Learning Review Answers

1.   a.  bromine
     b.  VII A
     c.  halogens
     d.  diatomic
     e.  liquid
     f.  bromide,  -1
     g.  45

2.  silicon, aluminum

3.   oxygen--A,B,E
     silicon--D
     carbon--E
     titanium--F
     hydrogen--E
     molybdenum��C

4.   a.  As
     b.  F
     c.  Mg
     d.  Fe
     e.  Ne
     f.  Pb
     g.  K
     h.  Cr
     i.  N
     j.  Ca

9.  Book

10.  compounds always have the same proportions of each element by mass

11.  Law of Multiple Proportions

12.    a.  C2H6O
       b.  MgBr2
       c.  P4O10
       d.  AsH3

13.    a.  3, 3
       b.  5, 2
       c.  5,  2
       d.  4, 2
       e.  8, 3

14.    C

15.    D
       A
       C
       B

17.  BOOK

18.  BOOK

19.  No

20.  BOOK

21.    31H

       3717Cl

       188O

       23592U

       3316S

22.    a.  22
       b.  22

23.    a. 29
       b. 16

24.     halogen  F
        transition metal  Fe
        alkali metal  K
        alkaline earth metal  Ca
        noble gas  Ne

26.  b, d, e, f

28.  b, d, f, g, h

29.    gases:  hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine
       liquid:  bromine
       solid:  iodine

30.    b, e, f

31.    a.  Hg
       b.  F
       c.  H2, N2
       d.  C
       e.  Br
       f.  I2

32.    a.  Ca+2  +   2e-
       b.  K+  +  e-
       c.  Sr+2   +   2e-	
       d.  Rb+  +  e-

33     a.  2e  ��     Mg
       b.   e   ��      Li
       c.  2e ��       H2
       d.   e  ��       Na 

34.    potassium/19/19/potassium/19/18

       oxygen/8/8/oxide/8/10

       bromine/35/35/bromide/35/36

       strontium/38/38/strontium/38/36

       aluminum/13/13/aluminum/13/10

35.  Dissolve in water or melt it.  If it conducts electricity then it��s composed of ions. 

36.    a.  i
       b.  ii
       c.  aqueous

37.    a.  CaF2
       b.  MgO
       c.  Na2S
       d.  LiI
       e.  SrCl2
       f.  K3P
       g.  Na3N


CHAPTER 4 ANSWERS (Old Book)

1.  Although the number and nature of the elementary substances postulated by the ancient Greeks
     were incorrect, their idea that the matter we encounter in everyday life is composed of a few
     simpler substances is very similar to our modern concepts.  Also, the idea that the simpler 
     substances might combine with each other in regular, fixed manners compares well with the 
     modern theory of matter.

3. Boyle��s most important contribution was his insistence that science should be firmly grounded in 
    experiment. Boyle tried to limit the influence of any preconceptions about science, and only 
    accepted as fact what could be demonstrated.

5.  Oxygen is found in great abundance in the oceans (combined with hydrogen in water molecules)
     and in the earth itself(most rocks and minerals are oxygen compounds).

7.   B-boron
     C-carbon
     F-fluorine
     H-hydrogen
     I-iodine
     K-potassium
     N-nitrogen
     O-oxygen
     P-phosphorus
     S-sulfur
     U-uranium
     V-vanadium
     W-tungsten
     Y-ytterium

9.   a. Sn
     b. Pb
     c. C
     d.  Li
     e.  Co
     f.  Cu

11.  a. Al
      b. As
      c. Ar
      d.  Sb
      e.  F
      
13.   a. uranium
      b. iron
      c. gold
      d. tin
      e. antimony
      f. silicon
      g. strontium
      h. sulfur

15.   a.  False; most materials occur as mixtures of compounds.
      b.  False; a given compound always contains the same relative number of atoms of its various elements.
      c.  False; molecules are made up of tiny particles called atoms.

17. A compound is a distinct substance that is composed of two or more elements and always contains
      exactly the same relative masses of those elements.

19.   a. PCl3
      b. B2H6
      c. CaCl2
      d. CBr4
      e. Fe2O3
      f. H3PO4

21.   a. False; Thomson obtained beams of identical particles whose nature did not depend on what gas 
          was used to generate them.

      b. True

      c. False; the atom was envisioned as a sphere of positive charge in which negatively charged
          electrons were randomly distributed.

23.  protons

25. The proton and the neutron have similar (but not identical) masses.  Either of these particles 
      has a mass approximately 2000 times greater than that of an electron.

27.  10-13cm  or  10-15cm

29.  False; atoms that have the same number of protons, with different numbers of neutrons, 
       represent isotopes.

31.  the same

33.  Dalton��s original theory proposed that all atoms of a given element were identical.  We now 
       realize that different atoms of the same element must have a particular number of protons
       and electons (the atomic number) but may have different numbers of neutron (leading to 
       different mass numbers). 

35.    a. Pd
       b. Pt
       c. P
       d. Pu
       e. B
       f. Be
       g. Ba
       h. Bi

37.    a. 817O
       b. 1737Cl
       c. 2760Co
       d. 2657Fe
       e. 53131I
       f. 37Li

39.    a. 94 protons, 150 neutrons, 94 electrons
       b. 95 protons, 146 neutrons, 95 electrons
       c. 89 protons, 138 neutrons, 89 electrons
       d. 55 protons, 77 neutrons, 55 electrons
       e. 77 protons, 116 neutrons, 77 electrons
       f.  25 protons, 31 neutrons, 25 electrons



41.    sodium (at#=11, mass #=23, #of neurtons=12)

       nitrogen (at#=7, mass#=15, # of neutrons=8)

       barium (at#=56, mass#=136, # of neutrons=80)

       lithium (at#=3, mass#=9, # of neutrons=6)

       boron (at#=5, mass#=11, # of neutrons=6)