Vascular Tissue: tube-like tissues used in transporting materials.

Plant Transport

• Phloem: living cells that conduct sugars. Usually transport materials downward from the leaves.
• Sieve tube cells: living cells with no nucleus that transport foods.
• Companion cells: nucleated cells that aid sieve tube cells.
• Xylem: non-living cells that transport water and raw materials. Usually transport materials upward from the roots.
• Vessel elements: dead cells with strips at the ends. Make long tubes.
• Tracheids: dead, tapered cells with no openings. Pits in walls allow materials to pass from cell to cell.
• Vascular bundles: discrete patches of xylem and phloem in monocot and herbaceous dicot stems.
• Woody stems form rings of xylem in the center of the trunk and an outer ring of phloem.

• Monocots: vascular bundles are scattered.
• Dicots: vascular bundles are in a ring.

• Stomata: openings on the underside of a leaf that allow for gas exchange.
• Guard cells: sausage-shaped cells that regulate the stomata.
• Transpiration: loss of water from leaves.

• Open circulatory system: blood is pumped into spaces to bathe organs.
• Closed circulatory system: blood remains in vessels.
• Artery: vessel that takes blood away from the heart.
• Vein: vessel that takes blood to the heart.
• Capillary: functional unit of the circulatory system.

• Erythrocyte: red blood cell; no nucleus. Transports oxygen.
• Leukocyte: white blood cell. Fights infection.
• Platelet: cell fragment used in blood clotting.

• Atrium: upper chamber of the heart.
• Ventricle: lower chamber of the heart.

Circulation

• Porifera: none.
• Cnidaria: diffusion.
• Platyhelminthes: diffusion.
• Nematoda: diffusion.
• Annelida: closed circulatory system; five pairs of hearts.
• Gastropoda: open circulation.
• Bivalvia: open; pumping heart.
• Cephalopoda: open; pumping heart.
• Echinodermata: none.
• Crustacea: open; pumping heart.
• Arachnida: open; pumping heart.
• Insecta: open; pumping heart.
• Chondrichthyes: two chambered heart; closed circulation.
• Osteichthyes: two chambered heart; closed circulation.
• Amphibia: three chambered heart; closed circulation.
• Reptilia:three chambered heart; partial septum in ventricle; closed circulation.
• Aves:four chambered heart; closed circulation.
• Mammals:four chambered heart; closed circulation.