Wincenty Lutosławski

From William James to Wincenty Lutosławski, 6 May 1906

. . . Your long and beautiful letter . . . greets me on my return from California. It is a most precious human document, and some day, along with that sketch of your religious evolution and other shorter letters of yours, it must see the light of day. What strikes me first in it is the evidence of improved moral "tone"—a calm, firm, sustained joyousness, hard to describe, and striking a new note in your epistles—(etc).

WILLIAM JAMES ON PSYCHICAL RESEARCH,
(ed. Gardner Murphy and Robert Ballou).
New York : Viking 1960, p. 275.

From Encyclopedia of The Unexplained, 1974 by Richard Cavendish (with J. B. Rhine)

Wincenty Lutosławski [1863-1954]
[abridged]

Born in Warsaw, he obtained degrees in chemistry and philosophy, and lectured at the Russian university of Kazan and also at London, Lausanne and Geneva. [Had] published a highly-regarded study of Plato. In 1896 he issued an appeal for �other true beings�. Lutosławski wrote that he considered himself a �true being� outside time and space, and despaired of the greater part of humanity as mere appendages of the godhead. In 1911 he established his �Polish Forge�, an institute for attaining an �integral psychophysics�, at Tlemcen in Algeria, which was abandoned the next year.

Lutosławski kept up a lengthy correspondence with William James, whom he twice met. James tried to dissuade Lutosławski from putting his ideas into political form, but with no success, for the Pole formed a political party called the Philaretes, [?] intent on resurrecting his country by a display of superior virtue. Between the First and Second World Wars Lutosławski occupied a respected if eccentric place in Polish society. He disappeared in Poland during the Second World War. He wrote The World of Souls, 1924, Pre-existence and Reincarnation, 1928, The Knowledge of Reality, 1930.   J. W.

New York, etc. : McGraw-Hill 1974, p. 136.

 

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  For him this universe is really made up of souls and their relations. WILLIAM JAMES, 1899 From THE WORLD OF SOULS (1924) by Wincenty Lutoslawski PREFACE The author of the book to which I write this Preface has shown by that weighty English work, The Logic of Plato,1 that he is an accomplished philosopher in the technical and scholarly sense of that much-abused term. That he is versatile as well as scholarly would seem to follow from the fact that his previous writings, numerous, if not voluminous, embrace essays in five other languages�Polish, German, Russian, Spanish, and French�and range in subject from chemistry to politics. 1 The Origin and Growth of Plato�s Logic, with an Account of Plato�s Style and of the Chronology of his Writings. (London, New York and Bombay : Longmans, Green & Co., 1897.) Quoted in this volume as Plato�s Logic. In the present work�if the term "work" can be applied to what is so free an outpouring of the writer's heart�the cosmopolitan, the speaker of many languages and lover of human nature, takes the bit in his teeth and almost entirely "gets away" from the technical philosopher. The Soul's Power is in fact the simple confession of faith of a peculiarly sympathetic and generous-minded human being, nourished, it is true, on philosophy, but now expressing all the idealities that are in hi in direct affirmative form, and refusing (for this time at least) to be hindered by any of those technical cobwebs and possible objections which so haunt the minds of professors of philosophy speaking ex-cathedra that to affirm a thing, naively and on their own responsibility, is a risk that they hardly ever take. Wincenty Lutoslawski honours philosophy ; he even adores it, along its platonising traditions ; but he finds little use for its sceptical scruples and inhibitions. He is a genuine transcendentalist, in the Emersonian sense. To many he will assuredly be as a prophet, speaking not as the scribes, but with authority, and communicating confidence and cheer. Our general attitude towards life, our faith that things ought to be thus and so, usually lie deeper than our articulate reasonings. For the most part these latter are but masquerades for social purposes. They confirm convictions but rarely create them, and they almost never bear them in upon the unwilling minds of others. Personal example, the contagion of an attitude, is in every sphere, save that of the plainest facts of sense, the great opinion-confirming and communicating power. Of course the personal example must have communicability, impressiveness, authority. If it work through writing, the writer must have literary magic, charm, the demonic quality. Witness Goethe, Emerson, Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, and nowadays in Germany Nietzsche. Whether our present author has this infectious quality in a high degree, or in any degree, is a question that can be answered only by the success or non-success of his book. To the writer of this Preface he seems to have it ; though he would probably have it far more strikingly were he writing in his native tongue. He who has it can afford to express himself affirmatively more than ratiocinatively, and Wincenty Lutoslawski reasons less than he affirms. This is the more natural since his beliefs are after all in the line of great human traditions. He is spiritualist to the core ; that is, he believes in individual souls as ultimate ad irreducible facts. He calls them " substances " ; but prejudice against the scholastic term ought not to stand between the English reader and the author's practical meaning, which is that each of us in his inner individuality is a permanently receptive and permanently active part of the universe. The universe is a great hierarchive system of such individual souls. In other words, Wincenty Lutoslawski is not monist either in the materialistic or the idealistic sense, but a pluralist, a monadologist. The world has only the unite of a collection, the immense collection of living souls of all orders, from those most numerous ones at the bottom, which animate the particles of matter, to the single leading soul, at the top. But this God is not the " Creator " in the Christian theological sense ; he is only a leader, a worker upon forces that are often refractory. Between him and us there are intermediary spirits ; and our author, if classed under cut-and-dried rubrics, must be distinctly called a polytheist rather than a theist. Monadism and polytheism, always the real instinctive belief of the people, but long repressed in philosophic circles, are slowly beginning to show their faces aggressively again in the philosophic literature of our time. Our author may be considered an efficient ally of this movement. Of course it carries with it the belief that the immediate influence of one soul upon another is the universal and elementary type of causation ; also that freedom must exist, and along with it the possibility of non-uniformity of behaviour, so that the uniformities of nature�on which science leans�would appear rather to be practical statistical results of the enormous numbers of elementary agents at play in the lower ranges of nature than consequences of a transcendental principle which nature has to obey. All these points are still more compendiously set forth in the smaller treatise by the same author, Ueber die Grundvoraussetzungen und Consequenzen der individualistischen Weltanschauung. (Helsingfors, 1898.) To the reader who may wish a dryer and purely objective treatment of the subject, I can strongly recommend that charmingly executed piece of work. Such, in meagrest terms, is the abstract metaphysical frame within which Wincenty Lutoslawski takes up his attitude towards life. And surely few philosophers have so livingly expressed the consequences of their theoretic views of the world. Most men outside of philosophic classrooms think they believe what this writer believes ; they assent to freedom and immortality and the intercourse of souls. But what a difference between such dead-and-alive assent and such a faculty of belief as that which animates our Polish Friend ! He believes vitally and practically. For him this universe is really made up of souls and their relations. A perfect passion of friendship, love, brotherhood and loyalty sings throughout his pages. These things are the absolute things in his universe. With them, with freedom, with immortality, all good things are possible ; the best is really possible, for the organs of its possibility are really here. We live in a genuinely spiritual republic, slowly but surely evolving into what men have dreamed of as the Kingdom of Heaven. Of course, in the concrete filling up of this part of his programme, Wincenty Lutoslawski is Utopian and romantic, and deliberately so. But Utopias and romances are also forces as the world goes, so that is no radical reproach. I leave all other details to the reader. Such books, such livres de bonne foy, are sure to find their level in the end without the aid of the publishers, critics or preface-writers. Those whom they help, speak of them to others, and they finally gain their natural sympathetic constituency. If passionate humanity and generosity can win a sympathetic hearing for a writer, Wincenty Lutoslawski is sure of his audience in advance. WILLIAM JAMES. HARVARD UNIVERSITY August 1899. INTRODUCTION THE publication of this book requires some personal explanation by the author, after the exaggerated praise given by my friend William James to a work, of which the present book contains only six chapters out of ten, to which the above Preface was written. For ten years (1887-1897) I have been engaged in the study of Plato, My first work on Plato was written in German 1 in 1887, as a dissertation for a degree (Magister Philosophiae) in the University of Dorpat, and referred to the political doctrine of Plato. The concluding work of this period of my life, The Origin and Growth of Plato's Logic, with an Account of Plato's Style and of the Chronology of his Writings, was written in English, after ten years of almost continuous research, and published by Longmans, Green & Co. in 1897. 1 Erhaltung und Untergang der Stattsverfassungen nach Plato, Aristoteles und Machiavelli, in 8 [*], viii, + 140 pp., Dorpat, 1887 ; also Breslau, Verlag von W. Koebner, 1888. During these ten years a growing intimate familiarity with one of the greatest thinkers of all ages led me to the passionate desire to realise in my own person Plato's high ideal of the philosopher or lover of all wisdom. I devoted myself exclusively to the pursuit of knowledge, enjoying perfect leisure and material independence, chiefly in the Reading Room of the British Museum, but also travelling in many countries and testing everywhere those who were supposed to know more than others. I have read not only the writings of great philosophers, but a vast amount of comments on them, and above everything many special biographies of great men, in order to investigate the real conditions of human life in all ages and countries. But the long study of Plato accentuated the difference between a Polish soul and the great Greek thinker. I mentioned once in London that difference to an English lady friend, and she challenged me to put for her my own view of Life and Being into writing. This I did in a lonely hamlet on the Spanish sea-shore, opposite Corunna, in the last two and a half months of 1897, without consulting any books and writing very rapidly, with great ease and a feeling of freedom, resulting from the termination of the long and painstaking labours on Plato's Logic, and especially on the very detailed index at the end of that work. To be free from reading proofs, testing references, comparing texts, was a new experience and exalted joy. The book thus written, The Progress of Souls : Letters from a Philosopher to an Unbeliever, I expected to see soon published, as Plato's Logic had been reviewed very favourably, not only by the experts in philological and philosophical journals, but also by the daily Press. Unfortunately, the MS., carefully typewritten and corrected, went round many publishers in England and America, without being approved. I then rewrote the whole work in German and found easily, through my friend Wilhelm Ostwald, a paying publisher in Leipzig. The book was published by the firm of Wilhelm Engelmann, under the title : Seelenmacht, Abriss einer zeitgem�ssen Weltanschauung, early in 1899. I sent a copy to my friend William James, whom I had visited in Harvard in 1893, and who since then remained in correspondence with me until his death. He wrote me enthusiastic letters on this work and on a German Doctor dissertation, published in 1898 in Helsingfors, Ueber die Grundvoraussetzungen und Consequenzen der individualistischen Weltanschauung. James intended, as he wrote me,1 to translate himself that dissertation and to add his own comments. He knew not only the German edition of Seelenmacht, but also the English original MS., and he offered to write a Preface, in order to help me to find an English or American publisher. But the MS., with James's Preface, went again in vain from publisher to publisher, and nobody dared to publish it. 1 William James wrote me on November 4, 1898 : "I have read your individualistic pamphlet with extreme satisfaction. It is exceedingly clear and complete, and altogether has struck me as the type of a new sort of philosophic statement, affirmative rather than polemic, yet clearly setting forth the contrasts with other theories. On the whole your philosophy is also my ideal. " On May 31, 1899, he wrote : "I have read enough of your book, Seelenmacht, to recognise it as a wonderful book�wonderful, in that the author, entirely unmoved by the usual inhibitions and cautions, is not ashamed to express himself straight out as the idealist which he is. It is, in short, a book of unabashed ideality, which will surely find its readers. It has a value beyond its possible defects, it is a Gospel, an Act, rather than a book, and such acts always find their way home to those whom they concern." On May 13, 1900 : "You belong to the theoretic life as few men do. Work out the abstract theory of freedom and let the close-lipped, iron-willed, hard-hearted men of affairs who exist for that purpose translate it into action. Then shall it best succeed ! I mean, if ever I live to work again, to translate republish your Helsingfors thesis. You do too much honour to my name in mentioning it, for although you represent my opinions rightly, I have hardly ever expressed them in print as yet�and fear that, as things are going with me, I never shall." On March 3, 1901 : "I am sure that the vocation marked out for you is to work for your ideals in their eternal theoretic form, rather than work in the temporary form of taking the lead in applying them to practice. Do devote yourself to theoretic writing�then shall your name shine sicut splendor firmamenti in perpetuas aeternitates ! If you can create a community of persons who will simplify their life, and succeed economically, and live in harmony together, it will be grand indeed." On April 15, 1901 : "If I live to write my metaphysical treatise I may possibly translate your Individualistische Weltanschauung and print it it as an appendix to the book." On May 22, 1904 : "It is probably difficult for a man whose cerebral machine works with such facility as yours does, to imagine the kind of consciousness of men like myself. What an extraordinary career you have had, antiphilistine that you are !" On May 6, 1906 : "Your long and beautiful letter about Yoga greets me on my return from California. It is a most precious human document, and some day, along with that sketch of your religious evolution and other shorter letters of yours, it must see the light of the day." At last in 1922 an article published in Mind, and dealing with the theory of sex, attracted the attention of Messrs, George Allen and Unwin, who asked me whether the work, of which this article was the first chapter, A Theory of Personality, was written, and whether I intended to publish it. The result of our correspondence is the present publication, which contains six out of ten chapters of the original work written in 1897, with the addition of the Mind article, written in 1921, as a seventh chapter, which shows the author's development of the conception formulated in chapter vi., on Bisexual Association, more than twenty-five years ago. Thus the problem of sex is dealt with here in two different ways, originally as the doctrine of True Love, similar to Swedenborg's doctrine of counterparts, and later from a much wider point of view, considering True Love to be too rare to account for the universality of sex relations. What I wrote in chapter vi. on Bisexual Association remains true, but refers only to very rare cases of exceptional lovers. It was necessary to supplement this doctrine by a wider conception of what implies the difference of sex, and as it happened that this problem was the stating-point of a new work on the Theory of Personality, the first chapter of this new work was fit to become the concluding chapter of the old work on The World of Souls. In the first six chapters, which have been slightly revised by the author, the reader will find the author�s personal confession of what he held to be true as to the nature and destiny of human souls in 187, and what remained true to him for ever afterwards. The fact that in revising these chapters for the press, I found nothing essential to alter, and could approve everything I had written twenty-five years ago, justifies this belated publication. The text has stood the test of time, of age, and of a very much enlarged experience of life and thought. It was supposed since the start not to be the author�s mere subjective opinion, but an objective statement of the most essential truth, in which all great thinkers have agreed in all ages. And it was found that the author, after living twenty-five years longer, agrees at least with himself, and has many times tested and verified his conviction, that he also agrees with the greatest thinkers of mankind. Not so much could be said of the remaining chapters, which were published in German, and are left out in the present publication. They dealt with such questions as Divine Rule, Social Organization, the Aims of Life, and Future Possibilities. . . . the chapter on Divine Rule to which some passages in James�s Preface refer, could not be included in this publication. I am no longer a polytheist . . . this book is intended to prepare the way for a work on Divine Rule, which, like the Phaedrus of Plato, will contain the original blasphemy and a fit recantation. The other chapters, on Social Organization, Aims of Life, and Future Possibilities, have furnished the matter of many books in Polish, and they could not be reprinted in their original English redaction except as historical documents, along with a definitive and new treatment of the same subjects, just as here chapter vi. on Bisexual Association precedes chapter vii. on A New Theory of Sex. If an intellectual experience of some individual is really important to himself and to others, it becomes interesting to compare the different stages of the same thought, and the knowledge of an earlier stage enables us to understand better the latter stage. This requires, as its condition, a very high estimation of the thinker, whom we study in the genetic fashion. The present publication is nothing else than a sample of the author�s thought at two different stages in his life, given to the English reading public, in order to ascertain whether the publishing success of this account of the World of Souls will justify an exposition in English of the author�s knowledge . . . . I have written many books in Polish, but no translation of such books could satisfy English readers. For them the same subjects must be dealt with differently, and this can be done only by writing original works in English. Every book is written for certain readers. If any reader compares this book with the corresponding chapters in the German Seelenmacht, he will see the same contents expressed differently, because the author was aware of the great difference between English readers and German readers. The difference between English readers and Polish readers is still greater. The Polish nation, little known in England, has had during the nineteenth century a unique spiritual experience, which produced a great school of national thought, called Polish Messianism. The doctrine of Polish Messianism has universal applications to the present condition of mankind, as it is a doctrine of national life, opposed to the Jewish doctrine of socialism, to the English practice of party politics, to French radicalism and democratism, to German militarism and State omnipotence. The Polish conception of a national State differs as much from the Western ideal of a democratic parliamentary commonwealth as from the Oriental form of despotic monarchy or tsarism. This peculiarity of Polish thought, of Polish tradition, of Polish Literature and Art, has been the subject of numerous lectures which I delivered in 1904-1908 in England and America, starting with the University College in London and reaching the Stanford University in California. The Polish spirit has manifested itself recently in England in the work of Conrad, who, though he writes in English, remains a characteristic Pole. Polish philosophy has made a first appearance in English literature in a translation of Cieszkowski, by William John Rose (The Desire of All Nations. London : Student Christian Movement, 1919). But as yet no Polish thinker has tried to write for English readers directly, and this book is the first attempt to do it. The great difficulties of its publication are easily explained by the enormous difference which exists in every respect between the Polish and the English attitude of mind. I am not surprised that my work did not please English and American publishers, and I consider it as the most astonishing adventure of my life that at last these old love-letters, written for a well-born lady of refined culture, will be read in their original English, and not in a pale German rendering. . . . Whoever takes this book seriously and wishes to understand the author thoroughly ought to read his former English work, Plato�s Logic, without being deterred by the Greek quotations and philological investigations it contains. The last six chapters of that work explain, as has never been explained before, how a truly great thinker can undergo a great evolution without ever becoming untrue to himself, without ever giving up what he has once recognized as absolute truth. This intellectual story of one of the greatest spirits of all ages is told in plain English, with full references, which may, however, be disregarded by a reader ignorant of Greek. There is in the whole history of human thought no other instance of such steady growth of a great mind so completely recorded and explained, and this growth could not be fully illustrated before the final solution of the problem of Platonic chronology which has been given to scholars for the first time in the author�s Plato�s Logic. [ * * * ] . . all my written works are records of lectures, as Plato's dialogues were records of his conversations. I am intensely interested in the great variety of human beings, and I believe, with Plato, that true teaching must be from individual to individual. . . . WINCENTY LUTOSLAWSKI. JAGIELLONSKA 7 M. 2, WILNO, POLAND. April 27, 1923. London and Woking : Unwin Brothers, Ltd., 1924. Bibliographic ( University of California http://melvyl.cdlib.org ) Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Erhaltung und Untergang der Staatsverfassungen nach Plato, Aristoteles und Machiavelli / W. Lutosławski. Publisher Breslau : W. Koebner, 1888. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title The origin and growth of Plato's logic; with an account of Plato's style and of the chronology of his writings, Publisher London, New York [etc.] Longmans, Green, and co., 1897. ( reprinted : ) Publisher London, New York, Longmans, Green and Co., 1905. Publisher Dubuque, Iowa, W. C. Brown Reprint Library [1967?] Publisher Hildesheim ; New York : Georg Olms, 1983 Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title Seelenmacht; abriss einer zeitgem�ssen weltanschauung, von Wincenty Lutoslawski. Publisher Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1899. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Un grand initiateur [microform]: Adam Mickiewicz; discours prononc� le 6 novembre 1901 � l'Universit� de Lausanne ... par Wincenty Lutosławski. Publisher Gen�ve, Librairie Georg & Cie, 1902. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Un grand initiateur [microform]: Adam Mickiewicz; discours prononc� le 6 novembre 1901 � l'Universit� de Lausanne ... par Wincenty Lutosławski. Publisher Gen�ve, Librairie Georg & Cie, 1902. Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title Volont� et libert� / par Wincenty Lutoslawski. Publisher Paris : F. Alcan, 1913. Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title La conscience nationale ... Publisher Paris, La revue "Polonia" [etc., etc.] 1916. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title The Polish nation, by Wincenty Lutosławski; a lecture delivered at the Lowell Institute in Boston on October 21, 1907, and at the University of California on March 9, 1908. Publisher Paris, Boyveau et Chevillet, 1917. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Lithuania and White Ruthenia. Publisher Paris [Imprimerie Lev�] 1919. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title East Prussia. Publisher Paris [Imp. Lev�] 1919. Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Gdańsk and East Prussia [microform]. Publisher Paris : [s.n., 1919] (Paris : Imprimerie Lev�) Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Bolshevism and Poland. Publisher Paris [Imp. M. Flinikowski] 1919. Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title Polish messianism [by] W. Lutosławski. Publisher [Karachi, S.E. Shahani, 192-?] Series East and west series no. 4 [ Oxford English Dictionary gives the date as ca. 1920. (WPT) ] Author Lutosławski, Wincenty, 1863-1954 Title The world of souls, by Wincenty Lutosławski ... with a preface by William James Publisher London, G. Allen & Unwin, ltd. [1924] Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title Wojna wszechświatowa; jej odległe przyczyny i skutki. Zarys filozofji historiji. Wiekowe walki lud�w. Publisher Warszawa, Bibljoteka domu polskiego, 1925. Series Bibljoteka domu polskiego,rok I, t. 34 Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title Pre-existence and reincarnation, by W. Lutosławski. Publisher London, G. Allen & Unwin ltd. [1928] Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title The knowledge of reality, by Wincenty Lutosławski. Publisher Cambridge [Eng.] The University press, 1930. Also : ( American Studies Center http://www.asc.uw.edu.pl/asc/faculty/cv_lyra.htm ) "The Letters of William James to Wincenty Lutoslawski", The Yale University Library Gazette (New Haven, Connecticut) 1976 vol. 51 nr. 1:28--40. University of Virginia Press : The Correspondence of William James: Edited by Ignas K. Skrupskelis and Elizabeth M. Berkeley John J. McDermott, General Editor Volume 9 July 1899-1901 832 pages � 6 1/8 x 9 1/4 � Cloth $85.00 ISBN 0-8139-1970-3 " He corresponds with leading women in the emerging field of social work, including Frances Morse, Elizabeth Evans, and the Goldmark sisters, Pauline and Susan, and prominent intellectuals such as Th�odore Flournoy, Wincenty Lutoslawski, Carl Stumpf, Ferdinand Schiller, Henry Sidgwick, Hugo M�nsterberg, Josiah Royce, George Herbert Palmer, Charles William Eliot, James Mark Baldwin, and Edwin Godkin. His daughter, Margaret Mary, and his youngest son, Alexander Robertson, receive fatherly advice and encouragement from a distance during the crucial years of their young lives. " ( http://www.upress.virginia.edu/books/james_9.html ) Volume 10 July 1902-March 1905 702 pages � 6 1/8 x 9 1/4 � Cloth $85.00 ISBN 0-8139-2061-2 " Along with Bergson and Schiller, prominent intellectuals represented in this volume include Th�odore Flournoy, Wincenty Lutoslawski, Carl Stumpf, Hugo M�nsterberg, Josiah Royce, Charles Sanders Peirce, Oliver Lodge, John Dewey, George Herbert Palmer, Charles William Eliot, James Mark Baldwin, and Edwin Godkin. "

Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title The origin and growth of Plato's logic; with an account of Plato's style and of the chronology of his writings, by Wincenty Lutoslawski. Publisher New York and Bombay : Longmans, Green, and co., 1905. Description xviii, 547 p. 23 cm.

—— Publisher Dubuque, Iowa, W. C. Brown Reprint Library [1968?] Description xviii, 547 p.

Author Lutoslawski, Wincenty, 1863-1954. Title The origin and growth of Plato's logic, with an account of Plato's style and of the chronology of his writings. New York, Longmans, Green, 1897. Imprint Dubuque, Iowa, W. C. Brown Reprint Library [197-] Descript xviii, 547 p. 23 cm.
[ Source :     http://catnyp.nypl.org/search~/t?SEARCH=+origin+and+growth+of+Plato%27s+logic

—— Publisher Hildesheim ; New York : Georg Olms, 1983 Description xviii, 547 p. ; 20 cm ISBN 3487073366 Note Reprint. Originally published: London ; New York : Longmans, Green, and Co., 1897

Author Lutosławski, Wincenty. Title Erhaltung und Untergang der Staatsverfassungen nach Plato, Aristoteles und Machiavelli / W. Lutos�awski. Publisher Breslau : W. Koebner, 1888. Description viii, 140 p. ; 21 cm. Language German Note Originally issued as the author's thesis (Universit�t Dorpat) Note Includes bibliographical references. ( http://www.upress.virginia.edu/books/james_10.html )