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Note There having been many good works done in Poland by the Catholic priests (also writers, etc.) during the 19th and the 20th century does not contradict an idea of there have been some (possibly needless) troubles involving the Roman Church prior to that.
The history of Poland and the history of Europe as we know it today started more or less together by way of the Christian religion having been introduced in a number of countries during the period round 1,000 A.D. (Bohemia, Poland, Hungary, Denmark, Norway, Sweden ; also the Vladimir Kingdom in Kiev, albeit the Byzantine creed had been accepted there and not the Roman).
For a number of centuries Poland was one of the four main country-states in Europe, the three others being Germany, France, and England. It seems for a time Poland was the focus (so to speak) of the Western civilisation : the period just before the appearance there by the precedents of Socinus, then himself and his followers.
(Any such statements as the "four-power" idea, which I for one have in fact got from an American author, must be often modified : there has been a period of the Spanish and/or Portuguese greatness, etc. ; the centre of the civilisation for a time was the Kingdom of Sicily — confer Frederick II von Hohenstaufen
and Frank Zappa Senior ; etc., etc. One also notes that Russia was not really there* before the 17-18th centuries ; this detail seems to be one among the most favoured items by some specialists in counter-intelligence to obscure).
* General Fuller gives : 'See Hakluyt's Voyages (Everyman's edit., 1939), vol. I, pp. 266-294. "The newe Navigation and discoveries of the kingdome of Moscovia, by the Northeast, in the yeere 1533 ; Enterprised by Sir Hugh Willoughbie knight, and performed by Richard Chancelor Pilot major of the voyage : Written in Latine by Clement Adams.'
In it is clearly stated that the Muscovy had been discovered by the English (Richard Chancelo) in the year 1533, by the way of the Northeast. Surprising as it might seem, one can mind that the communications then were far less than today and there may have been little awareness in such places as England of such places as the Muscovy.
Where (and when) the term 'Russia' originated seems something of a question ; by one account this had been the name given the Finns by the Swedes, which, if that be true, would then be transferred onto what was beyond Finland. By another account the term 'Russia' came about because of some Ruthenian lands having been ripped off in 1709 by Peter of Muscovy — as that ruler was then generally known — and a form of the term 'Ruthenian' became 'Russia'. The several accounts do not necessarily exclude each other since there may have occurred some sort of semantic blending, even if occasioned by a merely fortuitous similarity of the forms of letter.
The Muscovy Company had been established in London, some Internet sources say in 1555 (one says in 1553 and obviously one of those dates must be false). Are there any historians there who can read, to tell me, etc., when did the term 'Russia' came into general use ?
It seems to me that some of the statements in some publications attributed to Haklyut may have been fabricated. What exactly are Professor X and Doctor Y doing at those their Academia may beg some serius questions ; please insist, the reader, that the university people do not always overlook fundamentals — so that the interminable 'discussion' can rage over some latter-day fallacies (if not 'intellectual' crimes).
Also note, there is in principle nothing anti-Russian necessary to these issues, although the Russian questions may be present. There have been sufficient complaints made on the historic record, sometimes justified, against the Muscovite by many notable authors ; these should be neither forgotten nor stressed. There have been statements made in Russia in 1917 on one certain "historic wrong" ; some such I have seen in the Documents compiled by Kerensky and, ahem, Browder, in America. (It was not the criminal Earl Browder but some other author under a similar name).
One ever keeps in mind that the things Russian are the Russian Russian (Slav) things and not some imposters calling themselves "the Russians", a not infrequent occurrence in the 20th century. (Please note that on about half of the "Russian" materials I have seen on the Internet I could not but doubt the authenticity of that denomination by their authors).
The international situation to-day (Oct 2007) does not yet seem quite settled. On one hand, there is virtually no telling what exactly might be brewing at any place on the planet ; that includes the vast interiors of Russia and whatever else had been under the influence for the time.
On the other hand, I hear that the American President (Bush) wants to defend me (etc) by means of some 50-billion worth of armaments placed in the central Europe ; it is not clear, from exactly whom, but I hear that the Russian Putin (presumably a Russian indeed) is uneasy.
In the meanwhile, the reader, some American (etc) writers etc. do their utmost to falsify anything and everything humanly possible to be falsified.
What use somebody's 50 billion wasted on arms when no amount will suffice until the lying writers be noticed, located and handled ?
For now, one good clue I know of might be the following :
Lyons, Eugene, 1898- Title(s) Our secret allies, the peoples of Russia. [1st ed.] New York, Duell, Sloan and Pearce [c1954]
376p. 21cm.
— which I have not read but I am ready to bet that it is still atleast partially valid (thus potentially useful).
Some remarks having been made here on the supposed responsibility of the Order, I would propose that any Jesuit writer today (2007) consider the issues mentioned here and weigh his priorities very carefully. (This might be not the time to re-interpret Acquinas ; verily, verily, I say unto you : any one who could read).
(WPT, Oct 07)
The religious strife has been said to be absent in Poland during the Thirty Years War ; however, it had been the religious issues which too had eventually become the primary political issues there. In brief, the Counterreformation in Poland the 17th century had signally won ; and almost everything else was almost entirely ruined.
Looking on the data of the period, it seems the everybody had committed some sorts of error. Yet some of the most valuable ideas had also been created there during just about the time. Sort out the data carefully, the historian, with a view to restore (align) what has originated there and what remains actual (can be use) today, in spite of the then present 'torturous differences in their sayings' in some instances of even the most capable thinkers.
Follow some notes on one of the chief protagonists at the times considered (the 17th century) — the Society of Jesus ( the Jesuit). Please note : I have not yet thoroughly verified the accuracy of the following notes beyond one source, which looks somewhat reliable but one "never knows", really, about such things — before "it's too late" and some new error is to be coped with.
1540-41 the Society of Jesus founded by Ignatius Loyola,
The Jesuits expelled from :
Saragossa, 1555
LaPalinterre, 1558
Navarre, 1561
Vienna, 1566
Avignon, 1570
Antwerp, 1578
Portugal, 1578
England, 1579, 1581, 1584, 1586
Japan, 1587
Transylvania and Hungary, 1588,
Bordeaux, 1589,
France, 1594
Holland, 1596
Turin, 1597
Berne, 1597
England, 1602, 1604
Denmark, 1606
Venice, 1606, 1612
Japan (Amura), 1613
Bohemia, 1618
Moravia, 1619
Naples, 1622
Netherlands, 1622
China, 1623
India, 1623
Turkey, 1628
Abyssinia, 1632
Malta, 1634
Russia, 1723
Savoy, 1724
Paraguay, 1733
Portugal, 1759
France, 1761, 1764
Peru, 1767
Spain, 1767
Sicily, 1767
Naples, 1767
Parma, 1768
All Christendom, 21 July 1773 (by the bull of Pope Clement XIV)
Russia, 1776,
The Order restored by Pope Pius VII, 1814.
The Order expelled from :
France, 1816
Netherlands, 1816,
Moscow and St. Petersburg, 1816
Belgium, 1818
Brest, 1819,
Russia, 1820
Spain, 1820
Belgium (the schools), 1826
France (8 colleges in that country), 1828
Great Britain and Ireland, 1829
France, 1831
Portugal, 1834
Spain, 1835
Rheims, 1838,
Argentine, 1841
Lucerne, 1845
France, 1845
Switzerland, 1847
Papal States, 1848 (Genoa, Austria, Galicia, Bavaria, Switzerland, Sardinia, Sicily, Paraguay)
Colombia, 1850
Spain, 1851
Rome, 1870
Guatemala, 1871
Switzerland, 1871
Germany, 1872
Brazil, 1873
France (the colleges), 1880
Portugal, 1910
France, 1912
South Africa, circa 1912 (forbidden by the Catholic bishops, till 1926)
Spain, 1931
On the Possibleness of Some Kind of non-anti-Jesuit Handling
Again, I cannot guarantee that the above record is exactly accurate. I am sure there have been some problematic parts in the history of the Society of Jesus. How to deal with those ?
One might suggest that whoever had caused some troubles, or contributed to the same, are first responsible for resolving it. From such an assumption it would follow that the Society of Jesus 2007 are those who might be the most competent ones to do some handling of these matters.
Does the Order exist to-day (2007) ? Probably yes, although I for one do not know anything in particular.
One finds, in general reports, two elements in the Jesuit ways : (a) an "absolute" obedience within some kind of hierachy or successive superiors and (b) the principle that 'the end justifies the means'.
If that is generally accurate, one also notes that both rules were very much present within the Bolshevik-party calamity that had descended upon the Mankind, notably in the year of 1917, and on.
Somebody's obedience to somebody within an Order to which I do not belong does not much concern me for one. However, the "agents of a foreign power" problem has been with Man ever since the Jesuit and the type of problem in the case of the Bolshevik had only grown more acute.
The 'end justifies the means' has also been amplified by the Bolshevik beyond anything formerly known. This is part of the problem, the reader ; the villanies by those people were on an order which an average person would not be capable of but conceiving.
That is probably why the most murderours actions by some individuals in the 20th century had gone simply unnoticed, by and large.
If the above might be improperly entered, in the context of the Society of Jesus, then I might apologise (as soon as I know better). The olden history of the Order may be something very good to be faced squarely and to be interpreted in some such ways as would lessen (and not increase) the general aggravation on the planet.
This is my humble plea to any Jesuit father 2007 (if any interested). There having been many first-rate Jesuit scholars cannot be overlooked : one should remember the indexing and the dating (confer Count Korzybski. Applied : the Jesuit A was not the Jesuit B ; the Spanish Jesuit was not the Polish Jesuit ; the Polish Jesuit 1630 was not the Polish Jesuit 1811 was not the Polish Jesuit 2007, etc). The above-reproduced account of the expulsions suffered by the Order can be perhaps supplemented (plotted against) some accounts of the good works done by some individual Fathers.
(There being little that I for one know about the subject-matter is being here offered as an excuse for expanding so much upon it : I for one harbour no ambitions to any 'philosophy' of some verbalissimo school, the wants in my personal knowledge being here covered up by the prolixity of the language are on this one occasion plainly admitted).
WPT, Oct 07.
Was the Cult of Communism Modelled on Some Others
The Communist Church had its:
Founder : Karl Marx,
Prophets : K. Marx, F. Engels, Lenin ; in some quarters Mao ; etc.,
False Prophets : Stalin (disowned by the Communists in the 1950's),
Saints : Che Guevara, etc., (the list is probably much longer),
Martyrs : K. Liebknecht, etc.,
Great Schism : the Bolsheviks vs. the Mensheviks, London, ca 1901,
Paradise : the USSR,
Purgatory : the gulags (USSR),
Hell : everything outside the USSR (some most impoverished parts of the planed perhaps excepted, the local heathen needing Salvation),
Mecca : the Tomb of Lenin (Moscow, USSR),
Medina : Havana (Cuba),
Holy Burial Sites : the Kremlin Wall (Moscow, USSR),
Creed : the Communist Manifesto (Marx & Engels),
Hæresies : Bronstein (Trotzky) ; Tito (Jugoslavia) ; Mao in China occasionally suspect ; ditto Castro (Cuba), possibly others,
Apostles : Martens, Sneevliet, Alexander Goldberger ("J. Peters", in the USA) etc., etc.,
Evangelists : Gruzenberg ("Borodin"), etc.,
Salvation (sometimes misunderstood) : social justice (usually or invariably misunderstood),
Society of Jesus : the Communist International ("Comintern", dissolved by the Bull of Stalin in the 1940's, it simply went underground),
Jurieu, Pierre, 1637-1713. La politique des Jesuites [microform] A Londres [i.e. Amsterdam] : [s.n.], 1688. [8], 454 p. Early English books, 1641-1700 ;1508:17.
Note Attributed to Jurieu by NUC pre-1956 imprints.
"La decadence de l'empire papal ..." (p. [409]-454) has special t.p. with fictitious imprint.
Fictitious imprint; printed in Amsterdam.
Includes index. [UC]
[Note Professor, if any who do know anything about anything at all : "Attributed to Jurieu by NUC pre-1956 imprints" (UC) : there should be no mystery about a text on a well-known subject by a notable author.
If the makers of the catalogue at the University of California did not know anything about the subject they would have, probably, no need to bother with anything attributed by "NUC pre-1956 imprints" to an author.
If those people did know anything certain about the question they would have entered something which should beg no questions of the sort.
What is "NUC", by the way, I do not know (the fault might be with me this time) ; but what does the "pre-1956" mean ? 1955 ? 1952 ? 1878 ? 1699 ? : or what date would that attribution have been made, Professor ?
Thus, something seems to be wanting somplace, Professor.
* The empire of China, with its principle divisions [electronic resource] : drawn from the surveys made by the Jesuits, with improvements and additions from the maps of Mons'r. D'Anville ; M. Bowen, sculpt.
Source Kitchin, Thomas, d. 1784. New universal atlas. London : Robert Laurie and James Whittle, 1804. pl. [59]
Publisher London : Laurie & Whittle, 1794.
Map notes Scale [ca. 1:6,200,000] (E 93⁰--E 134⁰/N 44⁰--N 18⁰).
Note Relief shown pictorially.
Prime meridian: Ferro.
Copper engraving, printed on wove paper.
Sea of Korea referred to as "Corean Sea." [?]
Scanned raster image of original: 1 map : hand col. ; 46 x 61 cm.
Original in the David Rumsey Collection; scanned by Cartography Associates. [University of California]
* The Jesuits: their history, constitution, moral teaching, political principles, religion, and science. By Dr. Otto Henne am Rhyn. New York, J. Fitzgerald & co., c1895. 2 p.l., 89 p. 19 cm.
* Studies in the history of educational opinion from the Renaissance [by] S. S. Laurie. Cambridge, University Press, 1903.
vi p., 261 p. 19 cm. Confer chapter VIII. The Jesuits. Order founded 1534 [sic : University of California]. [?. Which date is correct, 1534 or ca 1540-41?]
Pollard, A. F. (Albert Frederick), 1869-1948.
Title(s) The Jesuits in Poland.
Publisher New York, Haskell House Pub., c1971.
viii, 98 p. 22 cm. Series Lothian essay ; 1892 Reprint of the 1892 ed.
Includes bibliographical references.
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