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Coastal
Landuse Change Detection Using Remote Sensing Technique:
(Case
Study in Banten Bay, West Java Island, Indonesia)
Puvadol
Doydee
P36500005/MIT
Supervisor:
Dr. Vincentius P. Siregar
Co-supervisor:
Dr.-Ing Fahmi Amhar
Chair
of Study Program: Dr. Ir. Handoko
Assistant
Director for Academic Affairs: Prof.Dr. Kooswardhono Mudikdjo, M.Sc.
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I.
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Remote sensing technique has important role for monitoring coastal landuse change detection. Regarding to changes in the coastal zones that are driven by changes in the earth system. Although, we have heard that some of researchers have performed about change detection, almost interested in climate change and vegetation area change. Therefore, in a specific area as coastal zone is also essential for monitoring the change. This study emphasize in capability of remote sensing such as radiometric correction, geometric correction, supervised classification and change detection technique. For change detection technique are executed by using four methods and then compare which method is better.
We can
apply this study for managing coastal landuse, which it is necessary in part of
sustainable development in theme of coastal area planning. One of image dataset
that use in this study very recent in year of 2001 and have no one takes this
topic in this area before. For
sense of this study, it is consider about fundamental of remote sensing as well
as applied its in coastal resource management, which this study is very exactly
for a goal of the program study as have mentioned that the student should be applied
knowledge of Information Technology as well as relevant to background and
training to deal with their study.
Nowadays, Banten Bay is the famous study area for researcher and fisheries biologist because of the region is convenient to handle. There are more activities such as steel casting industry, paddyfields, fish and shrimp farming, harbor, and power plant have had established belong this area and, no doubt, those activities will be effected with coastal zone and fisheries resources. Thus, the phenomenon that have change might be have influenced with this area and also in case of small-scale fisheries community. Future in coming soon, the industries should be developed again or we should stop it and look back to the natural resources, so that is the reason why I have had interested in this topics. Moreover, data information that available is sufficient. As we have already known that when we would like to deal with a project we also have to consider about the limited of time and data available as well. Even though, we have budget to execute this study, the time is very constrain as well as the data/information that need to input is insufficient, which result that we will be got might be not enough satisfy too.
Theory suggests that global warming will result in a rise in global mean sea level hence coastal areas will be impacted by potential changes not only to the climate system but also to sea level. The potential impacts of environmental changes on humanity may therefore be grater in this compartment of the geosphere and biosphere system more than many other area of the surface of the globe since the range of geometric driven of change includes not only climate change in the broadest sense of changes in temperature, rainfall and wind regimes but also includes changes in ocean climate, storminess, flooding and inundation (LOICZ, 1994).
Coastal ecosystem and organisms that have important biogeomorphological function include coral reefs, calcareous algae, and a range of shell-producing animals that contribute to the formation of calcareous sediments; coastal wetland forest, sand ridge, mangrove, sea grass, salt marsh and macro algal communities that tend to trap land or ocean derived particulate material; benthos invertebrates that can stabilize or destabilize near shore sediments; and various organisms (micro algae, bacteria) that promote sediment cohesiveness through the production of extra cellular metabolites.
Coastal zone pollution a variety of waters originate from both land and marine-based activities and eventually enters into the marine environment. Sources of land-based pollution include coastal and upstream agriculture that discharges pesticide, fertilizer sediment runoff. For urban and industrial development that discharges untreated waste and effluent. Source of marine-based pollutants included oil and gas related activities resulting in discharges of drilling wastes, chronic spills and potentially major oil spills (tanker accidents, blowouts); and marine traffic accidents resulting in release of waste and toxic material, as well as the heavy accumulation of waste in coastal and marine waters, especially in area with high population density and industrial activities (Rais et al., 1997).
Change detection has been one of the major applications of remote sensing since 1960s. There are many approaches to change detection. Despite of their differences in change identification algorithms, accurate spatial registration of the various dates of imagery is a requirement for all these methods. There are essentially two different categories of image rectification approaches, the deterministic and the statistical approaches. The deterministic approach relies on data of the flight parameters and the terrain information, and is effective when types of distortion are well characterized (Richards, 1995). The statistical approach, by means of a ground-control-points (GCP) data set, establishes mathematical relationship between image coordinates and their corresponding map coordinates using standard statistical procedures.
Remote
sensing can be used as a management tool to map coastal landuse and monitor the
coastal landuse change detection. The coastal zone is that space in which
terrestrial environment, influence marine environments (Carter, 1988). As
boundaries between land and water, coasts are characterized primarily by
geologic nature of the land, which in the loose sedimentary coast is relatively
unstable and often fragile. The coastal zone is an extremely dynamic system. It
composes of coastal zone as an overall part, coastal strip and coastline.
Variations in the characteristics of its major constituents occur rapidly over
space and time. Sand and other materials are moved onto and off beaches by
current and waves (Williams et al.,
1997). Consequently, it may induce the living environment or cause physical
damages. Coastal landuse changes are the most important part of coastal dynamics
whereas coastal dynamics, which the study area that can support this study. I
have selected the Banten Bay. The bay is located in the northwestern part of
West Java Island, Indonesia.
There
are several existing and former coral islands of patch and fringing forms and
submerged reefs, two of which are conserved as bird sanctuary, sea-grasses beds
and mangroves. The existence of coral forms the base and cause stability of the
coral island and supply new sediment on the coast. Coral reefs, sea-grasses, and
mangroves are the main tropical coastal ecosystem. In their composition,
distribution and functioning are affected by impacts of sedimentation, erosion
forces, sand and rubble mining, eutrophication, and over-fishing. Coral reefs
stability is very much dependent on the living benthos life. The living benthos
life, the more stable or expanding the reefs as function of time. Sea-grass
plays an important role to fisheries, and its prosperity is affected by changes
in sediment runoff. At present, this system is diminishing due to very active
reclamation activities, some of which are converted into fishponds. The area
reduction and disappearance of mangroves, coral reefs and sea grass will reduce
coastline stability or accelerate the erosion rate of coastal area (Saptarini,
2000).
Referring
to the regional development plan, northwest coast of Banten province has been
allocated as industrial development area such as steel casting industry,
petrochemical, dock, and power plant for example. While the northeastern coast
is for coastal fishery cultivation, conservation area, coastal green belt, and
settlement area. Coastal and marine fisheries support some seventy thousand
people who live around Banten Bay. In line with the increase of population
number with its activities and needs, and lack of proper development control,
there are prominent landuse shifts and changes from that previously planned and
subsequently various conflicts of interests occur.
An
international seaport for containers and jetties are now being constructed with
pronounced reclamation activities (Saptarini, 2000) due to rapid growth of
industries, which its need transportation and seaport. Thus, this region have
change influent current direction and velocity, and consequently may stimulate
sedimentation in the near up drift and coastal erosion at the far up drift and
near down drift parts. On the other hand constructions of seaport, industries
and residential areas, agriculture and aquaculture modify sedimentation process
and its distribution in the Banten Bay.
Therefore,
coastal landuse changes are essential matter that should be monitored for
planning or avoiding any further changes that can damage or harm the
environment. In areas with dense population or built up areas with vital
infrastructures, it is easier and cheaper of coastal management for sustainable
development. Technology for accomplishes this study is remote sensing of image
processing that offers a faster and better synoptic view of large area compared
with traditional way such as terrestrial mapping and aerial photo. In this
study, I have played with Landsat imagery dataset one type of remote sensing
data. The original imagery collects data on swaths approximately 185 km. by 185
km. The patronage of remote sensing technology on general coastal landuse
changes detection compose with synoptic/regional view, cost-benefit effective,
multitemporal coverage, real time data, easy and faster, which useful for
coastal management of coastal landuse resource and environmental monitoring
(Wallace and Campbell, 1998).
1.2 Objectives
The
objectives of this study involve mapping coastal landuse and monitoring coastal
landuse change detection from Landsat image data, which compare between year of
1994 and year of 2001. Study area in Banten Bay, West Java Island, Indonesia.
The details objectives are:
1.
To
determine the image preprocessing and processing techniques that required for
digital coastal landuse change detection,
2.
To
perform digital coastal landuse supervised classification,
3.
To monitor the coastal landuse change between two dates in Banten
Bay.