Multicellular
autotrophic eukaryotes
Plant Characteristics
Cell
walls with cellulose
Chloroplasts
containing chlorophylls a and b
Store
food as starch
Challenges
to Plant Life
Obtaining
materials needed for life
light
water
carbon
dioxide
minerals
Bringing
gametes together for reproduction
Dispersing
offspring
Supporting
the body
Ultraviolet
light
Temperature
Adaptations
to Land
Cuticle:
Waxy layer that prevents water loss.
Stomata:
openings usually found on the underneath sides of leaves. Used in gas exchange.
Two sausage shaped guard cells surround each opening.
Vascular
tissues: allow transport of nutrients. Tissue that forms vessels.
Xylem:
transports water up from the roots.
Phloem:
transports food down from the leaves.
Seed Dispersal
Plant
Types
Non-vascular
plants
Dominant
gametophyte (haploid) generation
Reproduction
requires water
Bryophytes:
mosses
Hepatophytes:
liverworts
Anthocerotophyta:
hornworts
Vascular plants
Seedless
vascular plants
Dominant
sporophyte (diploid) generation
Depend
on water for reproduction
Examples
Club
mosses
Whisk
fern
Horsetails
Ferns
Seed-producing
plants
Gymnosperms
Cycads
Ginkgo
Conifers:
cone bearing trees
Angiosperms
Monocots
Contains
one seed leaf
Produces
only herbaceous tissue
Flower
parts in multiples of three
Dicots
Contains
two seed leaves
Produces
woody tissue
Flower
parts in multiples of four or five
The Plant
Body
Root
Structure
Tap
root: main body of dicot roots. Example: carrot.
Fibrous
root: all roots of similar diameter. Monocots, such as grasses.
Root
cap protects tips of roots as they grow.
Root
Function
Anchorage:
Holding plant in the ground.
Tap
roots travel deep into the ground.
Fibrous
roots help prevent erosion of soil.
Absorption:
Take up water and nutrients from the soil.
Conduction:
Transport water upward from the ground in xylem. Transport food downward
from the leaves in phloem.
Storage:
Store food or water in the tissues. Example: carrot, sweet potato.
Stem
Structure and Function
Contains
vascular tissue to transport material to and from the leaves.
Epidermal
cells may contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
May
be underground or modified for food storage.
Leaf
Structure
Upper
epidermis and lower epidermis protect leaf.
Palisade
layer contains chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts:
specialized cell organelle that contains chlorophyll, a pigment used to
trap light energy for photosynthesis.
Spongy
layer contains chloroplasts and surrounds air spaces.
Stomata
provide openings into the leaf space.
Vein
made of a vascular bundle that transports materials to and from the leaf.
Cuticle
covers upper surface.
Waxy,
waterproof covering protecting surface plant tissue, such as leaves, stems,
flowers, and roots.
Leaf Function
Photosynthesis.
May
be modified for food storage or for reproduction.
Problems
facing Plants
Obtaining
water and mineral nutrients: roots in contact with moisture; symbiotic
fungi
Transporting
food and water within the plant: vascular tissues
Preventing
evaporation: cuticle
Problems
facing Plants
Obtaining
gases for photosynthesis and respiration: stomata
Obtaining
sunlight for photosynthesis: green leaves or stems
Supporting
the plant body: xylem
Coordinating
growth: hormones
Problems facing Plants
Getting
gametes together
pollen
Dispersing
new individuals
seeds
back
to tech biology!