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| . The following is a Harmony of the Passover/Pesach Seder [The Last Supper] account based upon the four Good-News books; Mattityahu/Matt., Mark, Luke & Yochanan/John. It is worded where possible, in the language of the King James Version, and where differing significantly from the various versions is either noted, or re-worded. Alternate readings come from: a>The Shem Tov [ST]; 14th century copy of a 1st century CE/AD Mishnaic Hebrew version of Matthew, as found in the Even Bohan. b>The Alexandrian or Egyptian texts, [Alex] as in the Nestle-Greek & the United Bible Societies', reflecting the {aprox} 4th Century Greek in the Codex Sinaiticus & Codex Vaticanus. c>The Greek [Gr] of the Textus Receptus, in agreement with the Majority Text [M], reflecting the Byzantine texts. Showing also alternate [alt] possible readings. d>The Hebrew [H], which reflects not only the Hebrew word meanings, but gives a M'shacheeym/Natzratim {Messianic/Nazarene} flavor, putting the events in a correct setting, reflecting our 1st century Judaic roots. e>Notes [N], reflecting possible textual understandings, and further explained in the Commentary following. NOTE: Following this Harmony are extensive Study Notes. A PESACH-SEDER (Passover-Meal) HARMONY OF THE FOUR GOOD-NEWS ACCOUNTS {BRECHAT HANER} Mt.26:20/Mk.14:17/Lk.22:14 It came to pass-[ST] when the hour was coming of the evening He cometh and was reclined-[1] at table-[ST] and His twelve-[2] Talmidim-[3] with Him. [1-Gr sitting-ST] [Gr&ST Alex.{-} twelve] [3-ST-Disciples Lk. Apostles] {@ KIDDUSH 1ST CUP-OF BLESSING} Lk.22:15 And He said unto them, With desire I have desired to eat this Pesach-Seder-[1] with you before My suffering. [1-H Passover meal] Lk.22:16 For I say unto you, I will not any more eat thereof, until it be fulfilled in the Kingdom of Elohim.-[1] [1-H God] Lk.22:17 And He took the cup (of wine), and having given the b�rakhah-[1], said, Take this, and divide (it) among yourselves: [1-H blessing Lk/Gr-giving thanks] Lk.22:18 For I say unto you,-[1] I will not drink (again) of the �fruit of the vine� until the Kingdom of Elohim has come. [1-Gr. Alex.{+} from now on] {@ URCHATZ, WASHING OF THE HANDS:} Jn.13:2 And the Seder-[1] being in progress-[2], haSatan-[3] having already put into the heart of Y�hudah Ben-Shim�on from K�riot,-[4] that he should betray Him; [1-H/N supper-Gr] [2-Alex. Gr.-having occurred] [3-Alt./Gr. the adversary] [4-H Judas son of Simon Iscariot] Jn.13:3 Yeshua knowing that the Father had given all things into His hands, and that He was come out from-[1] Elohim, and departs to Elohim; [1-Gr./lit.] Jn.13:4 He riseth from supper, and laid aside (His) garments; and took a towel, and girded Himself. Jn.13:5 Then He put water into the basin, and began to wash the Talmidim�s feet, and to wipe off with the towel wherewith He was girded. Jn.13:6 Then cometh He to Shim�on Kefa:-[1] and that one saith unto Him, Lord, dost Thou wash my feet? Jn.13:7 Yeshua answered and said unto him, What I do thou knowest not yet; but thou shalt know after these things. Jn.13:8 Shim�on saith unto Him, You may in no way wash my feet to the age. Yeshua answered him, Unless I wash thee, thou hast no part with Me. Jn.13:9 Shim�on Kefa saith unto Him, Lord, not my feet only, but also the hands and the head. Jn.13:10 Yeshua saith to him, He having bathed needeth not save to wash the feet, but is clean wholly: and ye are clean, but not all. Jn.13:11 For He knew the (one) betraying Him; for this reason said He, Ye are not all clean. Jn.13:12 So when He had washed their feet, and had taken His garments, reclining again, He said unto them, Know ye what I have done to you? Jn.13:13 Ye call Me Rabbi-[1] and the Lord: and ye say well; for I am. [1-H teacher-Gr.] Jn.13:14 If I then, the Lord and the Rabbi, have washed your feet; ye also ought to wash one another�s feet. Jn.13:15 For I have given you an example, that ye should do as I have done to you�. Jn.13:16 �Amaine v�amaine.-[1] I say unto you, The slave is not greater than his lord; neither a messenger greater than the (one) sending him. [1-H/N-Amen & amen Truly, truly-Gr.] Jn.13:17 If you know these things, blessed are ye if ye do them. {@ MAROR, BITTER-HERBS (after Karpas, Dipping of the Parsely)} Mt.26:21a/Mk.14:18a/Jn.13:18 And as they sat and did eat, Yeshua said, I do not speak concerning all of you - (For) I know whom I chose out:-[Gr] but that The-Tanakh-[1] may be fulfilled, �The one eating the bread with Me (hath)-[2] lifted up his heel against Me�. [1-H Scripture-Gr.] [2-Gr. Alex/Jn-My bread has] Jn.13:19 Now I tell you before it come, that, when it is come to pass, ye may believe that I AM-[Gr]� Jn.13:20 �Amaine v�amaine. I say unto you, The one who receiveth whomsoever I may send receiveth Me; and the one who receiveth Me receiveth the One who sent Me. Mt.26:21b/Mk.14:18b/Jn.13:21 When Yeshua had thus said, He was troubled in Spirit, and testified, and said, Amaine v�amaine. I say unto you, that one of you which eateth with Me shall betray-[1] Me. [1-Gr. ST-inform against] Jn.13:22 Then the Talmidim looked one at another, being perplexed about whom He spake. Mt.26:22/Mk.14:19 And they began to be exceeding sorrowful, and began each to say unto Him one by one, Lord, is it I?-[1] [1-ST&KJV Gr-not I am (he)? Alex./Mk. {-} And another said is it I {+}Gr./Mk.} Mt.26:23/Mk.14:20 And He answered them and said, he is one of the twelve, that dippeth (his) hand with Me in the dish the same shall sell-[1] Me. - [Therefore, they did not recognize him; because if they had recognized him they would have destroyed him.]-[{+}-ST] Mt.26:24/Mk.14:21 Yeshua said to them:-[ST] The Son of man indeed goeth as it is written about Him: But woe unto that man by whom the Son of man is betrayed. Good would it be for that man not to have been born.-[ST] Jn.13:23 Now there was reclining at-[Gr.] Yeshua�s bosom one of His Talmidim, whom Yeshua loved. Jn.13:24 Shim�on Kefa therefore nods to him, that he should ask who it should be of whom He spake. Jn.13:25 And leaning-[1] on the breast of Yeshua he saith unto Him, Lord, who is it? [1-Gr. Alex.{+}thus] {@ KORECH, BITTER-HERBS WITH CHAROSET (after Maror Bitter-Herbs)] Jn.13:26 Yeshua answered, He it is, to whom I shall give the (piece of) matzah-[1] when I have dipped (it). And when He had dipped the matzah, He gave it to Y�hudah ben-Shim�on from K�riot. [1-H/lit. Gr.-morsel] Jn13:27 And after the morsel, then haSatan entered into him. Then said Yeshua unto him, That thou doest, do quickly. Mt.26:25 Then Y�hudah, who sold Him-[1], answered and said, Rabbi,-[2] am I this one?-[3] He said unto him, Thou hast spoken. [1-ST betrayed-Gr.] [2-ST&Gr.] [3-ST not I am (he)?-Gr-(See Mt.26:22)] Jn.13:28 But no one of those reclining knew this, for what He spake unto him. Jn.13:29 For some thought, since Y�hudah held the money-bag that Yeshua was saying unto him, Buy what things we have need for the feast; or that he should give something to the poor. Jn.13:30 Then receiving the morsel, he went immediately out: and it (then-N) was night. {@ SHULAN ORECH, THE PESACH-SUPPER/MEAL} Jn.13:31 Therefore, when he was gone out, Yeshua said, Now the Son of man was-[Gr.] glorified, and Elohim was-[Gr.] glorified in Him. Jn.13:32 If Elohim was glorified in Him, Elohim also shall be glorify Him in Himself, and shall immediately glorify Him. {@ TZAPHUN, THE EATING OF THE AFIKOMEN} Mt.26:26/Mk.14:22/Lk.22:19/1Cor.11:24 And as they did eat, Yeshua took matzah-[1] and [gave thanks-Lk.] blessed,-[2] and brake, and gave unto the Talmidim, and said, Take, eat:-[3] this is My Body broken-[4] (and) being given for-[5] you: this do for My remembrance.-[6] [1-H-unleaven bread Gr.-a loaf] [2-Lk.-gave thanks M/Mt-gave thanks for] [3-Alex./Mk. {-} eat Alex./1Cor {-} take eat] [4-Gr/1Cor.11:24 Alex/1Cor {-} broken] [5-Gr/Lk. Gr.-1Cor11:24-on behalf of] [6-Gr Gr./Alt.-remembrance of Me] {@ HA-GEULAH, THE THIRD CUP-OF REDEMPTION} Mt.26:27-28/Mk.14:23-25a/Lk.22:20/1Cor.11:25 [Likewise-Lk.] He [also-Lk.] took the cup [after supper-Lk.], and when He had given thanks, He gave and said unto them, Drink all of you from this, This [cup-Lk.] is-[1] My Blood of-[2] the New-[3] Covenant which will be poured out-[ST} for many for the atonement-[4] of sins. As often as you drink, do this for remembrance of Me.-[Gr. 1Cor.11:25] Amaine. And they all drank of it. [1-ST&Gr. Lk./1Cor.11:25-in] [2-ST/Gr. Lk./1Cor.11:25-(is)] [3-ST&Gr. Alex/Mk. {-} New] [4-ST Gr.-forgiveness Alex./Mt. {-} forgiveness] Mt.26:29/Mk.14:25 But I say unto you, I will not drink henceforth of this �fruit of the vine�, until that day when I drink it new with you in the Kingdom of Elohim My Father.-[1] [1-Gr. ST-Kingdom of Heaven] {AFTER THE HALLEL, (after reciting Psalms 118)} Mt.26:30a/Mk.14:26a/Lk22:23,21-22,24 And when they had sung the Hallel, they began to examine themselves, who then of them it may be, the (one) being about to do this�<But, behold, the hand of My betrayer with Me on the table. And indeed the Son of man goeth, according as was determined: but woe unto that man by who He is betrayed!>. And there was also a dispute among them, who of them seems to be greater. Lk.22:25 And He said unto them, The kings of the goyim-[1] lord it over them; and the authorities over them are called benefactors. [1-H nations/gentiles] Lk.22:26 But ye (be) not so: but he that is greater among you, let him be as the lesser; and he governing, as he serving. Lk.22:27 For whether (is) greater, he that reclining, or he that serveth? (is) not he reclining? But I am among you as (One) serving. Lk.22:28 Ye are they which have continued with Me in My trials. Lk.22:29 And I appoint unto you a Kingdom, as My Father hath appointed unto Me; Lk.22:30 That ye may eat and drink at My table in My Kingdom.-[1] And you will sit on thrones judging the twelve tribes of Israel. [1-Gr. M {-} in My Kingdom] [Jn.13:33-35; Lk.22:31/Jn.13:36; Lk.22:32-33/Jn.13:37; Lk.22:34/Jn.13:38; {Jn.14:1-17:26/Lk.22:-35-38a}] - Discussion/verses before.... {UNTO THE MOUNT OF OLIVES} Mt.26:30b/Mk.14:26b/Lk.22:38b-39/Jn.18:1 And these things having spoke Yeshua, He says to them: {...} Arise, let us go. And He went out as He was accustomed, and there went with Him His Talmidim also (who) followed Him, over the brook Kidron, to a hill called the Mount of Olives where there was a garden. And He entered there, He and His Talmidim.-[1] [1 Composite Of Versions Reading] ========================STUDY NOTES:=========================== MT26:17 NOTE: A harmony reading of the four Good-News accounts, shows them to be in perfect agreement, if a Messianic understanding is applied. The "Preparation", was not for the Pesach, but for the Shabbat; Erev-Shabbat, is called the 'Preparation-day'.-[Jn 19:31] Also, we note that Pesach is a term applied, even today, to the entire Feast of Chag HaMatzot -[Ezekiel 45:21]; and so, the Levites in Jn.18:28 were not speaking of the Pesach Seder proper, but Pesach in general, and during the evening of the 15th, note: The Temple-gates were opened at midnight to prepare for the offering of the Chagigah, or festive sacrifice, and the remainder of which was was afterwards eaten at a festive meal. The poor who gathered around the Temple might then seek to obtain the help of the charitable. - For which the Levi'im would have been concerned that they were not defiled.-(for further info: The Life And Times Of Jesus The Messiah, by Alfred Edersheim [Eerdmans]). [Ex.12:6; 18-20] MT26:20 NOTE: Mt26:20; Mk14:17; Lk22:14. The time period "between two evenings" - Ex.7:6 when the Pascal Lamb was to be slain was past [the interval between the commencement of the sun's decline and what was reckoned as the hour of its final disappearance (about 6 P.M.)]; the 'second' evening-time beginning with the third stars appearance in the sky. In short...right before sunset. (Note also: Pes.5:1; and also for the time when the Cohanim [Priests] lit the lights see Ex.30:8) [Pesach Seder,Ex.12:2-10]. Reclining, as in Jewish halachah, at a low table, resting on their left hand so as to leave the right free. (& SEE: Sabbath EnJ V.I p.139c). [Mark 14:17-21; Luke 22:14; John 13:21] MT26:23 NOTE: [Mk14:20]; There were two dishes that were dipped into. The salty water for the parsley, and the bitter-herbs* and with the charoset. This dish spoken of here might have been the first dish of Karpas; with all dipping in it. (*Five types of Bitter-herbs mentioned in Pes.2:3). [Ps.41:9; LUke 22:21; John 13:18] {Nedarim 4:4} MT26:26 The blessing over the matzah is: Baruch Atah Adonai Elohaenu Melech ha-olam, ha-motsee lechem min ha-arets. - Blessed art Thou Lord our God King of the universe, who brings forth bread from the earth. [Mark 14:22-25; Luke 22:17-20; 1Cor.11:23-25; [Mark 14:22-25; Luke 22:17-20; 1Cor.11:23-25; 1Pet.2:24] MT26:27 The blessing over the wine is: Baruch Atah Adonai Elohaenu Melech ha-olam, borae pree hagafen. - Blessed art Thou Lord our God King of the universe, who brings forth the fruit of the vine. [Mark 14:23] MT26:28 RABBINIC: LUCHOTH HABBERITH (242a): He (the Messiah) will give Himself and His life over unto death, and His blood will atone for His people. ZEBACHIM (6a): Surely atonement can only be made with the blood, as it says, 'For it is the blood that maketh atonement by reason of the life' -[Leviticus 17:11]. [See also Yoma (5a); and Hebrews 9:22]. [Ex.24:8; Jer.31:31; Matt.20:28] MT26:29 NOTE: Some state that the Communion breaking of bread/matzah, was the first usage of the Afikomen, that this then was continued in the Messianic/Natzratim Pesach Seder, and that after the destruction of the Temple, it was then also adopted into the Rabbinic Seder. [Lk22:17-18]; The traditional ancient blessing is: Blessed art Thou, Lord our God King of the universe, Who brings forth the fruit of the vine. The wine was the ordinary one of the country, only red; it was mixed with water, generally in the proportion of one part to two of water. /The Life & Times of Jesus The Messiah, by: Edersheim Book 5:9, 485. Also interesting is in one place in later Rabbinic lit. Shim`on Kefa, (Simeon Peter), is said to have written the Havdalah service for the closing of the evening of Shabbat! And in the Sephardi version of this service, a 'form' of "Yeshua" for Salvation, is used seven times, (less so in the Ashkenazi), and it lends itself to "Messianic" interpretations in a great many ways. (Note this mentioned in commentary of: Siddur For Messianic Jews, by Dr. John Fischer & Dr. David Bronstein / Menorah Ministries, P.O. Box 669 Palm Harbor, Fl. 34682). [Mark 14:25; Acts 10:41] MT26:30 The Hallel, Ps.113-114, is at the close of the Pesach meal. [Mark 14:26-31; Luke 22:31-34] MT26:35 NOTE: Lk22:33/Jn13:37/Mt26:33,35/Mk14:29,31; Note that if a Harmony reading is taken of all four accounts, Kefa is seen to have said three times that he will not deny Yeshua, (once before leaving the Seder room, and twice during one conversation while on the way to the Garden). And so, three times saying he would not deny Him, three times denying Him, and after the Resurrection three times being asked by Yeshua if he (Kefa) loves Him, & three times being given the occasion to confess his love! For further info., see also: The Pesach Harmony accounts. Mt26:36 Gethsemane/Gat-Sh'manim, meaning garden of the "Oil Press". [Mark 14:32-35; Luke 22:39-40; John 18:1] MK14:7 (Brechat Haner) MK14:18 (@ MAROR, BITTER-HERBS [after Karpas, Dipping of Parsley]) MK14:22 (@ TZAPHUN, THE EATING OF THE AFIKOMEN) MK14:23 (@ HA-GEULAH, THE THIRD CUP-OF REDEMPTION) MK14:25 Note how the Amen/(verily) of Mk14:25a fits into the words of Yeshua concerning the cup in Mk14:23-24 as a closing phrase. MK14:26 (AFTER THE HALLEL, [after reciting Psalms 118]) LK22:14 (Brechat Haner) LK22:15 (@ KIDDUSH 1ST CUP-OF BLESSING) LK22:17 [See: Matt.26:29] LK22:19 (@ TZAPHUN, THE EATING OF THE AFIKOMEN) 'this do for My remembrance', which is an alternate reading supported by the Greek is interesting in that the Communion being a part of the Pesach Seder, it was remembrance of atonement, perhaps not only for us, but possibly God remembering His Covenant {?} So was the Communion not only for our remembrance, but, (in this sense), possibly for Messiah's as well. Perhaps the idea is as in God remembering His Covenant during the Temple sacrifices, as is shown to us in Tanakh. As Yeshua was there saying this, it was not meaning in a lit. physical; but yet it was in a real and True Spiritual sense - (note together with the statement in John 6:63). This would in no way have involved any suggestion to violate the Torah of course. [Matt.26:26; Mk.14:22; 1Cor.11:24] {Pesahim 10:6} LK22:20 (@ HA-GEULAH, THE THIRD CUP-OF REDEMPTION) LK22:23 (AFTER THE HALLEL, [after reciting Psalms 118]) The Hallel was at the closing of the Seder. This would have been the proper time for the Talmidim 'examine themselves' entering into discussion, including the dispute concerning 'who of them seems to be the greater'. So, I would put the entire discussion in Luke and Yochanan/John after the Hallel, and before they departed for the Mount of Olives. At first glance it would seem to appear that Luke, contrary to the other three Good News accounts, has the betrayal after the Communion. This however does not bear out in a contextual Harmony reading. Please note that Lukes has the disciples disputing about other things, (not in a state of grief as when they first learned of the betrayer as in the other accounts). For these reasons, I would place Lukes statements as a reflection after the Seder had finished, and this only requires that the words stated by Yeshua from Tanakh earlier, be looked at as a re-cap of the prior event [in Luke] in which case I believe shows the entire Good News four accounts in perfect agreement. [Matt.26:30a; Mk.14:26a] LK22:27 {Berakhoth 6:6, 7:1; Pesahim 7:13, 10:1} LK22:35 (RIGHT BEFORE LEAVING THE SEDER) LK22:67 NOTE: Luke mentions that they waited till morning for this judgement of the full Sanhedrin. According to the rules of the Sanhedrin, no capital punishment judgement could be held at night, and the Good-News account bring out that they at least waited for the dawn to do this. (Being after the time of the Seder, and then with the time in the Garden, and the time taken to lead Yeshua away - by the time the full Sanhedrin assembled in would have been in the time frame that we see in fact it did occur - at dawn.) But this partial Sanhedrin that met first as a "Beit-Din" was really against the operational rules for the Sanhedrin, and shouldn't have been meeting at night - which only goes to show that they were so anxious to prosecute Yeshua that they met in this way, to take advantage of arresting Yeshua outside of Jerusalem and away from the crowds and most of His followers, though it involved circumventing Law and halachah. Talmud also mentions this first century AD/ce Sanhedrin before the destruction of the Temple in 70 AD/ce, as being a corrupt "bloody Sanhedrin". However, we do know that there were at least two who believed in Yeshua and were in, or associated with, the Sanhedrin (Yosef of Ramatyim [Luke 23: 50-51]; Nakdimon [John 3:1, 7:50]). JN13:2 (@ URCHATZ, WASHING OF THE HANDS:) The entire Supper is also called the Seder, [or order]. The translation of 'having occurred', could be seen as an attempt to reconcile with the Luke reading of the denial, but please note, (in: Lk22:23,21-22,24 commentary), that I do not feel that this is justified. So then: 'being in progress', or, 'occurring' I believe would be a better understanding, and gives an alignment of all the Good-News accounts. JN13:4 I place this as the Urchatz washing rather than the later, due to the lack of mention of the blessing being said. In addition as it fits in well with the rest of the Gospel accounts order. It is also interesting to note that Kefa was surprised that Yeshua would wash his feet, being not only the duty of a servant, but being the part of the Seder where the hands were first washed. {Shabbath 22:5} JN13:5 {Ketuboth 5:5; Yadaim 4:1} JN13:16 Verily, verily, should be read: amen and amen, when it appears. It is a closing rather than an introduction, which would give stress to the just prior comments, rather than used as an introduction. This is a common Hebrew expression. JN13:18 (@ MAROR, BITTER-HERBS [after Karpas, Dipping of Parsley]) JN13:19 Note the emphasis in the Greek with 'I AM', in: The Interlinear Bible/Hendrickson. JN13:20 Noting that in verse 21 Yeshua is troubled, one is almost led to the conclusion that this statement in v.20, was a reminder to the Talmidim, of the event spoken of in Mk.9:37. JN13:23 Yochanan/John would have been on the right side of Yeshua, in order to have leaned back on Yeshua's bosom, and Judas on the left. JN13:26 (@KORECH BITTER-HERBS WITH CHAROSET [after Maror Bitter-herbs]) I chose the dish being spoken of here as Korech, as not only does this fit all the accounts, but also show Judas keeping the very basic requirements of the Pesach as in Jer.Chall.57b (& so statement by Hillel while the Temple stood), the 'sop' containing a piece of the Pesach Lamb and Matzah with Bitter- herbs. This would also cause less surprise when he left the Sedar at this point [See:Jn13:29 commentary]. This also brings to mind 'having a taste of righteousness...'. Also it would be before Judas partook of the Passover meal proper, and the Communion, (which makes better theological sense), and fits all the Good-News accounts in this regard, (including Luke's account I believe. [See: Lk22:23,21-22,24 Commentary]). [Tanakh on betrayal Ps.41:9] Matzah=unleaven bread -[Ex.12:17-20]. JN13:27 Note the order that I believe the statements of this verse, and Mt26:25, occurred (in the MNV Harmony). If in this order, it would indicate yet another reason that the Talmidim wouldn't have reacted to Judas' response, as Judas in Mt26:25, would be answering the statement from Yeshua in Jn13:27. 'That thou doest, do quickly', is interesting in that Judas when leaving the Seder would be faced with a decision, -to wait until the members of the Sanhedrin finished their Seder or, -to go 'quickly' to them, which would have caused them to hurry and finish their Seder to assemble to arrest Him. Had he not gone early, the time-table would have been thrown off, and Yeshua would have been arrested later, which could have resulted in His not being crucified at the time of the Evening Sacrifice, etc.. So, Yeshua's statement shows not only having knowledge of the betrayal, but of all elements in the necessary timing of the betrayal to fulfill Prophecy, knowing before-hand in the Spirit. JN13:29 The provision and preparation of the needful food, and of all that was needful for the feast was allowed on the 15th Nisan expressly in the Mishnah. This would have been especially so when the 1st day of the feast was followed by a Shabbat. -{Life & Times/Eders. Book5:10,508} The Temple-gates were opened at midnight to prepare for the offering of the Chagigah, or festive sacrifice, and the remainder of which was was afterwards eaten at a festive meal.-[Note: Yochanan/John 18:28 (not the Pesach meal)]. The poor who gathered around the Temple might then seek to obtain the help of the charitable. JN13:30 And it was {became(?)} night, seems to be not only descriptive of the time that it was, but possibly as being early in the Seder. Yochanan was telling us that it had JUST become, or just entered into night, (or the sun had not long ago set), which at the time that Judas left would also have been the case. JN13:31 (@ SHULAN ORECH, THE PESACH-SUPPER/MEAL) |