To consolidate his power he executed thousands who defied him, even though they had actively participated in the effort to overthrow Batista.

Taking advantage of his own charisma and of the people's trust in him, Castro managed to impose a totalitarian system in scarcely three years. He used deceit and implacable repression. He eliminated all potential political rivals. He seized control of the labor unions and the student and professional organizations. He took over the media and gradually confiscated all private enterprise, as well as all private education and the excellent HMO-type health care system. Even the smallest businesses were eliminated as private enterprise became a crime.

All religious institutions also suffered a harsh blow. Not only did Castro severely limit their activities, but in 1961 he confiscated their excellent educational system without compensation. In that same year hundreds of member of the clergy, including a bishop were expelled.

Castro has imprisoned hundreds of thousands. Cuba has had the largest number of political prisoners, serving the longest and cruelest sentences, ever recorded in this hemisphere. At one point 100,000 men and women from all walks of life were in prison for political reasons. Many were serving sentences of 10, 20 or 30 years. Most served their full sentences, like Huber Matos, former revolutionary commander who served 20 years, and Mario Chanes de Armas, who served 30 years. Both men had fought side by side with Castro. Many political prisoners have had to serve additional years after completing their original sentences.

The treatment political prisoners have received under Castro is much more severe than that imposed under Batista's dictatorship. Castro himself was condemned to 15 years for his attack on the Moncada military barracks on July 26, 1953, which resulted in the deaths of over 100 men. After 22 months of a rather comfortable imprisonment he was released under a general amnesty. But Castro has never offered a general political amnesty during his almost 40 year rule.

Violations of human rights have been extensive and extremely serious in Castro's Cuba, particularly in the case of detainees and political prisoners. Many have been assassinated, while thousands have been beaten, tortured physically and mentally, forced into hard labor, and locked into isolation cells (tapiadas) with steel planks for doors for extended periods of time. They have been deprived of family visits for years and their families have been constantly harassed. Detainees have been subjected to electroshock and suffer from lack of adequate nutrition and medical care. They are often humiliated, and they have endured physical and psychological torture in cells known as gavetas (drawers) where they are packed so closely they have to remain standing. (See diagram in p. 8) In the more recent version of the gavetas the prisoner is locked into a cell resembling a coffin.

When we analyze living conditions in Cuba in the light of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, we realize how those human rights are violated directly or indirectly to most of the people. Such evidence will help us to understand why these desperate people risk their lives to escape their homeland.

The cruelty of the regime is further manifested not only in the exceptionally long prison sentences, but also in the extremely harsh treatment of political prisoners, including the use of electroshock to break their spirits. Meanwhile, the general population lives under the watchful eye of the CDR's (Committees for the Defense of the Revolution), vigilante groups organized by city block to spy on fellow citizens. The male population is under the close watch of the Military Committees which enforce service in the military reserves. Acts of repudiation are performed by Nazi-style mobs, the Rapid Response Brigades organized by the government to terrorize dissidents. They can also be subjected to various forms of blackmail and even "mysterious" accidents. Arbitrary arrests are justified under the Ley de Peligrosidad (Endangerment law), under which anyone who poses a threat to the system can be arrested and incarcerated without due process. Those who criticize the government or denounce human rights abuses can also be subject to immediate arrest for distributing "enemy propaganda."

Under such a totalitarian system, the power of government is unlimited. It is a power monopolized by the sole legal party, the Communist Party, which in turn is subservient to Fidel Castro as its First Secretary. In order to advance in such a society, it is necessary to be "politically integrated" (absolute loyalty to the Party). This indirect repression has been carefully crafted by social scientists, and it operates by means of the following:

* The Socialist Constitution of 1976 (further amended in 1992). Arbitrarily imposed on the Cuban people, it legalizes the violations of human rights. Article 62, for instance, states that a citizen's rights shall be recognized only if they coincide with the "objectives of building a socialist state." The government readily violates its own laws when it finds it convenient, as in the case of General Arnaldo Ochoa. In 1989, this "Hero of the Revolution" and other high-ranking officers were brought to trial for drug trafficking. This offense carries a maximum sentence of 20 years, yet Ochoa and the others were convicted of treason, and promptly executed. The case also serves as an example of the Cuban government's characteristic hypocrisy, given the regime's well-documented involvement in the international drug scene.

Also flagrantly ignored is Decree # 54, which supposedly guarantees the freedom of association. All civic groups, labor unions, human rights advocates and independent journalists that have requested permission to organize have been denied that right.

* The educational system. The total monopoly of the educational system is another powerful weapon of control and has been used very effectively to indoctrinate students from the earliest grades. The teacher, who becomes a repressive agent and watchdog of "ideological and political integration," must keep a yearly Cumulative Academic Record that evaluates each student on that dimension, among others. (See illustration on pps. 5 - 6). This powerful weapon of intimidation hangs over the student and his or her family. Any blot on the Cumulative Record means the student is guilty of political misconduct and could be refused access to higher education or the right to choose a career. The privileged careers, those with "social impact" are normally reserved for the "integrated." And finally, high school students are required to do "voluntary" farm work at the "schools in the countryside."

The Cumulative Academic Record not only documents a student's conduct and grades, but also specifies political integration and organizational involvement, as indicated in the segment above. The record also controls
each parent�s ideological integration, evaluated yearly by teachers, who in effect become ideological �police� to the students and their families. Teachers also complete an ideological evaluation for each student each semester.

* The control of the labor force. Control of the workers follows a similar pattern as that with students. There is a Labor Record (Expediente Laboral) that documents ideological conduct besides the working performance. Labor unions are under absolute control of the government and they are utilized to further its economic plan and political objectives, and to coerce workers to perform "voluntary labor" without pay. The right to strike is forbidden. Attempts to create independent unions have been harshly repressed. Foreign enterprises, now allowed in Cuba, cannot hire labor freely. Workers are assigned to those enterprises like indentured servants; their wages are paid to the government in precious dollars and doled out to the workers in meager, practically worthless pesos.

* The struggle for subsistence. Established as early as 1962, food rationing has been one of the Cuban government's most powerful forms of control, since people preoccupied with sustenance don't have the time or energy to rebel. The Supply or Ration Book has controlled the amount and the frequency with which the bare necessities may be purchased, only as they become available and only at the store assigned to the individual. In fact, it has been a crime to buy food from unauthorized sources. Now that the possession of dollars has become legal, many staples are practically available at stores that sell for American currency. This has created considerable hardship. Despite the heavy penalty, the black market has flourished, as Cubans are forced resort to it to survive. Until recently, no attempt at private enterprise was considered legitimate. Today, a number of small businesses such as home-based restaurants (paladares) are permitted, but only family members may work there. The government prohibits the free sale or purchase of homes and automobiles.

* Control of travel and movement. From the age of 16, every citizen must carry an Identity Card at all times. This passport-like I.D., designed to control mobility, contains a complete personal history, showing present and past addresses, work history, marital status, and number of children. Most importantly, it is coded to indicate degree of "ideological integration." Permission from the government is required to move to another home or change jobs. Travel abroad is highly restricted and subject to considerable exploitation, since exorbitant fees must be paid to the government by the relatives abroad. The opposition leader Osvaldo Pay� has not been allowed to travel abroad, while independent journalist Yndamiro Restano, permitted to leave Cuba to receive an award, has not been allowed to return.

* Membership in mass organizations. Adults and children alike are highly pressured to join government-controlled organizations: the CDR's (Committees for the Defense of the Revolution), the Women's Federation, the labor unions, and student organizations, and even the Pioneers (for children) were created in order to exert even more control over what little free time Cubans have left after their arduous struggle to keep themselves fed and clothed. These organizations see to it that their members perform "voluntary work" in the fields, take up sentry duties, and attend all sort of political meetings. These activities tend to weaken the family unit, strengthen the state's political influence over the individual, and promote sexual promiscuity. The incidence of venereal disease has risen dramatically, as have the number of abortions (estimated as 82 for every 100 births).

Under these circumstances, psychiatry and psychology would seem indispensable to a population subjected to such pressures. However, Cubans cannot rely on doctor-patient confidentiality: psychiatrists and psychologists are supposed to report those cases considered suspicious of "ideological deviation" to the State Security, whose agents have full access to their files.

Gynecology has also succumbed to the repressive control of the State. According to reports, many patients have had intra-uterine devices implanted after childbirth or abortion, without their knowledge. The objective is to reduce the birth rate and the excess work required by abortions.

Religious repression. This is a fundamental ingredient of political/ideological apartheid. It targets the individual who seeks to practice his or her faith openly. To be religious has become a stigma. Through the years religion has been strongly repressed, although not regularly in a violent way. This is due to Castro's position of making "apostates and not martyrs," of believers. The government has disguised this policy by neither closing churches nor imprisoning people for purely religious reasons.

Religious repression has operated in several ways. Following the great anti- religious offensive of 1960 and 1961, when all schools and most seminaries were confiscated and a large part of the clergy was expelled or forced to leave, more subtle anti-religious measures were taken. Written forms for personal verification were created to discriminate against the believer in school and the work place. From their earliest years in school, atheism has been instilled in the children. Since 1970, the celebration of Christmas has been eliminated, as was done previously with Holy Week. Also banned is the celebration of the Epiphany on January 6: no longer do children receive gifts from the Three Wise Men; gifts-giving to children was transferred to July 26 as part of Castro's main political celebration. Careers with social impact along with promotions to managerial positions, have been denied to religious believers.

Believers have also been victims of direct repression. Many were interned in UMAP concentration camps (1965-1967), next to ministers, priests (including the current Cardinal Ortega), seminarians, and laymen. In addition, churches have been vandalized and robbed, religious services have been sabotaged and clergymen and well-known laymen have been victims of numerous forms of harassment and blackmail.

In 1995 the Pentecostal seminary and youth camp at Cifuentes was confiscated due to its great success and the Reverend Orson Vila was imprisoned. Foreign priests considered controversial have been pressed to leave or are denied re-entry visas. It should be emphasized that, since 1959, the construction of new churches has not been permitted, and the repair of existent ones has met with enormous obstacles. Many of these churches are in terrible condition, particularly those in the countryside whose roofs have collapsed. In the face of an increase in the number of faithful and the scarcity of churches, "cult houses" have emerged, particularly among the evangelicals. Recently many of these houses have suffered harassment and been closed.

We should also point out the special animosity directed against Jehovah's Witnesses, whose Kingdom Halls were closed and many of whom were forced into exile. More recent victims of violent repression against religion include defenseless women who gather in churches in Havana to pray for political prisoners. Equally significant has been the government's harsh reaction to the Catholic bishops Pastoral Letter of September 1993, that criticized the state system and favored a peaceful solution to the Cuban crisis. Well-known laymen, as well as "controversial" human rights activists, are strongly harassed, in an effort to force them to leave the country.

At present, Cubans suffer another form of apartheid: their own government discriminates against them in favor of foreigners, especially tourists who have privileged access to goods and services (like foods, automobiles, gasoline, beaches, hotels, stores and special restaurants). Since the "dollarization" of the economy in August of 1993, when, incredibly, the American dollar became, in effect, the national currency, only those Cubans who have been able to secure dollars have had access to many of those services or goods, although not to all. This has created great social turmoil because the need to have dollars at any cost has generated corruption, crime, and moral degradation.

The cause of the current crisis lies in the collapse of the Soviet bloc and the subsequent elimination of the subsidy with which the USSR supported Castro (about six million dollars daily). It is estimated that this subsidy, squandered by the system, was several times greater than the United States' Marshall Plan for Europe after the Second World War. The United States economic embargo has not been the main reason for the present hardships. The root of this crisis is the extreme inefficiency of a system that refuses to liberalize itself, and frustrates native individual business initiative. Castro now seeks salvation for his bankrupt regime among foreign capitalists. He wants to sell them the national economic assets and also, at a ridiculous price, cheap controlled labor.

The "new Cuban class" . This economic crisis is also due to Castro's inflexibility and that of the elite that surrounds him, managing the island like feudal barons. They prohibit Cubans from exercising their political and economic initiative and constantly proclaim the motto of "socialism or death," without having to suffer the consequences of the totalitarianism they have imposed. While Castro calls himself leader of an ideology rejected by the world, his Cuban nomenklatura (or the pinchos and mayimbes, as they are known to the people) has enjoyed unprecedented privileges in Cuba. That elite has misappropriated the national patrimony, enjoying the best housing, unrationed food, and abundant transportation, as well as the best education and health care. They are a privileged breed, a sort of mafia whose main objective is to remain in power forever. It could be said that they "hold property title of nothing but are the owners of everything."

The "achievements of the revolution", a phrase used to describe the supposed advances in medicine and education, have crumbled due to the lack of Soviet subsidy. Recent outbreaks of optical neuritis, lice, scabies, combined with widespread malnutrition and the lack of hygiene in streets, homes and even hospitals, prove that the Cuban revolution by itself has been unable to sustain its so-called "achievements." A similar situation is happening in education where the most basic materials are lacking. These achievements are also questionable in view of the fact that only the Cuban elite has access to the best medical centers and to highly privileged university careers. In short, progress obtained in the areas of public health and education, is overshadowed by an unjustifiable control and a totalitarian repression unprecedented in this hemisphere.

INCREASE IN HARASSMENT

The situation in Cuban prisons is extremely critical: 15 inmates convicted of common crimes reportedly died of hunger in the Combinado del Este prison between April and May of 1995. Epidemics, hunger, lack of hygiene and lack of proper medical attention, along with the cruelty and repression exercised against prisoners and their relatives, have aggravated a situation already intolerable. Hundreds of noted political prisoners, like Dr. Omar del Pozo Marrero (15 years), Jesus Chamber Ram�rez (10 years) and Francisco Chaviano Gonz�lez (15 years), have denounced repeatedly, from their cells, the abuses and the terrible conditions of life in Cuban prisons.

It is imperative that international support be given to an emerging civil society separate from the state, embracing human rights organizations, independent journalists, political organizations, churches, and fraternal associations that are trying to survive outside state control.

Amid such chaos, Castro, who once confiscated foreign investments now seeks them eagerly. He wants to sell the island to international capitalists, while foreigners benefit at the expense of Cubans who are still denied the right to productive private property.

That is why governments and companies that trade or may consider trading with Havana must be informed of the violations of the human rights of the Cuban people. Those who would do business with Cuba are urged to make any such transaction contingent upon the respect of human rights in that country. Castro's immense economic need should enable these governments and businesses to exercise great influence upon his government. They have the enormous responsibility to promote the inevitable transition to democracy �whose main protagonists should be the Cuban people� so that it may take place as soon as possible and without a bloodbath.

SOCIALISM OR DEATH is the motto that is constantly
proclaimed to the Cuban people on billboards
and other methods of communication

* Juan Clark is a professor of Sociology at Miami Dade Community College. For further information on some of these subjects see: by this author, Cuba: Mito y Realidad. Testimonios de un Pueblo (Saeta Ediciones: Miami Caracas, 1992, 2nd Edition) and Human Rights in Cuba: An Experiential Perspective by Clark, �ngel De Fana y Amaya S�nchez (Saeta Ediciones: Miami Caracas, 1991). See also Charles J. Brown y Armando M. Lago, The Politics of Psychiatry in Revolutionary Cuba (New Brunswick London: Transaction Publishers, 1991), Andr�s Oppenheimer, Castro's Final Hour (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992) and Jean-Francois Fogel and Bertrand Rosenthal, Fin de Siglo en La Habana, Los Secretos del Derrumbe de Fidel (Bogot�, Colombia: TM Editores, 1994). Contact Dr. Juan Clark at the Cuban Information Committee - P. O. Box 0645 -  Miami, Florida 33144

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