The Biography of

Khnumhotpe II of Beni Hasan

Khnumhotpe was a Nomarch of the early Middle Kingdom, during the period of strong rule under the kings of the 12th Dynasty, who were putting Egypt back to rights after the chaos of the First Intermediate Period. Here Khnumhotpe recounts the deeds of his grandfather, his uncle Nakht, and his father Neheri before his own, making it clear that all their honours come from the grace of the king. It is interesting to note that Khnumhotpe is also proud of his heritage from his mother, Baket, through whom he gains control of the area of Menat-Khufu in the Oryx Nome, and that his own son inherits the Cynopolitan Nome through his mother, Khnumhotpe’s wife, Khety.

 

Hereditary noble and count, acquaintance of the king, one who is beloved of his god, overseer of the Eastern desert land, Khnumhotpe son of Neheri, justified, born of a daughter of a count, mistress of the house, Baket, justified. He has made (it) as his monument.

 

His first achievement was causing his city to be endowed, causing his name to endure forever, causing it to be commemorated for eternity in his tom of the necropolis and causing the name of his council to endure, being commemorated according to their office, the efficient ones who are in his houses, whom he promote before his serfs, every office which he controlled, every craft as it is performed.

 

His mouth, it says;

The majesty of the Horus "Rejoicing in Order," the Two Ladies "Rejoicing in Order," the Horus of Gold "Triumphant," the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nubkaure, Son of Ra Amenemhet, given life, stability and power like Ra forever, appointed me to be hereditary lord and count, overseer of Eastern desert land, stolistes of Horus and Pakhet to the inheritance of my mothers’ father in Menat-Khufu, he having established for me a southern boundary stela and having set up for me a northern one like heaven and having divided the Nile on it’s middle like that which was done for the father of my mother through the utterance which came forth from the mouth of the majesty of the Horus "Repeater of Births," the Two Ladies "Repeater of Births," the Horus of Gold "(Repeater) of Births," the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Sehetepibre, Son of Ra Amenemhet, given life, stability and power like Ra forever, when he appointed him to be hereditary lord and count, overseer of Eastern desert lands in Menat-Khufu, he having established a southern boundary stela, having set up a northern on like heaven, he having divided the Nile on it’s middle, it’s eastern side belonging to the Mountain of Horus as far as the eastern desert, when his majesty came subduing disorder, having risen in splendour as Atum himself, he having restored that which he found in disarray and that which a city had taken from it’s fellow, he causing city to know it’s boundary with city for their boundary stelae were established like heaven and their water known according to that which was in writing, being assessed according to ancient times, because of his love of order.

 

Then he appointed him as hereditary lord and count, gentle of arm, great chief of the Oryx Nome, he having established southern boundary stelae on his frontier with the Hare Nome, his northern one with the Cynopolitan Nome, having divided the Nile on it’s middle, his water, his fields, his timber, his sand, as far as the western desert lands. He appointed his eldest son Nakht, justified, possessor of honour, to rule his inheritance in Menat-Khufu as a great favour from the king through the command which came forth from the mouth of the majesty of the Horus "Life of Births," Two Ladies "Life of Births," Horus of Gold "Life of Births," King of Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkare, Son of Ra Senwosret, given life, stability and power like Ra forever.

 

My first dignitary belonged to my birth, that my mother proceeded to be hereditary lady and countess as daughter of the ruler of the Oryx Nome, going to Hut-Setepibre, given life, stability and power like Ra forever, to be wife of the hereditary lord and count, ruler of new towns, one who is proclaimed by the King of Upper Egypt, the foster child of the king of Lower Egypt, in his office of overseer of the city, Neheri, justified, possessor of honour.

 

The King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nubkaure, given life, stability and power life Ra forever, brought me as the son of a count to the inheritance of that which was ruled by the father of my mother through his love of order. He is Atum himself, Nubkaure, given life, stability and power and joy life Ra forever.

 

In regnal year 19 did he appoint me as count of Menat-Khufu. Then I caused it to be prosperous, it’s wealth consisting of everything. I caused the name of my forefathers to endure, I having caused to be efficient the mortuary chapels thereof. I brought statues to the temple. I presented to them their pat-loaves, libation offerings and meat offerings, they having been allotted to my mortuary priest. I endowed him with fields and serfs and I commanded a mortuary offering at every festival of the necropolis, the first of the year festival, the opening of the year festival, the great year festival, the lesser year festival, the last day of the year festival, the great festival, the great fire festival, the lesser fire festival, the festival of the five epagomenal days, in the SDt-SA festival, in the 12 month festival, and in the 12 half-month festival and every festival of one who is upon the earth or rejuvenated upon the mountain. Now as for any mortuary priest or any people who shall disrupt it, he does not exist, and his son will not be upon his seat.

 

My favour in the palace was greater than that of any sole companion, he having promoted me before his dignitaries, I being appointed before those who had been before me. The council of the palace united to give praises accordingly and I was appointed accordingly when praises took place in the presence through the utterance of the king himself. Never had the like happened to servants whom their lord had praised, for he knew my eloquence and the youthful vigour of my character. I was revered before the king; my praises were with his entourage and my charm in the presence of his companions. The hereditary lord and count Khnumhotpe, son of Neheri, possessor of honour.

 

Another favour which was done for me.

My eldest son Nakht, born of Khety, was appointed ruler of the Cynopolitan Nome to the inheritance of the father of his mother, he having been made sole companion and placed at the head of Upper Egypt. There was given to him many dignitaries by the majesty of the Horus "Ruler of the Two Lands," the Two Ladies "He Who Causes Order to Appear in Splendour," the Horus of Gold "The Gods are Satisfied," King of Upper and Lower Egypt Kheperkarre, Son of Ra Senwosret, given life, stability and power life Ra forever, he making his memorial in the Cynopolitan Nome, restoring that which was found in disarray and that which the city had taken from it’s fellow. It was caused that he should know his boundary according to the land register, it being assessed according to ancient times. A boundary stone was placed on his southern boundary and his northern one established like heaven, they being made firm on the fields of the lowlands to the total of 15 stelae, they being established upon his northern fields, his boundary at the Oxyrhynchus Nome. Down it’s middle he divided the Nile, it’s western side belonging to the Cynopolitan Nome as far as the eastern desert, in accordance with the petition of the hereditary lord and count, Nakht, son of Khnumhotpe, justified, possessor of honour, saying "I do not know my water."

 

A great favour from the king.

Another official was appointed as sole companion, greatest among the companions, great of tribute of the palace, sole companion without equal, he to whom the judges listen, the sole mouth who shuts mouths, he who brings that which is beneficial to it’s lord, the door keeper of foreign lands, Khnumhotpe, son of Khnumhotpe, son of Neheri, born of the lady of the house, Khety.

 

I caused the names of my forefathers to live, which I found destroyed on the doors, being known in writing, being precise as that which could be read without placing one instead of another. Look, he is an excellent son who causes the names of the ancestors to endure, Khnumhotpe, son of Neheri, justified, possessor of honour.

 

My first distinction was to construct an upper tomb chapel for myself. It is that which his father does which a man imitates. For himself my father made a tomb chapel of fine stone of Anu to cause his name to endure for eternity, he causing it to be established forever, his name living in the mouth of the people and enduring in the mouth of the living in his tomb of the necropolis and in his efficient house of eternity, his place of everlasting in accordance with the favours from the king, his love being in the palace, he having governed his city as a child before he was circumcised, having performed the king’s errand as his two feathers danced (on him) as a child, because of his character, as the king knew his eloquence and the youth of his character, Neheri, son of Sobekankhu, possessor of honour, whom he had promoted before his dignitaries to rule his city.

 

That which was done by the count Khnumhotpe.

Within my city did I make my memorial, I having constructed a columned hall, which I found in ruins and having raised it up with columns of granite inscribed with my own name, I having caused to live the name of my father upon them and I having written what I had done upon every monument which I had made, a door of pine of Nega for the first door of the tomb, a double door of 5 cubits and 2 palms for the shrine of the august chamber which was within this tomb and a funerary meal and mortuary offerings being on every monument which I made. I filled a pool, fashioning its portal and giving air to this columned hall. Greater was my memorial within this city than my forefathers, children of this city. Finer were the memorials of this desert land than those of the ancestors who were appointed before me.

 

I was one distinguished in memorials, having taught every craft that had disappeared within this city in order that my name might endure on every memorial which I have made, being established for me, without there being a lack therein. The boat of another count was caused to go down for me, Khnumhotpe, son of Neheri, born of Baket, justified, possessor of honour.

 

Controller of the tomb, overseer of the seal, Baket.

 

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