Animal Adaptations Review Sheet

I. Introduction

1. What percentage of animals are invertebrates?

2. List and describe the 3 kinds of body symmetry.

3. What is the word that describes each of the following regions?

a. front end

b. back end

c. top

d. bottom

4. Describe the following body plans and give an example of an animal that has that body plan.

a. acoelomates

b. pseudocoelomates

c. coelomates

5. What type of tissue lines the body cavity? what type of tissue lines the digestive tract?

II. Invertebrates

6. What does the term sessile mean?

7. What are spicules?

8. What type of reproduction allows for genetic diversity?

9. Which phylum includes organisms that have tentacles with stinging cells?

10. Describe the two body shapes of Cnidarians.

11. What are the simplest animals with organs and organ systems?

12. What is the simplest animal to have a body cavity?

13. What does the term hermaphrodite mean? Name 3 phyla that consist solely of hermaphrodites.

14. Which invertebrate animals have only one body opening for both food and wastes?

15. Identify the following parts of mollusks:

a. radula

b. foot

c. visceral mass

d. mantle

16. List 3 functions of the exoskeleton of arthropods.

17. Describe the major characteristics of arthropods.

18. How is the body symmetry of echinoderms different at different life stages?

19. Explain the two ways in which hydra can reproduce.

20. Give two examples of parasitic flatworms.

21. Which invertebrate phylum has shown the ability to learn and to hunt prey?

22. Give an example of a shell-less mollusk.

23. What are the arm-like structures of cnidarians and some mollusks called?

24. What 3 purposes does the water-pumping system of echinoderms serve?

25. Fill in the table and STUDY IT!!!

Phylum	Porifera	Cnidaria	Platyhelminthes	Nematoda	Annelida	Mollusca	Arthropoda	Echinodermata
Locomotion	sessile	flip, flop, float	mucus trail; muscles; cilia	longitudinal muscles	three layers of muscles; setae	mucus trail; sessile; hatchet foot; jet propulsion	jointed legs, wings, muscles	flip, flop, float
Symmetry	none	radial	bilateral	bilateral	bilateral	bilateral	bilateral	radial
# of body openings	many	one	one	two	two	two	two	one
# of tissue layers	none	two	three	three	three	three	three	two
nervous system	none	nerve net	eyespots; ganglia in head	nerve ring	ventral nerve cord; mass of ganglia in head	complex brains and eyes; nerve cords	ventral nerve cord; compound and simple eyes	nerve net
digestive system	none	gastrovascular cavity	gastrovascular cavity; pharynx	complete digestive tract (tube within tube)	tube-within- a tube (complete)	tube-within-a tube	tube-within- a tube (complete)	tube-within-a tube
excretory system	none	none	flame cells	anus	nephridia; anus	nephridia; anus	green glands; Malpighian tubules	none
circulatory system	none	none	none	none	five pairs of pumping hearts; dorsal and ventral aortas; closed	closed (g, c)open (b)	open	none
respiratory system	none	none	none	none	skin	gills	spiracles; tracheae	skin gills
support system	spicules	hydrostatic pressure	hydrostatic pressure	hydrostatic pressure	hydrostatic pressure	shells; internal pen	exoskeleton	water vascular system
examples	sponge	jellyfish; hydra; sea anemone; coral	planaria; tapeworm; fluke	trichinella; pinworm; hookworm	earthworms; leeches; tube worms	snails, slugs; clams, bivalves; squid, octopus	insects; spiders; crabs	starfish; sea urchins; sea cucumber; sand dollar

III. Phylum Chordata

26. What 3 characteristics do all chordates share?

27. Name the two subphyla under chordata other than vertebrata. Give an example of an organism in each.

28. Describe the characteristics shared by all vertebrates. What are the two main groups of vertebrates?

29. What kind of material are the skeletons of the following fish made of?

a. shark

b. catfish

c. bass

d. rays

e. skates

30. What is an example of a jawless fish?

31. What does endotherm mean? ectotherm?

32. List the chordates that are endothermic.

33. List the chordates that are ectothermic.

34. Name the vertebrate class that matches the following descriptions.

a. ectotherm with shelled eggs

b. ectotherm that lives part of its life in the water and part on land

c. endotherm with hollow bones

d. endotherm with hair, internal development of its young, and high intelligence

35. Fill in the table and STUDY IT!!!

Class	Examples	Outer covering	Body Temperature	Limb Structures	Gas exchange	Fertilization	Additional characteristics
Jawless fish	lampreys; hagfish	slimy skin	ectothermic	unpaired fins	gills	external	parasitic; sharp teeth; no jaw
Cartilaginous fish	sharks, skates, rays	tooth-like scales	ectothermic	two pairs of fins	gills	internal	cartilage skeleton; uncovered gills; young develop inside body
Bony fish	trout, perch, goldfish, salmon	scales; mucus coating	ectothermic	two pairs of fins	gills	some external; some internal	ray-finned; lobe-finned; covered gills; bony skeleton
Amphibians	frogs, salamanders, toads, newts	moist skin	ectothermic	two pairs of legs; no claws	gills; lungs	external	reproduce in water; breathe through skin
Reptiles	turtles, snakes, lizards, alligators, crocodiles	scales	ectothermic	two pairs of legs with claws	lungs	internal	amniote egg with leathery shell
Birds	penguin, hummingbird, ostrich, chicken	feathers; scales on legs	endothermic	one pair of wings; one pair of legs with claws	lungs	internal	hollow bones; no teeth
Mammals	cats, bats, elephants, koala, dolphin	hair; fur; skin	endothermic	two pairs of legs; claws in some	lungs	internal	feed young with milk from mammary glands

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