Petrified Forest
National Park
National Park Service
U.S. Department of the Interior
Trees to Stone
Triassic Environment:
Imagine a large basin area with numerous rivers and streams flowing through a lowland. A lush landscape with coniferous trees up to nine feet in diameter and towering almost two-hundred feet tall surrounds you. Ferns, cycads, and giant hosetails grow abundantly, along the waterway, providing food and shelter for many insects, reptiles, amphibians, and other creatures.
During the Triassic Period (200-250 million years ago) the Colorado Plateau area of northeastern Arizona was located near the equator and on the southwestern edge of the largest existing landmass on the earth's surface. This tropical location resulted in a climate and environment very different from today. Eventually this super-continent called "Pangea" separated to create our present continents. Fossil evidence of this ancient land lies in the sediments called the Chinle Formation which is now exposed in Petrified Forest Naitonal Park.
Over time, trees died or perhaps were knocked over by flood waters or wind. Rivers carried the trees into the lowlands, breaking off branches, bark, and small roots along the way. Some trees were deposited on the flood plain adjacent to the rivers and others were buried in the stream channels. Most of the trees decomposed and disappeared. But a few trees were petrified, becoming the beautiful fossilized logs we see today. Most of the fossilized logs are from a tree called Araucarioxylon arizonicum. Two others, Woodworthia and Schilderia, occur in small quantities in the northern part of the park. All three are now extinct.
Petrification:
Some logs were buried by sediment before they could decompose while volcanoes to the west spewed tons of ash into the atmosphere. Winds carried ash into the area where it was incorporated into the deepening layers of sediment. Ground water dissolved silica from the volcanic ash and carried it through the logs. This solution filled, or replaced cell walls, crystallizing as the mineral quartz. The process was often so exact that replacement left a fossil that shows every detail of hte logs' original surfaces and, occasionally, the internal cell structures. Iron rich minerals combined with quartz during the petrification process, creating the brilliant rainbow of color. Sometimes crushing or decay left cracks in the logs. Here the growth of quartz crystals was not limited, and larger crystals of amethyst and smokey quartz formed.
Uplift and Erosion:
Over time, this area has endured many changes. About 60 million years ago, after the Chinle Formation was deeply buried by younger strata, the region was uplifted as part of the massive Colorado Plateau. As time passed, many rivers and storms eroded the land, removing the layers of rock until, again, the Chinle Foramtion was exposed. Now fossilized logs lie strewn across the clay hills and are exposed in cliff faces. Most logs are broken into segments. Humans did not cut the logs. Because the section are still in order, we know that the logs fractured after they were buried and the petrification process was complete. Since petrified logs are composed of quartz, they are hard and brittle and break easily when subjected to stress. Such stress may have been produced by earthquakes or the gradual lifting of the Colorado Plateau.
Erosion continues today. Rain and the ever present wind wear away the land, uncovering additional logs, while freezing and thawing break down the logs exposed on the surface. With the infinite patience of time, the layers of sediment will continue to erode, exposing more of this anicent history book.
Your National Park:
Petrified wood is found in every state and in many countries, so why was this place made a national park? It was originally established to protect some fo the largest and most beautifully preserved concentrations of petrified wood in the world. We now know, however, that few places in the world have a fossil record of the Triassic Period thatis so diverse and complete. These things make your park special.
Today all natural and cultural resources such as petriifed wood, rocks, fossils, artifacts, and plants must not be disturbed or removed. Unfortunately, in spite of severe penalties, written and verbal warnings and the oppotunity to legally obtain petrified wood, thoughtless visitors continue to steal over one ton each month. (Petrified wood sold in local shops does not come from the park. It is obtained from private lands outside the park boundaries.)
You and the National Park Service are resposible for protecting your park. Do not allow thoughtless thievery to destroy your irreplaceable heritage. Please repost wood theft by using the emergency phones at Blue Mesa, Puerco Pueblo, and Crystal Forest.
This text is from an original national park site bulletin from Petrified Forest National Park.
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