Chapter 2 Control Structures

1. A procedure for solving a problem in terms of the actions to be executed
   and the order in which these actions should be executed is called 
   an algorithm.

2. Declarations are messages to compiler telling it the name, value, 
   and attributes of a variable (identifier) and request the compiler
   to reserve memory space for it.

3. The 7 categories of statements are: 1. declaration 2. arithmetic and 
   logical expressions 3. selection 4. iteration(repetition) 5. sequential 
   6.input/output 7. exception handling

4. Whenever there are more than one statements is to be executed where 
   normally only a single statement is expected (accoding to grammar), these
   statements must be enclosed in braces forming a compound statement.
   A compound statement can be placed anywhere a single statement 
   can be placed.

5. An empty statement indicating that no actions is to be taken is indicated
   by placing a semicolon(;) where a statement would normally be.

6. A repetition structure specifies that an action is to be repeated while 
   some conditions remain true.

7. The break statement, when executed in one of the repetition structure
   (for, while, and do/while), cause immediate exit from the structure.

8. The continue statement, when executed in one of the repetition structure
   (for, while, and do/while), skip the rest of the remaining statements 
   in the structure and proceed with the the next iteration of the loop.

9. The switch statement handles a series of decisions in which a particular 
   integer or integer expression is tested for values it may assume, and 
   different actions are taken. It is necessary to include a break statement 
   after the statements for each case. Several cases can execute the same 
   statements by listing the case labels together before the statements.

10. Placing a semicolon after the if test, for, while statment is a common 
    error to skip the test or loop body.

11. An attempt to divide by zero or use NULL pointer is an error.

12. Use two commas instead of two semicolons in the for statement is a
    common mistake.

13. Misuse = to test the equality is a common error.

14. Do not compare floating point numbers for equality or inequality, test the
    absolute value of the difference within a specified samll value.

15. Unary operator should be place immediately next to the operand with
    no intervening spaces.

16. Initialize the variables when declared avoid the uninitialized variables.

17. Type a pair of braces and then insert the statement can prevent missing
    the closing brace.

19. Declare each variable in a seperating line with comments.

20. Leave a space after if, while, and for keywords.

21. Use <= or >= instead of < or > can avoid off by one problems.

22. Provide the default case in the switch statement. The break is 
    unnecessary in the default case.

23. In performance-oriented programs, try to use the smallest integer 
    size which is proper for the application.

24. The programmer (designer) terminates the top-down, stepwise refinement process
    when the algorithm is specified in sufficient detail for the programmer to
    convert it into  C++ directly.