Technical Biology First Semester Study Guide

Introduction to Biology

  1. What is biology? study of living things
  2. What are the metric units of measurement?
    3.
     

    Unit

    Abbreviation

    Prefixes

    Value

    Abbreviation

    Mass

    grams

    g

    Milli

    1/1,000

    m

    Length

    meter

    m

    Centi

    1/100

    c

    Volume

    liter

    l

    Kilo

    1,000

    k
  3. Name and describe the steps of the scientific method. observation, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, conclusion
  4. What is a scientific name? Genus, species Genus species

    5. Cell Biology

  5. Describe the levels of organization found in living organisms from simplest to most complex. atom à molecule à cell à tissues à organ à organ system à organism à population à community à ecosystem à biome à biosphere
  6. Name the parts of the cell theory. cells are the basic unit of life. all living things are made of cells. cells come from other cells
  7. Describe the function of the following structures found in a cell. Circle the structures only found in plant cells. Underline the structures found only in animal cells.
  1. nucleus: control center of cell.
  2. nucleolus: region of RNA synthesis in the nucleus.
  3. centriole: functions in animal cell division.
  4. cell membrane: regulates movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
  5. cell wall: supports plant cell.
  6. ribosome: functions in protein synthesis.
  7. chloroplast: organelle that stores chlorophyll.
  8. mitochondria: provides energy for cell. powerhouse.
  9. lysosome: suicide sac. contains digestive enzymes.
  10. vacuole: large sac that stores water, waste, or pigments.
  11. chromosome: coiled DNA and proteins in the nucleus.
  1. What is the difference between organic compounds and inorganic compounds? organic: made only by living things; contain carbon and hydrogen.
  2. Complete the table below about organic compounds.
    3.

    Major Organic Compounds

    Carbohydrates

    Lipids

    Proteins

    Nucleic Acids

    Building blocks

    monosaccharides

    fatty acids and glycerol

    amino acids

    nucleotides

    Functions

    energy; structure

    energy storage; insulation

    enzymes; structure

    store genetic information

    Examples

    glucose; glycogen

    fat; oil; wax

    muscles; hair; nails

    DNA, RNA
  3. Complete the table below about cell transport.
    4.
     

    Diffusion

    Osmosis

    Facilitated Diffusion

    Endocytosis

    Exocytosis

    Definition

    movement of molecules from high to low

    diffusion of water through a membrane

    diffusion with a helper molecule

    taking molecules into a cell

    putting molecules out of the cell

    Type of transport

    passive

    passive

    passive

    active

    active

    Movement of molecules

    high to low

    high to low

    high to low

    low to high

    low to high

    Energy requirements

    no cell energy

    no

    no

    requires ATP

    requires ATP

    Membrane required?

    no

    yes

    yes

    yes

    yes

    Example

    perfume

    water from a slug

    glucose

    pinocytosis, phagocytosis

    secretion
  4. Predict what will happen to the cells in the environments described. Will water move in or out of the cell? Will the cell shrink, burst, or stay the same size?
  1. a red blood cell is placed in a 15% glucose solution out; shrink
  2. a plant cell is placed in distilled water in; become turgid
  3. Celery cell: in; become turgid
    		4.
  4. Potato Cell: out; shrink
    		5.
  5. Slug: out; shrink
    		6.
  6. Red Blood Cell: no net movement; stays the same
    		7.
  7. Throat Cell: out; shrink
    		8.
  8. Weed: in; become turgid

    9.  

    1. What is photosynthesis? process of converting sunlight energy into chemical energy
    2. What are the raw materials of photosynthesis? carbon dioxide, water, sunlight energy
    3. What are the products of photosynthesis? glucose, oxygen, water
    4. Where does photosynthesis occur? chloroplast
    5. What is cellular respiration? process of releasing chemical energy from food molecules
    6. What are the raw materials of cellular respiration? glucose, oxygen
    7. What are the products of cellular respiration? carbon dioxide, water, ATP
    8. What is the function of ATP? useable stored energy
    9. Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
      10.
       

      Anaerobic Respiration

      Aerobic Respiration

      Location in Cell

      cytoplasm

      mitochondria

      Conditions (with oxygen or without oxygen)

      without oxygen

      with oxygen

      Amount of ATP produced

      2

      36

      Final Products

      alcohol OR lactic acid

      carbon dioxide, water
    10. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in the chart below.
      11.
       

      Mitosis

      Meiosis

      Number of cells produced

      2

      4

      Kind of cells produced (body cells or sex cells)

      body

      sex

      Number of cell divisions

      1

      2

      Type of cell reproduction (sexual or asexual)

      asexual

      sexual
    11. Name and describe the phases of mitosis.

      12. Interphase: DNA replicates; normal cell growth

      Prophase: nuclei gone; chromosomes coil

      Metaphase: chromosomes move equator

      Anaphase: chromosomes separate and move to the poles

      Telophase: chromosomes uncoil; new nuclei form

      Ecology

    12. What is ecology? study of interactions among organisms and the environment
    13. What are the parts of a food chain? producer à 1st order consumer (herbivore) à 2nd order consumer (carnivore) à 3rd order consumer à decomposer
    14. What is a biome? area characterized by specific climate, animals, and plants
    15. Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors. Give two examples of each. abiotic factors: non-living factors. examples: light, temperature, rainfall. biotic factors: living factors. examples: animals, plants.
    16. What is competition in an ecosystem? two organisms compete for the same resource
    17. Describe the path of energy through a food chain. energy from the sun is trapped by autotrophs. autotrophs are eaten by heterotrophs. example: grass à rabbit à fox à owl
    18. What is a habitat? location of an organism (where it lives) A niche? function of organism in ecosystem (its job)
    19. What are limiting factors that affect population growth? limiting factors keep a population at a certain size and prevent overpopulation. Give some examples. predators, disease, weather, food supply. When do populations reach equilibrium? when the number of organisms born equals the number of organisms dying
    20. How do predators and prey affect population sizes? when prey population increases, predator population increases. when prey population decreases, predator population decreases.
    21. Describe the relationships listed. Give an example of each kind of relationship.
    1. parasitism: one benefits, the other is harmed. cow and tapeworm.
    2. commensalism: one benefits, the other is neither harmed nor benefited. barnacles live on whales and get food when whale swims.
    3. predation: one benefits, one is harmed. tiger eats gazelle.
    4. mutualism: both benefit. birds eating parasites from a rhinoceros's back
    1. What is ecological succession? gradual replacement of a species.

      2. DNA and Genetics

    2. Describe the structure of DNA. double helix; double stranded molecule of complementary nucleotides. contains deoxyribose. Who proposed the current model of DNA? Watson and Crick
    3. How does DNA determine the code for a living organism? codes for proteins which help reactions occur and build body structures
    4. What is a mutation? change in DNA. What can cause a mutation? error in copying, radiation, UV light…
    5. What is a nucleotide? building blocks of nucleic acids. Describe its structure. phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base.
    6. What are the three types of RNA? Describe the function of each.

      7. mRNA: messenger RNA takes message to make protein to the ribosome.

      tRNA: transfer RNA transfers amino acids to the ribosome.

      rRNA: ribosomal RNA is the major component of ribosomes.

    7. What happens when there are errors in chromosomes? Give an example. Down syndrome: extra chromosome; sickle cell anemia: wrong nucleotide.
    8. What is genetics? study of heredity
    9. Distinguish between the following terms.
    1. homozygous dominant: contains two dominant allele. TT.
    2. heterozygous: contains two different alleles. Tt.
    3. homozygous recessive: contains two recessive alleles. tt.
    1. In humans, albinism (a lack of pigment in the skin, eyes, and hair) is due to a homozygous recessive condition.
    1. Write the genotype pairs for this condition. NN, Nn, nn
    2. Write the possible pairs that normal-colored people have. NN, Nn
    1. Which of the following genotypes are heterozygous? AA, Aa, Yy, Rr, RR
    2. Green is the dominant color for pods of pea plants. Yellow is recessive. What are the phenotypes of the following allele pairs? GG: green; Gg: green; gg: yellow
    3. The contrasting traits for hair color in guinea pigs are black (B) and white (b). A heterozygous black haired guinea pig is bred with white guinea pig. What are the chances that they will have a white guinea pig?
      4.

       

      B

      b

      		  

      b

      Bb

      bb

      50% white

      b

      Bb

      bb

      		  

    4. The contrasting traits for air texture in guinea pigs are rough (R) and smooth (r). A homozygous rough-haired guinea pig is bred with a smooth guinea pig. What are the chances that they will have a rough guinea pig?
      5.

       

      R

      R

      		  

      r

      Rr

      Rr

      100% rough

      r

      Rr

      Rr

      		  

       

    5. A tall pea plant is crossed with a short pea plant. What offspring will result in the F1 and F2 generations? Give the phenotypes, genotypes, and phenotypic ratios of each offspring.
      6.

       

      T

      T

      		    

      T

      t

      		  

      t

      Tt

      Tt

      100% tall

      T

      TT

      Tt

      75% tall; 25% short

      t

      Tt

      Tt

      heterozygous

      t

      Tt

      tt

      homo dominant; hetero; homo recessive

       

    6. What are sex-linked traits? sex linked traits are inherited on the X chromosome. They are seen more in males. Give an example. color blindness, hemophilia, baldness
    7. Describe the inheritance pattern of human blood types. Multiple alleles (A, B, O) and codominance (A and B are codominant)
    8. Describe sex determination in humans. XX: female. XY: male
    9. Distinguish between fraternal twins and identical twins. identical twins come from one sperm and one egg. they have identical DNA. fraternal twins come from two different eggs and two different sperm. they have different DNA.
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