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Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that substitutes for a noun:
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Singular: |
Professor Smith finished her grades. |
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Plural: |
The Mechanics started their cars. |
Do not use plural pronouns to refer to singular antecedents:
At the game everyone cheers at his or her (not their) skill level. |
Treat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is clearly plural:
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Unit: |
The audience cheers its baseball team. |
Individual:
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The crowd received their free baseball cards at the game. |
Treat most compound antecedents connected by and as plural:
Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch their pail of water. |
When words like nor, or, either... or, or neither... nor connect compound antecendents, make the pronoun agree with the antecendent nearest to it:
Singular:
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Either Jane or Diane should receive first prize for her sculpture. |
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Plural: |
Neither the cat nor the dogs could eat their food. |
Avoid ambiguous or remote pronoun agreement:
Ambiguous:
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When George set the pint glass on the ceramic table, it broke. |
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Clear: |
The pint glass broke when Grorge set it on the ceramic table |
Remote:
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This time the court ordered Derek to pay off his parking tickets. He had twenty, from speeding to running red lights, and he hadn't paid them for over a year. By the time Derek (NOT He) paid his tickets, he was in jail. (The pronoun He is too far from its antecedent Derek) |
Avoid broad reference to this, that, which, and it:
He realized after the gunman entered his bedroom that he was not going to survive. He learned to accept this his death by hanging up the phone. |
Do not use a pronoun to refer to an antecedent that may be implied:
After tattooing Mile's skin, Mr. Big colored it the tatoo with red and blue. |
Modifiers which act as possessives cannot serve an antecedent:
In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare (NOT HE) tells the story of teenage love. |
Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, and you:
After someone crashes a car, the cops usually give advice. For example, after Mike crashed his car, the cops (NOT THEY) told him to slow down. |
To refer to persons, use who, whom, or whose; to refer to inanimate objects or things, use that or which:
When she heard about my two children, one of whom (NOT WHICH) is an infant, she said, "How cute". |
People wondered how a seventy-year old burglar who (NOT THAT) was blind could steal a television. |
Avoid the whose/who's confusion: Who's is a contraction of who is; whose is a pssessive pronoun.
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Pronoun Case: |
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Personal: |
Subjective: |
Objective: |
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Singular: |
I |
Me |
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You |
You |
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He/She/It |
Him/Her/It |
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Plural: |
We |
Us |
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You |
You |
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They |
Them |
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Relative: |
Who |
Whom |
Use subjective pronouns in the subject or subject complement position:
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Subject: |
I left the circus because the ringmaster and I had quarreled. |
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The blue ribbon goes to the racer who crosses the finish line first. |
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Compliment: |
Ted confessed that the culprit was he. |
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The Principal knows who you are. |
Use objective pronouns as objects of sentences and prepositions:
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Sentence: |
My baby sister refused to listen to Dad or me. |
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Preposition: |
Frank went on vacation with my sister and me. |
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Ask not for whom the bell tolls. |
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