Section 1
Culture � the way of life of a group of people who share similar beliefs and customs
Ethnic group � a group of people who share a common culture, language, or history
Dialect � local form of language
Monarchy � kings or queens inherit the right to rule
Dictatorship � government under the control of one all-powerful leader who rules how they wish
Democracy � citizens chose their leaders by voting for them
Economic system � sets rules for how people decide what goods and services to produce and how they are exchanged
Traditional economy � economic decisions based on religious beliefs
Command economy � government owns the businesses and makes the decisions, also called communism or socialism
Market economy � people make decisions based on what people want
Cultural diffusion � spreading new knowledge and skills to other cultures
Civilization � highly developed cultures
Cultural region � areas of the world that include many different countries with the same cultural traits
Eight traits of culture that geographers study:
� Groups
� Language
� Religion
� Government
� History
� Daily life
� Arts
� Economy
Section 2
Death rate � number of people out of every 1000 who die in a year
Birthrate � number of children born every year out of 1000
Famine � lack of food
Population density � average number of people living in a square mile
Urbanization � movement of people from villages and farms to cities
Emigrate � leave the country one was born in and move to another country
Refugees � people who flee to another country to escape persecution or disaster
Questions:
2. What are three problems caused by overpopulation
� Lack of food
� Lack of resources
� Strain on the economy
3. Why do people only live on only a small fraction of the earth?
Much of the earth is covered by water, ice, deserts, or mountains which is not suitable for living.
4. What is the main reason for growing urbanization?
People are moving to the cities to find work.
Section 3
Natural resources � products of the earth that people use to meet their needs
Renewable resources � products which can not be used up or can be replaced naturally or grown again
Nonrenewable resources � the earth provides a limited supply and they can not be replaced
Export � to trade goods with other countries
Import � to buy goods from other countries
Tariff � tax added to the price of all imported goods
Quota � number limit on imported goods
Free trade � taking down trade barriers so goods flow freely among countries
Developed countries � countries that have a great deal of manufacturing
Developing countries � countries working toward industrialization
Questions:
2. How can the value of resources change over time?
New inventions and technology can effect the need for certain resources
3. What is the difference between commercial farming and subsistence farming?
Commercial farming grows products for sale
Subsistence farming grows enough food for one family to use
4. Why do countries specialize in producing certain goods?
The products produced in a country match the resources the country has.
5. What is the difference between a developing country and a developed country?
Developing countries are working on having an industrialized economy
Developed countries have an industrialized economy
Section 4
Desalinization � removing salt from sea water to obtain drinkable water
Conservation � careful use of resources so they are not wasted
Pesticides � powerful chemicals that kill crops destroying insects
Ecosystems � place where plants and animals are dependent on one another and their surroundings for survival
Crop rotation � changing what is planted in a field from year to year to avoid using up all the minerals in the soil
Irrigation � farming practice in dry areas to collect water and bring it to the crops
Soil erosion � process where wind or water carries soil away leaving the land less fertile
Deforestation � cutting down forests
Acid rain � rain containing high amounts of chemical pollutants
Questions:
2. How do humans affect ecosystems?
� Use resources
� Pollute air, land, or water
3. What are three ways of managing water?
� Collect rainfall
� Conservation
� Avoid pollution