Evolution	Digestion and Nutrition
Classification	Gas Exchange and Excretion
Microorganisms	Transport and Immunity
Plants	Nervous and Chemical Control
Animal Adaptations	Movement
	Reproduction and Development

 1. Identify terms employed in scientific research.

control group

controlled experiment

data

dependent variable

experimental group

experimental variable

hypothesis

independent variable

2. Distinguish among laws, theories, and inferences.

3. Distinguish between

a compound light microscope and a stereomicroscope

a theory and a law

magnification and resolution

4. Identify the functions of the following parts of a microscope:

Objectives

Diaphragm

Coarse adjustment

Fine adjustment

5. Identify the metric units used for:

Mass

Volume

Length

6. Identify the following types of graphs. Explain when each would be used.

Line

Bar

Pie

7. Identify the steps of the scientific method.

1. Define science.

2. Define biology.

3. Identify the following divisions of biology:

Botany

Genetics

Zoology

Ecology

Anatomy

Physiology

Biochemistry

Cytology

Evolution

Taxonomy

1. Define:

biotic potential

carrying capacity

limiting factors

population

2. Distinguish between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition.

3. Compare population growth in populations without limiting factors and populations influenced by limiting factors.

4. Describe the influences of abiotic and biotic factors on a population. Differentiate between abiotic and biotic factors.

5. List the climate, plant life, and main characteristics for each of the biomes.

Biome	Climate	Plant Life	Characteristics
Desert
Grassland
Taiga (coniferous)
Temperate Forest (deciduous)
Tropical Rain Forest
Tundra

6. Diagram a food web.

Identify food chains within the food web.

Identify trophic levels.

Identify producers.

Identify first order consumers.

Identify second order consumers.

Identify carnivores.

Identify herbivores.

7. Describe the process of succession.

8. Compare:

primary and secondary succession

pioneer communities and a climax community

parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

autotrophs and heterotrophs

9. Select one ecological problem caused by man (acid rain, pollution, etc.). Analyze its impact and identify a possible solution.

1. Identify the parts of an atom and their characteristics.

2. Diagram models of atoms. (Practice 5 of the first 18 atoms.)

3. Identifies the elements of the earth's atmosphere and crust that comprise living cells.

4. Identify the parts of a solution.

5. Describes the four basic types of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and their functions in the cell.

Compound	Elements	Monomer(s) (Building Block)	Function(s)	Examples
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

6. Explain the pH scale.

7. Compare and contrast dehydration synthesis (condensation) and hydrolysis.

8. Explain enzyme action using the induced fit model. Identify how various factors (pH, temperature, etc.) affect the rate of enzyme reactions.

9. Describe the role of enzymes.

1. Distinguish between

· a prokaryote and a eukaryote.

· a unicellular organism and a multicellular organism

2. State the Cell theory.

3. State the characteristics of life.

4. Fill in the chart:

CELL ORGANELLE	FUNCTIONS	FOUND IN CELLS OF (plant or animal)
CELL WALL
CENTRIOLES
CHLOROPLASTS
CILIA
CYTOPLASM
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
FLAGELLA
GOLGI BODIES
LYSOSOMES
MITOCHONDRIA
NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEUS
PLASMA MEMBRANE
RIBOSOMES
VACUOLES

1. Define homeostasis.

2. Give an example of a homeostatic mechanism in a unicellular organism. Explain how it works.

3. Give an example of a homeostatic mechanism in a multicellular organism. Explain how it works.

4. Define diffusion and osmosis. Create a graphic organizer to compare and contrast them.

5. Describe the structure of a plasma membrane. Sketch a simple model of the structure.

6. Distinguish between active and passive transport. List examples of each type.

7. Identify factors that affect the rate of cellular transport.

8. Compares the reaction of plant and animal cells in solutions of different solute concentrations.

	Plant cells	Animal cells
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic

1. Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.

2. Explain how ATP works to store and release energy. Diagram its cycle.

3. State the equation for aerobic respiration.

4. Summarize the steps of aerobic respiration.

5. Describe the 2 types of anaerobic respiration.

6. Distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

7. State the equation for photosynthesis.

8. Discuss the requirements for photosynthesis.

9. Summarize the steps of photosynthesis.

10. Describe the structure of chloroplasts.

11. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

1. Diagram the phases of mitosis and cytokinesis in an animal cell with 4 chromosomes. Explain what happens in each phase.

2. Differentiate between mitosis in a plant and animal cell.

3. Explain the difference in the function of mitosis to unicellular and multicellular organisms.

1. Diagram the phases of meiosis in an animal cell with 4 chromosomes. Explain what happens in each phase.

2. Describe the differences in sperm and egg formation.

1. Diagram and label a model of DNA.

2. Differentiate between DNA and RNA.

3. Fill in the chart:

TRAIT	DNA	mRNA	tRNA	rRNA
Contains ribose
Contains deoxyribose
Double-stranded
Single-stranded
Involved in translation
Involved in transcription
Contains uracil
Contains thymine
Can be found in the nucleus
Made of nucleotides

4. List the main function for each of the following types of RNA:

a. m RNA

b. r RNA

c. t RNA

5. Summarizes the processes of replication, transcription, and translations.

6. Explain the effect of mutagens. Explain why some changes in DNA structure are inherited and some are not.

7. Summarize the protein synthesis process, starting with the DNA by filling in the table below. Match the complementary pairs for each strand. Then use the genetic code to determine the amino acid chain using the mRNA strand.

DNA	TAC	AAA	CCA	TTG	CGA	AAT	AGA	TGA	ATT
mRNA
tRNA
Amino acid

1. Define heredity.

2. Define important genetic terms

Dominant

Recessive

Alleles

Genotype

Phenotype

Homozygous

Heterozygous

3. Explain and use the basic Mendelian genetic principles.

Principle of dominance

Principle of segregation

Principle of independent assortment

4. Carry out and summarize the results of various genetic crosses:

Monohybrid

Codominance

Sex-linked traits

Incomplete dominance

5. Compare and contrast crossing over and nondisjunction.

6. Lists significant contributions of genetic engineering to agricultural and medical practices.

7. Distinguish between autosomes and sex chromosomes.

8. Discuss one biotechnological advance (cloning, genetic engineering, bioethics, transplants, etc.) and its impact on life.

1. List and describe five factors that scientists use to support the theory of evolution.

2. List the parts of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

3. Use an example to explain natural selection.

4. Explain microevolution.

5. Define macroevolution.

6. List and describe the three types of adaptations. Give examples of each type.

1. Explain the concept of binomial nomenclature. Give an example.

2. Identify the factors that are used to classify organisms.

3. Identify the taxa used in the classification system.

4. Design a dichotomous classification key for the following "organisms":

A.

B.

C.

D.

5. Fill in the information to complete the chart:

1. Describe the characteristics and structure of a virus.

2. Diagram and label a bacteriophage.

3. Diagram and label the reproductive cycles of a virus.

4. List the general characteristics of the prokaryotes.

5. Describe the structure of a bacterium. List the typical cell structures found in a bacterium and their functions.

6. Explain how a bacterium carries on life activities (locomotion, respiration, nutrition, reproduction, and growth).

7. Explain how bacteria can be helpful and how they can be harmful.

8. Describe methods of bacterial control in food preparation, handling, and storage.

9. List common diseases caused by bacteria and their treatments.

10. List the general characteristics of the Protists. Explain the classification of organisms within the kingdom.

11. Describe the beneficial and harmful effects of protozoa and algae.

12. List the general characteristics of the Fungi. Explain the classification of organisms within the kingdom.

13. Explain how fungi can be helpful and how they can be harmful.

14. What is lichen? How do the organisms benefit from each other?

1. Create a diagram illustrating alternation of generations.

2. Compare and contrast nonvascular and vascular plants.

3. Fill in the chart by checking the appropriate column:

Division	Non-vascular	Vascular	Reproduce with spores	Reproduce with seeds	Seeds with an ovary
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

4. List and describe distinguishing characteristics of gymnosperms and angiosperms.

5. Describe the importance of seed plants for food, medicine, and other products.

6. Explain alternation of generations.

7. Explain the life cycles of mosses and ferns.

8. Diagram, label, and explain the function of the parts of a flower.

9. List the steps of pollination.

10. Identify the parts and development of a seed.

Cotyledon Hypocotyl Endosperm Radicle Epicotyl

11. Describe the function of xylem and phloem in plants.

12. Describe the structure and function of roots, stems, and leaves.

13. Describe the effects of plant hormones:

Auxins Cytokinins Gibberellins Ethylene

1. Sketch an animal. Label the anterior and posterior ends; label the dorsal and ventral surfaces.

2. Identify each other the following types of symmetry. Give an example for each one:

Asymmetry

Bilateral symmetry

Radial symmetry

3. Distinguish between invertebrates and vertebrates. Give an example of each.

4. List the general characteristics for each of the animal phyla using the chart of animal phyla.

5. Make a list of each class of vertebrate animals and match it with the group of animals that it contains.

6. List the general characteristics for each of the vertebrate classes using the vertebrate classes chart.

Phylum	General characteristics	Number of Cell Layers	Number of Digestive Openings	Symmetry: Asymmetrical, Radial, or Bilateral	Digestion: Internal or External?	Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual?	Other
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata

1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.

2. Identify methods of asexual reproduction. Give examples of each type.

3. Distinguish between external and internal fertilization. Identify adaptations exhibited related to each type.

4. List the parts and functions of the male reproductive system.

5. List the parts and functions of the female reproductive system.

6. Discuss the development of the 3 germ cell layers. (List the parts that develop from each layer.)

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Mesoderm

7. Identify the following:

Blastula

Gastrula

Neurulation

8. Identify the parts and functions of the amniotic egg. Explain its importance in development.

1. Compare the nutrition requirements in autotrophs and heterotrophs and discuss how they meet those requirements.

2. Compare and contrast intracellular and extracellular digestion. Give examples of each.

3. Compare and contrast various methods of digestion in animals.

Method	How it works	Example
Two-way
One-way
Filter-feeders

4. List the parts of an earthworm's digestive system. Give the function of each part.

5. Name the organs and structures of the human digestive system in the order that food moves through them. Give a function for each part.

6. Name the accessory organs of the human digestive system.

7. Explain how each of the following foods is digested in the human. Include all enzymes and structures involved. (Starch, Sugar, Lipid, Protein)

1. Describe the processes of inhalation and exhalation.

2. Describe the path that air must take as it is inhaled by a human.

3. Explain how gases are exchanged in the alveoli and body cells.

4. Fill in the chart by checking the boxes that apply and list a supporting fact.

Characteristic	Earthworm	Insect	Fish	Human
Moist
Large Surface Area
Thin
Protected
With a Transport System

5. Define excretion. List the typical waste products excreted by animals.

6. Explain how the earthworm and grasshopper carry on excretion.

7. Describe the structure of a nephron. Explain how it works.

8. Explain what is meant by osmotic balance.

9. List the path that urine takes as it exacts the human body.

1. Explain why complex organisms need a transport system.

2. Distinguish between an open and closed circulatory system.

3. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the two-chambered, three-chambered and four-chambered heart. Give examples of each type.

4. List the main functions of the human circulatory system.

5. Compare and contrast t he structure and functions of the blood vessels:

a. Artery

b. Vein

c. Capillaries

6. Summarize the circulation of blood through the human heart.

7. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the components of blood:

a. Plasma

b. Red blood cells

c. White blood cells

8. Describe the process of clotting.

9. Discuss the ABO blood types.

10. Explain the process of heartbeats.

11. Discuss how bacteria and viruses can cause disease.

12. List the three ways in which pathogens are transmitted.

13. Discuss the nonspecific defenses against pathogens.

14. Describe the immune response.

15. Compare and contrast B-cells and T-cells.

16. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.

1. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.

2. Fill in the chart by selecting 5 human endocrine glands. For each gland, describe its location, identifying one hormone that is produced and explain the function of that hormone:

Gland	Location	Hormone(s)	Functions

3. Fill in the chart by checking the correct column for each characteristic.

5. Fill in the chart by completing the missing information:

6. Describe the different types of neurons.

7. Diagram and label a neuron.

8. Explain the processes by which nerves conduct impulses.

9. Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

10. Explain how the eye and ear function.

1. List the functions of skeletal systems.

2. Differentiate between exoskeleton and endoskeleton. List any disadvantages advantages of each type.

3. Describe ossification.

4. Describe the external structure of bone.

5. Describe the internal structure of bone.

6. Describe the type of movement found in each type of joint and an example.

7. Explain how each of the following joints move.

Fixed

Gliding

Ball and socket

Pivot

Hinge

8. Compare and contrast:

Origin and insertion

Flexor and extensor

Actin and myosin

9. Compare and contrast types of vertebrate muscles by filling in the chart:

Type of Muscle	Found	Control?	Cell Shape/ Arrangement	Single Nucleus or Multinucleated?	Smooth or Striated?
Striated
Smooth
Cardiac

10. Explain the mechanics of a muscle contraction.

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