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From POLAND 1914-1931, Robert Machray 1932
POLISH CONSTITUTION PASSED
On March 17, 1921—the day before that on which the Riga Treaty was concluded—the Seym passed the Constitution en block by a large majority, the minority being composed of the Socialists and the Wyzwolenie Populists. The struggle over providing a Senate which had gone on for some time was finally closed on January 27, 1921, when the Seym decided to adopt the bicameral system. This was a victory for the Right, as was also the part of the Constitution dealing with the election, functions and so on of the President. The action of the Right was inspired by animosity to Pilsudski ; it believed that he would be elected President, and it was determined that if it could not prevent his election, it would limit his power as much as possible ; it therefore accepted the most radical proposals to gain its object. As things were, Pilsudski was not only the chief of the State but also Commander-in-Chief ; the Constitution made the President Commander-in-Chief during peace alone, as he was definitely forbidden by it to exercise the Supreme Command in tome f war.
In sum, the Right succeeded in weakening the Executive by strengthening the Legislative, whereas the Left was in favour of precisely the opposite—a curious reversal of the usual rôles&nnbsp;. . . The simple explanation was, of course, the Right�s hostility to Pilsudski. Professor Dubanowicz, the rapporteur in the Sym on the constitution, stated in his book Rewizja Konstytucji (Revision of the Constitution): �The fear of an abuse of power by a man whose moderation and respect for law were suspect outweighed the idea, good in normal circumstances, that the President of the Republic
ought to have the right of veto and of dissolving Parliament.� The man indicated was Pilsudski. Dubanowicz, who belonged to the Skulski group of the Right, was in close contact with the National Democrats, and in framing the Constitution he was largely influenced by Lutoslawski, a Dominican priest and a National Democrat of great ability. The Right triumphed, but usually by narrow majorities in the Seym.
Compared with the famous Polish Constitution of May 3, 1791, which was far in advance of its time, the Constitution of March 17, 1921, like most other European Constitutions of recent date, showed the enormous progress towards democracy that was characteristic of political opinion in general, especially after the War. Dubanowicz and Lutoslawski, however, took as a model the French Constitution of 1875, and traces of that Constitution appeared in that of March 17 in the bicameral system, in the procedure concerning the election of the President, and in other respects. Other Constitutions were laid under contribution by the Seym, though here was little or no direct copying of any of them. Echoes of the German constitution were to be heard in the Polish constitutions� formulation of the principles of the Parliamentary régime, and in its ideology in dealing with the rights and duties of citizens. The Czechoslovak Constitution perhaps suggested some of the features incorporated in the Polish Constitutions� prescriptions touching the functions and organization of the Senate.
. . . The Senate was virtually an honorific body. One other consideration had weight in determining part of the constitution—that treating of property—namely, the
proximity of the Communism of the Soviet. The constitution thus combined distinctively Polish elements with elements borrowed from Western Europe.
New York : Dutton 1932, pages 185 - 187.
Kto zaprojektowa krzyz harcerski ? ... Odpowiedz: -Wiem, ze to byl ksiadz.... moze Jan Kazimierz? (ciekawe, w kt�rym roku ten ksiadz Jan Kazimierz zaprojektowal nasz Krzyz... na marginesie wlasciwa odpowiedz brzmi � projekt Krzyza opracowal w 1912 roku ks. Kazimierz Lutoslawski, 1880-1924, autor ksiazki �Jak prowadzic druzyne skautowa� i wielu innych podrecznik�w harcerskich).
http://www.icpnet.pl/~peter14/maczki/maczki_36.pdf
http://www.masterliness.com/a/Krzyz.Harcerski.htm
http://www.zhr.pl/87/techniki/symbol.php
http://millercenter.virginia.edu/ about/resumes/chodakiewicz.pdf
Ks. Kazimierz Lutoslawski, Artyku� �Mistyfikacja " z komentarzem Czes�awa Mi�osza [ ? ]
http://www.poczytaj.pl/?sesja=&akcja=spis_tresci&ksiazka=4306
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