Pictures of rheumatoid arthritis
Therefore, HRQL is likely to be a good indicator of both the global effects of arthritis on a patient's life, as well as the effects of treatment. pictures of rheumatoid arthritis History of arthritis. (top of page) How is HRQL Measured? There are two basic approaches to measuring HRQL. The first involves the use of generic instruments that measure broad aspects of HRQL. These instruments are not designed to assess HRQL relative to a particular medical condition, but rather to provide a general sense of the effects of an illness. pictures of rheumatoid arthritis Synovial joints. Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36)(8) is the best-known generic HRQL instrument. It measures HRQL along 8 different domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health perception, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. Other generic instruments that have been used with arthritis patients include the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Extended Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Quality of Life Inventory. pictures of rheumatoid arthritis Love is pain. Generic measures allow for comparisons of HRQL across a variety of medical conditions and, thus, can be administered to different populations to examine the impact of various health care/therapeutic programs on HRQL. The major limitation of generic HRQL instruments is that they do not assess potential condition-specific domains of HRQL. Because of this, they may not be sensitive enough to detect subtle treatment effects. For example, a SF-36 assessment of an arthritis patient will not provide a great deal of information on important aspects of the illness such as the effect of joint pain, stiffness and related symptoms on function, attitude, and mood. The second approach to measuring HRQL involves the use of instruments that are specific to a disease (e. g. , osteoporosis), a population (e. g. , the elderly), or clinical problem (e. g. , pain). Measures geared toward specific diseases or populations are likely to be more sensitive, and therefore, to have greater relevance to practicing clinicians. The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale (AIMS)(9) is a prime example of an arthritis-specific HRQL instrument that has been developed. The AIMS measures physical, social, and emotional well-being along 9 dimensions including dexterity, mobility, pain, physical and social activity, and depression and anxiety. Whether disease-specific instruments provide "better" assessments of HRQL than generic instruments depends on the purpose of the assessment. Disease-specific instruments are likely to be more powerful at detecting treatment effects than are generic instruments. Thus, there is some consensus among quality of life researchers that both generic and disease-specific instruments should be used to provide the most comprehensive assessment of HRQL possible(10). (top of page) Arthritis and HRQL There is a great deal of information suggesting that arthritis has a devastating effect on HRQL(5).
Pictures of rheumatoid arthritis
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