Chapter 11 C++ stream input/output

1. C++ I/O occurs in streams of bytes. A stream is imply a sequence of bytes.

2. I/O mechanisms of the system move bytes from devices to memory and vice versa.

3. C++ provides "low-level" and "high level" I/O capabilities.

4. C++ provdies both unformatted I/O and formatted I/O operations.

5. Most of C++ programs include the <iostream.h> header file that contains basic
   information required for all stream manipulators.

6. The <iomanip.h> header contains information for formatted I/O with 
   parameterized stream manipulators.

7. The <fstream.h> header contains information for file processing operations.

8. The istream class supports stream input operations.

9. The ostream class supports stream output operations.

10. The iostream class supports both stream-input and stream-output operations.

11. The istream class and the ostream class are each derived through single 
    inheritance from the ios base class.

12. The iostream class is derived through multiple inheritance from both the 
    istream class and the ostream class.

13. The left shift (<<) is overloaded to designate stream output and is referred 
    to as the stream insetion operator.

14. The right shift (>>) is overloaded to designate stream input and is referred 
    to as the stream extraction operator.

15. The istream class object cin is tied to the standard input device.

16. The ostream class object cout is tied to the standard output device.

17. The ostream class object cerr is tied to the standard error device. The 
    outputs to cerr are unbuffered; each insertion to cerr appears immediately.

18. Stream manipulator endl issues a newline character and flushes the output 
    buffer.

19. The member function put outputs one character. Calls to put may be cascaded.

20. Stream input is performed with the stream-extraction operator >>. This 
    operator automatically skips whitespace characters in the input stream.

21. The get member function with no arguments inputs one character and returns 
    the character; EOF is returned if the ned-of-file is encountered on the 
    stream.

22. The >> operator returns false when end-of-file is encountered on a stream.