--------------PLEASE PAY ATTENTION THAT----------------

It was announced that the free geocities.com web-hosting is to be closed on October 26, 2009. So I have to move my geocities www-pages to another free web-hosting

www.olkhov.narod.ru/tunguska/index.html
All updates of my www-pages will be just on the new www-site, as this geocities one is to disappear soon. Sorry for inconvenience.

---------------------------------------------------------------------

www.geocities.com/olkhov/abstracts01.htm

The last update of this file: June 30, 2001

THE TUNGUSKA 2001 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ABSTRACTS

  • THE 1908 TUNGUSKA CATASTROPHE: A FORMING KIMBERLITE?
  • Wolfgang Kundt
    Bonn University, Germany

    More than 17 reasons are presented of why the fiery Siberian event of 30 June 1908, near the Stony Tunguska river, was not caused by the infall of a stony asteroid, nor of an (icy) comet, but rather by the volcanic ejection of some 10 Mton of natural gas. For the volcanic (outflow) interpretation, estimates are presented of the involved mass and kinetic energy of the vented natural gas, of its outflow timescale, supersonic and subsonic ranges, and buoyant escape towards the exosphere. The Tunguska event may well have been the present-day formation of a kimberlite:
    (1) The fact that in the literature, the comet-versus-asteroid debate is heftily alive rules against both interpretations: an asteroid would have left a trace, whereas a comet would have exploded too high, also would have been discovered weeks before impact.
    (2) An impacting body, no matter of what consistency, cannot explain the many (> 12) conical holes in the ground, now lakes, which were formed on that morning. Nor can it explain (3) the dozens of tree stumps lying around without recognizable origin, or (4) the tree stump at the bottom of the drained Suslov hole.
    (5) Why does the epicenter lie at the intersection of several fault lines, one of them running towards lake Baikal, and why does it coincide with the Kulikovskii crater, which belongs to the Khushminskii tectono-volcanic complex ? This constellation is reminiscent of kimberlites, as well as (6) the local surface geometry, called 'amphi-theatre' by Kulik, with the 'Merrill circus' in the middle.
    (7) The treefall pattern, which should be parallel for a low-inclination infall, is roughly radial. But it follows the valleys, shows islands of survival and islands of destruction, has (8) more than 4 centers (Kulik's airphotographs) and has (9) inverted profiles (Krinov), with undestroyed trees in the valleys, chopped-off tree-tops on the slopes, and felled trees near the hill tops, asking for blasts from below. (10) The 'telegraph poles' near the epicenter require supersonic shock waves; they are reminiscent of the Hiroshima blast wave.
    (11) Several eyewitnesses reported a large number of 'barisal guns' before they saw (12) 'columns of fire'; this order of events, and orientation, are expected for a volcanic blowout, not for an impact. (13) They sensed heat in their faces, which is difficult to realize for an impact trail.
    (14) The 4 bright nights, straddling the explosive event, will be treated in my accompanying talk. They require clouds in the thermosphere, reminiscent of volcanic activity like Krakatoa (1883). Such volcanic blowouts have been recently detected in the form of (15) rising 'mystery clouds' seen by airplane pilots, and in the form of (16) 'pockmarks' on large parts of the ocean floor.
    (17) All chemical peculiarities found by expeditions were consistent with earthquakes, or 'degassings in active tectonic zones'. Remarkably, (18) the 2000 Italian expedition recorded a radonic storm at gamma-rays near lake Cheko, which lasted some four hours.
    (19) It is well known to geophysicists that only a small minority of terrestrial craters are of meteoritic origin; most of them were formed by volcanism. Volcanism has many different faces, ranging from hardly noticeable outgassing through lava flows through burning torches, mud volcanoes and real volcanoes all the way to explosive, supersonic ejections. In all cases, rising natural gas is the primary piston.

  • THE BRIGHT NIGHTS STRADDLING THE TUNGUSKA CATASTROPHE: CAUSED BY COMETARY DUST IN THE MESOSPHERE, OR BY NATURAL GAS IN THE THERMOSPHERE?
  • Wolfgang Kundt
    Bonn University, Germany

    The bright nights preceding and following the 1908 Tunguska catastrophe in Europe and Western Asia, 29 June till 2 July, above northern latitudes of 42 degrees are unique in recorded history except for the 1883 Krakatoa volcanic eruption.
    Based on the cometary infall hypothesis, Bronshten (1991) explains them via thin cloud layers at heights between 50 and 70 km, formed from settling cometary dust. He argues that such infalling dust gets softly braked, from speeds of about 30 km/s down to 30 m/s, if entering the atmosphere almost horizontally and at a narrow, mass-dependent impact parameter which corresponds to infall heights between 100 and 180 km. For a given mass, this soft-impact height is sensitively fixed to within some km. Sunlight at grazing incidence must scatter twice in succession on such clouds in order to illuminate the western Eurasian continent down to 42 degrees northern latitude.
    In order to make his explanation work - i.e. to reduce the daylight illumination by only a factor of 10^(-5.7 +- 0.5) - Bronshten is forced to push several of his parameters to the limit. From the more than three 'inferred' meteoritic infall trajectories, he has to choose the easternmost, at a rather low inclination angle. For a sufficiently high infalling dust density, he requires a bright comet, like Halley's, brighter than could have gone unnoticed weeks before the assumed impact, whereby an overidealized geometry helps with another factor of ten. For strong scattering, the grains should be moderately heavy, some 10^(-9) g, whereas for illuminating distant enough latitudes, the clouds should hang high, i.e. their grains should be light, some 10^(-13) g. Why have the noctilucent clouds - at heights of 85 km - never given rise to similar bright nights, whereas Krakatoa has done so?! And how can the tails of a comet extend over four successive days, with one of them travelling ahead of its nucleus ?! (For an outgoing comet, there are no trailing tails).
    Instead, I interpret the bright nights of Krakatoa and Tunguska as due to natural gas - mainly methane - which can rise supersonically to the thermobase, some 200 km high, where it is reheated both by solar irradiation and by slow burning (with the surrounding atomic oxygen), and can rise again subsonically,to <= 600 km. Convected water vapour (from partial burning) will freeze out as snow flakes, thus directly scattering the sunlight at thermospheric heights. Angular-momentum conservation of the rising gas can explain its westward drift from the venting site.

  • A possible impact feature in the Okavango Delta
  • Colin Henshaw
    10, Delamere Road, Gatley, Cheadle, Cheshire, SK8 4PH, ENGLAND.

    In December 1993 I was working in Botswana and I was interviewed for a possible new contract at Delta Waters International School in Maun. Maun is a frontier town in the Okavango Delta, and is the main urbanised centre for several hundred kilometres. It is very isolated, and until about ten years ago was only accesable by a long dirt road. This isolation impeded the town's development, but after the road was tarred over, it began to boom. This encouraged tourism and the growth of light industry, and the town expanded rapidly. It now boasts an international airport, and several shopping centres. I first visted Maun in the early 1980's when it was nothing more than an assemblage of crude African huts. These are still there, but after the construction of the new road, many modern buildings have now appeared. During the interview, my interest in astronomy was mentioned, since from this many good scientific projects can be developed, which can captivate the interest of children. The headmistress who was conducting the interview then mentioned a suspected meteorite crater in the Okavango Delta which is located next to the town. I was very interested in this, and suggested it might be a good idea to investigate it with a party of interested students. Soon afterwards I received notification that I had been appointed to teach science in the school, and I started in January 1994. During the Christmas holidays I was in England, where I purchased a small metal detector, to locate metalic meteorites.
    After I started at the school I began to investigate what was already known about the crater. Unfortunately there were two conflicting stories. One safari operator said it occured in 1978, on August 12th., at 12.30 local time, and that it was associated with a minor earthquake. Unfortunately this could just be a coincidence as the Okavango Delta lies at the end of the African Rift Valley system, and is known to be seismically active. The strongest quake ever recorded in the area was of magnitude 6 on the Richter scale, though it didn't cause much damage. A few buildings were damaged slightly but there were no casualties. This was due to the fact that most of Botswana is covered in several hundred metres of Kalahari Sand, which cushions the effect of any earthquakes. A second safari operator said he discovered the crator in the early 1950's when he first arrived in the country and that it was known to local people for about twenty years before that. One of these safari operators was not telling the truth, though for what reason was unknown.
    On April 23rd., 1994 an expedition was organised with a local person who knew the location of the crater. It was located in the centre of the Okavango Delta, in an area known as Khurunxaraga, not far from Beacon and Bobo Islands. It was only about 35 kilometres from Maun, but accessable only by four wheel drive vehicles. The roads into the delta were nothing more than dirt tracks, and this resulted in a journey time of about 2h 45m. The crater was located inside the Buffalo Fence, an enclosure around the delta designed to keep domestic and wild animals apart. Inside the fence the vegetation becomes much thicker as it is not overgrazed by the goats which the Batswana keep in large numbers. Once inside the fence, sightings of wild animals become common.
    The feature is not visible from the road due to the thick vegetation, so a tour guide is essential before any intended expedition can succeed. On arrival I set my students the task of investigating the crater. It was found to be only about 22 metres in diameter, and about 3.5 to 4 metres deep. The students used tape measures and strin to make their measurements. The crater was saucer-shaped, and the sides of the crater had suffered a certain amount of gullying. In fact it bore a remarkable resemblance to the Arizona Meteorite Crater, in miniature! The sides of the crater were bare, but the interior was overgrown with grass. The material in which the crater was excavated was soft Calcrete, a substance which is very common in Botswana and formed under desert conditions. It is used extensively in road making. Calcrete is a conglomerate formed from the cementation of sand and gravel with calcium carbonate. Around the crater the soil was sandy. Using the metal detector my students swept the area both inside and outside the crater, but did not find any metalic objects. Nor was their any stony material apart from the usual calcrete which was found everywhere.
    Now that the feature had been investigated, it was essential to determine whether it was natural or artifical in orgin. It may just have been a hole excavated by local people to obtain building material. However, people digging a hole would tend to heap excavated material randomly around the hole and there was no evidence for this. The location was very isolated, with no substantial settlements in the area, so there was no reason why anyone would want to excavate in that area. It might be a bomb crater, but the Botswana Defence Force had not been active in the area. It had also been suggested that the South African Defence Force might have off-loaded unused bombs after bombing raids on Angola during the late 1970's. However to produce such a crater would require a very large bomb, and the results of the metal detection programme did not reaveal any evidence of shrapnel. So it was generally felt this explaination could be discounted. Some have suggested it may be a "sink hole," - some kind of subsidence feature. However, if it was, then one would expect other similar features tobe found. This is not the case and the feature appears to be unique.
    It was generally believed by those who have visited the site that the feature is a meteorite crater. Photographs were submitted to Neil Bone of the BAA Meteor Section, and to Colin Pilinger of the Open University in Milton Keynes, and the possibility could not be discounted. Colin Pilinger pointed out a relationship existing between an impacting body and the size of crater produced, such that the crater is about ten times the diameter of the object. If the impact explaination is correct, that would suggested an impactor about 2 metres in diameter. The impactor would bury itself deep below ground, and if it came in at an angle, would not be necessarilly be located unde the crater. Colin Pilinger pointed out that a large meteorite recovered recently in China excavated a hole 28 metres across and 6 metres deep.
    Those who have visited the site and also those who had seen photographs could not discount a meteoritic origin for the crater. It was considered worth preserving as it is, and any attempt to recover the meteorite, should it exist, would irreparably damage the crater. Erosion could be a serious problem, so any future visitors should be discouraged from going inside it.

  • Anomalous luminous phenomena and Project A.L.P
  • Erol Erkmen
    Colour Reproduction Engineer
    Chairman,TUVPO

    My friends and I who have been closely following UFOlogy have read many abstracts dealing with the relationship between UFO's and earthquakes. This is an interesting topic that has always been in the corner of our minds. When doing research for our Black List Page(http://www.tuvpo.com/krlst.html ), the phenomena that appear to come from other planets, we've seen that most were natural phenomena and we have partly explained them.
    The phenomena connecting balls of light to earthquakes seem to be separate topics. Balls of light were observed as materials or particles falling from the sky; burning and scattering light as they enter the atmosphere. However, this phenomenon related to earthquakes is an expression of underground movements. Many names have been given to this phenomenon since it has not yet been totally explained. Unfortunately it still does not have one common name.
    There was also similar confusion on our pages but the latest UFO reports that we've received and the recent earthquake (Izmit earthquake, 17 August 1999) (pics:http://www.geocities.com/utkualgan/ ) we have just lived through have shown us that we need to take another look at this subject. That's why we had to make changes in the content of our page. We would like to request from our friends who read our pages to be aware of ALP's and to report any of their observations or research on this topic to us.
    To have a better understanding of this phenomenon, let's combine the TECTONIC STRAIN THEORY with our own ideas and formulate our own theory. Our first inclination would be to give this phenomenon a Turkish name but, this would distance us from the rest of the world so for the time being we will also call it ALP (Anomalous Luminous Phenomena). The originator of this concept is Michael A. Persinger, Ph.D. from Laurentian University Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
    Although it still may appear as a UFO, the ALP is being brought to light. UFO's observed in Nevsehir city and the lights that have been followed all over the world are actually an indication of a paranormal event occurring underground and indicating important changes in a specific region. There are many reports that prove our theory and we will publish some of them on our pages.
    We all know about crystals and that there are many in nature. The quartz crystal is especially interesting as it gives off vibration in the presence of an electric current and it produces electricity when it is vibrated. It has many scientific applications due to this special feature. These crystals, when rubbed together, give off sparks/light.
    Sometimes there are movements at the cracks in the crust of the earth. We call these cracks fault lines (the breaking and movement of the layers of rock that forms the crust of the earth). The seismic movements on the crust rub these separate pieces together. The earthquake can continue until the fault line discharges all of its energy. Balls of light are generally formed at a time close to this very high energy discharge that is produced, with the help of crushed crystal particles if there are crystalline structures present. The formation and colour of these balls of light differ due to atmospheric pressure.Balls of light can sometimes hang in the air for a long time and may move - usually soft turns and up and down movements due to changes in atmospheric pressure. The soil in Nevsehir city has similar properties. Magnetic fields and piezo electricity formed underground produced the long observed UFO's. The colours of these light balls change according to the condition of the gases in the atmosphere; for example when carbon dioxide increases they give off a blue colour. If our theory is correct, when an ALP is formed, seismic movements can also be observed in that region.
    You can find many examples in our tuvpo web pages. But the latest example is here. A verification report and an effective proof: EARTHQUAKE !! (Izmit earthquake, 17 August 1999). Another example is the ALP observed in Sefakoy and the earthquake that followed. We will continue to collect information about ALP's whenever possible. We believe that serious research about this phenomenon will result in a decrease in the number of deaths resulting from earthquakes by providing an early warning signal. From all our friends who read our pages, we request that you remain open and aware to the presence of ALP's and report any unusual observation to us. ALPs, An unidentified flying object (UFO) is a contemporary term that has been applied primarily to Anomalous Luminous Phenomena (ALP). They display odd movements, emit unusual colours or sounds and occasionally deposit physical residues. When these phenomena closely approach a human observer, exotic forces and perceptions are frequently reported. Most ALP's have a duration time of just minutes and appear to show spatial dimensions of a few meters.
    Despite their remarkably similar descriptions over time and across cultures, the transience and localized occurrence of these phenomena have limited their systematic investigation. Explanations for these phenomena have ranged from social misperceptions and delusions to some variant of mystical or extraterrestrial intelligence. However the only testable concept that has been formulated to date is the Tectonic Strain Theory. It states that most UFO phenomena are natural events, generated by stresses and strains within the crust of the earth. The phrase "most UFO phenomena" is emphasized because the primary measurement is still human observation and classification. Due to their limitations, overinclusion of events or experiences that are not coupled to tectonic stress or strain are expected. Highly unlikely but nonetheless possible episodes of extraterrestrial sources could be contained within that residual.
    The TST was originated from inductive rather than deductive processes; the data themselves revealed the principle that allowed the development of the theory.
    We as TUVPO know from our research that there is the effect of the natural gas in the discovery of the source of A.L.P. This gas glows in air probably by the triggering of the static electricity. Static electricity increases with the friction of the fault lines. If we can prove here the relation of the seismic movements with A.L.P, which we believe there is, wouldn't the detection of the this neutral gas and the measurement of the static electricity be a signal for an upcoming earthquake ??
    project ALP: http://www.tuvpo.com/deprem.html
    ALP reports: http://www.tuvpo.com/alpreports/alpeng.html

  • THE SAGUENAY, QUEBEC, EARTHQUAKE LIGHTS OF NOVEMBER 1988-JANUARY 1989
  • France St-Laurent
    Comm. Scol. Marguerite-Bourgeoys, Centre Clement, LaSalle (Quebec), Canada H8R 1X8
    [email protected]

    From November 1988 until the end of January 1989 the Saguenay region (Quebec, Canada) experienced 67 earthquakes (EQ). A foreshock M 4.8 mbLg occured on November 23. Two days later, the 25th, an unexpected M 6.5 mbLg shock was recorded (both shocks occured during hours of darkness). All aftershocks were also recorded during the following months of December and January.
    Following the same spatial and temporal pattern of the seismic activity, 46 unusual luminosities were seen by some Saguenay and Lac St-Jean inhabitants; of these, 8 preceded the foreshock. Most of the sightings fit the 5 category classification system by Montandon: seismic lightning (mostly, reddish atmospheric glow) luminous bands or rays, globular incandescent masses, fire tongues (small flames creeping near the ground) and seismic "flame" (or flame-like luminosity). The author propose a 6th category: the coronal and point discharge-like type. Most of the reports compare favorably with observations during other large EQs: Longling (China) 1976, Vrancea (Romania) 1940 and 1977, Kobe (Japan) 1995, etc... Of particular interest is one report of a trapper standing near an important fault (Saguenay Graben South wall) and only 17 km from the main shock epicenter, who, while engulfed by a fast moving bright bluish-white light, heard a crackling noise emitted by the trees. The crackling noise accompanied the movement of the luminous body, which was contacting the surface of the ground in his motion. Before the main shock, radio interferences were also heard in the AM band (1420 KHz).
    Note: A detailled article has been published on that subject in Vol. 71, Nu. 2, March-April 2000 of the Seismological Research Letters.

  • GEOPHYSICAL METEORS
  • Andrei Yu. Ol'khovatov
    Russia, Moscow
    [email protected]

    About 2 centuries ago science have recognized that "indeed stones can fall from the sky", and soon afterwards almost every fireball in the sky was interpreted as a rock from outer space (meteoroid) entering the atmosphere. But some fireball's events don't conform the meteoroidal interpretation. For example, Corliss W. pays attention on the low-level meteor-like luminous phenomena [1].
    The present investigation reveals that the meteor-like phenomena are much more common and are not limited to low heights. So the special term is needed. As till now we don't know their physical mechanism, probably the term "geophysical meteors" or "geometeors" seems to be appropriate. What do we know about geometeors? A geometeor resembles a high-speed ball-lightning. The author's investigation reveals its association with some atmospheric processes (especially before cloudiness upsurge), and its gravitation to geological discontinuities (faults etc.), and such geological heterogeneities as outcrops, intrusions, ore deposits etc.) [2]. There are also some other possible correlations, which are still under question [2].
    A remarkable feature of geometeors is that sometimes geometeors release a large amount on energy. For example in the 1994 Cando event 20 meters-long pine trees were thrown away up to 80 meters[3]!
    There are also hints that, at least, sometimes a geometeor can deposit (transport?) some terrestrial substance. Its deposit often looks like strongly heated, and altered by very powerful electromagnetic waves.
    Existing data hint that a geometeor is a result of coupling between some endogenic (tectonic) processes and atmospheric processes. And indeed, similar events occurr in association with earthquakes (a kind of "earthquake lights"), and in association with a thunderstorm ("classic" ball-lightning). Apparently, geometeors are in-between these phenomena. Probably electromagnetic self-organization phenomena play large role in them. More info can be read in: www.geocities.com/olkhov

    References
    1. Corliss W.: Lightning, Auroras, Nocturnal Lights, And Related Luminous Phenomena. A Catalog of Geophysical Anomalies.// The Sourcebook project, Glen Arm, MD, USA, 242 p. (1982)
    2. Ol'khovatov A.Yu.: Evidences for Geophysical Origin of The 1997 Greenland Fireball Event.// Proc. 6th Intern. Symp. Ball Lightning, Aug.23-25, 1999, , ed. G. Dijkhuis, Univ. of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium, p.38 (1999). Also posted in: http://www.geocities.com/olkhov/gr1997.htm
    3. Docobo R., Spalding R., Ceplecha Z., et al.// Meteoritics & Planetary Sci., v.33, p.57 (1998).

  • The mirror world interpretation of the 1908 Tunguska event.
    �������� �㭣��᪮�� ᮡ��� 1908 ���� ��� ��ઠ�쭮�� ���.
  • R. Foot
    �. ���
    Australia, The University of Melbourne
    [email protected]

    Just like antimatter was predicted to exist by requiring consistency of quantum theory with Lorentz symmetry, `Mirror matter' is predicted to exist if left-right symmetry (i.e. mirror symmetry) is conserved by the fundamental particle interactions of nature. Mirror matter is capable of simply explaining a large number of contemporary puzzles in astrophysics and particle physics including: Explanation of the inferred `dark matter' in the Universe, the existence of close-in extrasolar gas giant planets, apparently `isolated' planets, the solar, atmospheric neutrino anomalies, the orthopositronium lifetime anomaly and perhaps even gamma ray bursts. One fascinating possibility is that our solar system contains small mirror matter space bodies (asteroid or comet sized objects), which are too small to be revealed from their gravitational effects but nevertheless have explosive implications when they collide with the Earth. We examine the possibility that the 1908 Tunguska explosion was the result of the collision of a mirror matter space body with the Earth. We point out that if this catastrophic event and many other similar but smaller events are manifestations of the mirror world then these impact sites should be a good place to start digging for mirror matter. Mirror matter could potentially be extracted and purfied using a centrifuge and have many useful industrial applications.

  • Do mirror planets exist in our solar system?
  • R. Foot and Z. K. Silagadze*
    *Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics. 630 090 Novosibirsk, Russia.

    Mirror matter is predicted to exist if parity is an unbroken symmetry of nature. Currently, there is a large amount of evidence that mirror matter actually exists coming from astrophysics and particle physics. One of the most fascinating (but speculative) possibilities is that there is a significant abundance of mirror matter within our solar system. If the mirror matter condensed to form a large body of planatary or stellar mass then there could be interesting observable effects. Indeed studies of long period comets suggest the existence of a solar companion which has escaped direct detection and is therefore a candidate for a mirror body. Nemesis, hypothetical ``death star" companion of the Sun, proposed to explain biological mass extinctions, may potentially be a mirror star. We examine the prospects for detecting these objects if they do indeed exist and are made of mirror matter. The possible connection of these ideas to the Tunguska phenomenon was indicated by Foot and Gninenko: if the photon-mirror photon mixing parameter is big enough, mirror meteoroids would effectively interact with Earth's atmosphere, releasing most of their kinetic energy in the atmosphere and possibly ending in atmospheric explosion. In such ``Tunguska-like''events neither meteoroid fragments nor any significant crater would be found.

  • � �ਭ��������� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� ��⥮୮�� ��������� ���-���ਤ
    On belonging of Tunguska meteorite to meteor complex Beta-Taurides.
  • �.�.���஢
    A.V. Bagrov
    ������� ���஭���� ���ᨩ᪮� �������� ���
    Institute of Astronomy Russian Academy of Science

    � 1998-99 �.�. �뫨 �஢����� ���᪮�� ������� ��������� ��⭨��� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� � ������ ���ࠤ���⮢ �������� ��⮪� ���-���ਤ � �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮��. ������� �஢������� �� 60-� ⥫�᪮�� �⠭樨 "��ᬮ���" (�������), �᭠饭��� ⥫��������� ᢥ⮯ਥ������ � �஭���饩 ᨫ�� 18m. �஢������ ������� �� ���� �� ������ ��㯭��� ��ꥪ� � ��᫥�������� ��⮪�. ������⢨� ᪮��-����� ��㯭�� ��⥮ந��� � ��⮪� ���-���ਤ �᪫�砥� ����� ��������� ��� ����� ��� � �㭣��᪨� ��⥮�⮬. ��᪠�뢠���� �।��������� � ���� ⨯�� ������� 拉�, �ᯠ� ������ ��஦���� ��⥮�� ��⮪�.

    Abstract: In the 1998-1999 special observations in the vicinity of anti-radiants of Beta-Taurides and Tungusska meteorite were conducted to detect possible fellows of the Tunguska Meteorite. The observations were based on 60-cm TV-telescope with 18m limiting magnitude at the Kosmoten Station (Zelenchuk, North Caucuses). Two-years observations did not detect any significant body in the investigated stream. This result denied presence of large particles in the Beta-Taurides and exclude direct genetic connection between it and the Tungusska Meteorite. A hypothesis on two different tips of comet nuclei that produce meteor streams after comet dying is advanced.

  • ����⢮ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮��. ������ ࠩ�� �믠����� ��㯭�� ��������
    Tunguska meteorite substance. A probable area of large fragments fall
  • ���設 �.�.
    Doroshin I.K.
    �.����
    ���� "�㭣��᪨� ��⥮��"
    [email protected]

    ����� ����稥 ��।��� ��ᨬ������� �⪫������ �뢠�� ��� ࠭�� �ࠪ⮢����� ��� ᫥� ��������᪮� ����� �� ਪ��� ⥫�. ������ �����뢠��, �� � �⮬ ��砥 �� �����⨬�� ��ࠬ���� �ࠥ��ਨ ����� ⥫� ������ �뫮 ����뢠�� ��ॣ�㧪� � ���ࠢ�����, �����筮� ��������, ����� 50000 �/�2 , �.�. � 5000 ࠧ �ॢ��室�饥 �᪮७�� ᢮������� �������. ������� ⠪�� ��ॣ�㧪� � �����筮� ���ࠢ����� ��� ����⢥����� ⥫� �� ��� ����⢥���� �������� � �⬮��� ����������, ⠪ ��� � ��த� �� ������� ���室��� ����⢥���� ��堭����� ��� �⮣�.
    ����� �᫨ �ࠪ⮢��� ��ᨬ������ �⪫������ ������ ��� ᫥� ��������᪮� �����, � �� ��易�� �।�������� ����⢮����� ⥫� ��� ������⭮�� �� ��㯭�� ⥫, ᯮᮡ��� �맢��� ����������� �����, �� �ᥬ ���殮��� �ࠥ��ਨ, ��� ������� ��ᨬ������ �⪫������ �, �஬� ⮣�, ��易�� �।�������� �����筮 ������� ����� �����饣��� ⥫� ��� ��������.
    ����� ��।��� ��ᨬ������ �⪫������ �뢠�� ��� ��᫥�������� �� ����ﭨ� 15 �� ���। �� �ࠥ��ਨ �� �ᮡ�� �窨 �뢠�� (���業��), �� 祣� ᫥���, ன ⥫ �� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� ����⢮��� ����� ᥪ㭤� ��᫥ ���뢠. �⮣� ������ �����筮, �⮡� ��㯭� ������� ��⥮�� ����� ������ �����孮�� �����.
    ���� �� �������� ���⮢��� ������� ��ࠬ��ࠬ �ࠥ��ਨ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� ������� �믠����� ��㯭�� �������� ������ �ᯮ�������� ����� ���⠬� 564,0 � 498,2 �, �ᯮ������묨 ����� ��⮪��� ����� ���� � ४� ��謮.

  • ����⢮ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮��. ���᪨ ᫥�� ��뫥����� ����⢠.
    Tunguska meteorite substance. Search for a trace of dispersed substance
  • ���設 �.�., ���મ �.�.
    Doroshin I.K., Boyarko E.Yu.
    �.����
    ���� "�㭣��᪨� ��⥮��"
    [email protected]

    ����� �� �஫�� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� ������ �뫨 ��ࠧ������� ����� �ᯫ��� ����⢠ (����樮��� ᫥�). ���᪨ ᫥��� �믠����� ⠪��� ����⢠ � ������஢����� ��ꥪ� (���) � ࠩ���, ���ᠭ��� ���७᪨� ��� ������� 諥�� ���ﭨ� ����⢠ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮��, �� ���⢥न�� ᢥ��䮭���� �믠����� � 1908 ����.
    ����� ���᪨ 諥�� ���ﭨ� �뫨 �த������ � ��㣨� ࠩ����. ����� �஡��� ���頤�� �뫨 �������� �� ���� �� ����ﭨ�� 100 -120 �� �� ���業��. ������� ࠩ��� �� ���⮪� � ᥢ��-���⮪� (�. ����� ���) , �� ᥢ��-���⮪� �� ᥢ��-������ (�. ���), �� -���⮪� ��  (�.�. �����, ������, ����������� �㭣��᪠) � ��  �� -������ (�. ����������� �㭣��᪠ �� ���. ������� �� ���. �᪮��). �� ������� ࠩ��� �� ��⮪�� �. ����� �� ��⮪�� �. ����� ��� � ࠩ�� �� ���. �᪮��� �� ���. ���ࠩ.
    ���� �� ��� �஡�� ���, �஬� ������ � ��⮪�� �. �����, ᮤ�ন��� 䮭���� ������⢮ ����᪨� ����. �஡� �� ࠩ��� ���客쥢 �.����� ᮤ�ঠ� � ��ਧ����, ������� � ��������, ����襭��� ��� 2-4 ���浪� ������⢮ ����᪨� ����. � ��� �� ��ਧ���� �⬥砥��� ������ ������� ��᪠ ⠪��� �� ࠧ���, �� � ����᪨� �����.

  • � ᮢ६����� ���室�� � ���᪠� ᫠������������� ����⢠ �㭣��᪮�� ��ᬨ�᪮�� ⥫� (���)
    On modern approaches to search for weakly-altered substance of Tunguska spacebody.
  • ��䨭��������.��. (��� <�㭣��᪨�>), ��䨭���������.��. (����, ����), �㤠�����.��. (���, ����)
    Anfinogenov D.F., Anfinogenova Ya.D., Budaeva L.I.

    ��⠭������� ����⢥���� ��த� ���, ����⭮, �����⢥��� ���� �襭�� �஡���� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� 1908��. �뤥����� ����⢠ ��� �� ���⭮�� ���ਠ�� ࠩ��� ��� ������� �� �⮬�୮-���⮯��� �஢��, �� �஢�� �㡬��஭��� ���� � ����������� ���� ࠧ��஬ 10-200����, ��� �������� �ࠪ⨪�, ���쬠 �஡�����筮 �� ��� ��稭.
    1.���᫥������� �� �⮬ �஢�� �ॡ��� ����� ����讣� ������⢠ �஡ ��� ����⨪�, �� �⮬ ����室��� ���ᯥ��� ��⮤��᪮� ������ࠧ��, ����� � �筮��� �����⮢�⥫��� � �������᪨� ��楤��, ���ந���������� १���⮢.
    2.��ᮡ�������� ���⭮�� ���娬��᪮�� 䮭� ���� ������⢨� �� �����孮�� �����, ���㤫���� ����࠭�⢥���-�६����� ࠧ��饭�� � ᬥ襭�� �ᠤ���� � ����থ���� ��த ࠧ��� ��������᪨� ��ਮ���. ����� ���娬��᪨� 䮭 ��ਮ� ����� ᢮� ����樨 � ��������. �����祭�� ��⠥��� ����� � ������ �������� � ���娬�� ��㯭��� �த�஢������ ���ॡ������ ��ࠧ������ ⨯� ���஡���� � ���客��� �.������. ����室��� ��⠫쭠� ��������᪠� �ꥬ�� ࠩ��� � ����⠡� 1:50000. ���㠫�� ���� ���祭�� ����吝���� ������஢����� ��ꥪ⮢ ⨯� ������ ������� �������㫠�� � ���� �� ����筮ᨡ��᪨� ����� �㯥௮��஢, ��᫥�������� ������, ᯮᮡ��� �᪠���� ���⨭� �������� �믠����� 1908��.
    3.��� ��� <४������樨> ��室���� ����⢠ ��� �� ����- �� �������ﭨ� �।�⮨� ���� ����� � ������� ��������묨 �� ����७樠樨, �ࠪ樮��஢����, ᥯��樨, �����⥫쭮� 娬��᪮� �஧�� � ⮬� ������� ���室�� ����ᠬ.
    ���᪠������ �ਢ���� ��� � �뢮��, �� ⮫쪮 ���᪨ ᫠������������� 娬��᪨ � ����ࠫ���-���ண���᪨ ��ᬨ�᪮�� ����⢠ �� ᮢ६����� �஢�� ������ � ��� ������� 蠭�� ���� �஡���� � 楫��.
    � ��᫥���� ���� �� �ணࠬ��� ��� � ��� <�㭣��᪨�> ࠧࠡ��뢠���� ���᭮����� ��⠫쭮� ��������᪮� �ꥬ�� � 1:50000 ࠩ��� �������� � ࠧ�����, �ਥ��஢���� �� ���᪨ ᫠������������� ��ᬨ�᪮�� ����⢠ � �ଥ ���� �㡬�������஢��� ࠧ��� � ��� � 楫�� ����窨 �뫮��� ��� ������ ���ﭨ� ���.
    �뫮 �ਧ���� 楫�ᮮ�ࠧ�� �ਬ����� ��⮤ �ࠢ��⥫쭮�� �࠭㫮�����᪮�� ����ࠫ���-���ண���᪮�� ������� �஡ �� �।�� ࠧ��� �⥯��� ����ࠫ���樨, �� ��������᪨ ࠧ��த�� �����, �� ��ਧ��⠬ � ᫮�, <�墠�뢠�騬> ᫮� 1908 �., �� �⪥ �祪 +-10��� �� �.����ன (�.���ࢨ�᪨�) �� ���ࠢ����� ��-�� +-7��� ��௥������୮ �⮬� ���ࠢ�����. ���ࠬ� ����� �஡� � ��᪮�쪨� �ࠪ���� �窠� ���業�ࠫ쭮� ����.
    � ᫮�, ������饬 1908��., �⬥祭� �⭮�⥫쭮� ��������� ����ࠫ��� �᭮���� ������ ��த � �����饭�� ᫠������ࠫ��������� �। �⥪������묨, ᢥ���������묨, ���筮 ���������묨 ���栬� �㡬�������஢��� ࠧ��� ������������ ��பᥭ�, �����������, �⭮��騬��� � ��⠢� �宭��⮢ ⨯� ����⮢. �ਬ������ ��⮤ ������� ᢮� ��䥪⨢�����. � �����饥 �६� ��ࠡ��뢠���� ��⮤��� �⡮� � ��ࠡ�⪨ �஡. ����������� ࠧ������ ������ ࠡ���.

  • �㭣��᪠ 2001�. ��⮤��� ��ᯨ⠭�� 誮�쭨��� ��᫥����⥫ﬨ ᫮���� ����� ����⢮������ �� �ਬ�� �㭣��᪮� �஡����.
    Tunguska 2001. Methods of schoolchildren's bringing up for being complicated natural tasks's investigators on example of Tunguska problem.
  • ��⮭��� �.�.,�����楢 �.�.(�������� �4, �.��᭮���).
    Antonova O.V., Galantsev G.P.

    ���� ���饭�� � ��ᬨ�᪮� �஡����⨪� �������� �ਢ����⥫�� � ᫮��� ������ � ����� �������⥫쭮�� � 䠪���⨢���� ��ࠧ������ � �।��� 誮��.
    ���� � ��襬 ��砥, ⮫窮� � ���祭�� ��ᬨ��� � ����� ��ᬨ�᪨� ���樯���, ���� ����㦥��� ������ 7-9 ����ᮢ � ���襭�� ������ �.�. �㭣��᪮� �஡����, �易���� � �������� ���뢮� � ������� � 1908�.
    ���� ��।������ ��㯯� 誮�쭨��� ��⨢�� 㢫������ � ��⨢�� ࠡ����� � ࠬ��� �।�������� ⥬�, � �ࠤ�樮���� �������� �㭣��᪮� �஡���� - <�㭣��᪨� ��⥮��> �� ��뢠�� � <��ᬮᮬ>, �ந�室��� � ��� �⠯�.
    ���� ����, �� �⥭�� � ����뢮� � 1-2 ������ �������� ���権 ࠧ���묨 ����ࠬ�, � ���㦤����� �⥭����� �������� ᯥ樠���⮢ �� ࠧ���� ����⥧�� �㭣��᪮� ��������.
    ���� ��ன, �஢������ �।� ����� � ᥡ� 誮�쭨��� ������� ���⮢ � �㭣��᪮� ���뢥.
    ���� �������� ��㯯� �� 10-15 ���⥫��, � �����쭮� ��ਮ��筮���� 㣫㡫���� ��������������� � �������ᮬ ���ᨩ � ࠡ��� ����⥧ (�� 100 ��ਠ�⮢ ࠧ����� �� 5-7 ����������� ������) �� ��� ���ࠢ�����:
    ���� -�ਢ��� ��������� �����饭�� �� ��ᬮ�, �.�. ��������� �ࠪ��[1];
    ���� -���筨� ��������� �����饭�� ������ �����, �.�. ��������� �ࠪ�� [2];
    ���� -�������� �������� �裡 ����������� � ����������� �ࠪ�஢ ��������.
    ���� ������ ��⮤��᪨� �ਬ�஬ �� �⮬ �⠯� ���祭��, ���� �ਬ�� �⠭������� ���筮� ��⥮�⨪�[3], ����� ��������� �� ४� ���३ � ���ᥩ᪮� �㡥୨� � 1749 �. <�����ᮢ� ������> �ࠪ⮢����� ⮫쪮 ��稭��� ����������� �ࠪ��. ��砫� 19 ����, �ࠪ�୮ ������⨧�樥� ��㪨 � ࠧ��⨥� �� ��⮤��᪮� ���� ��������� �ਧ���� (��᫥����⥫� ������) � <�����ᮢ�� ������> ���� ����⮢���� ��⥮��, �.�. ��������� (��ᬨ�᪨�) ��୨. ��横�������� �㭣��᪮� �஡���� ������ ����� ��ᬠ�ਢ��� �� �ਬ�� <�����ᮢ� ������>, ��� ��ਠ�� ��⮤��᪮�� �㯨��.
    ���� �������� ����� ࠡ��-���⮢ � �.�. <�㭣��᪮� ��⥮��>, ����祭�� � 40-���� ��ࢮ�� ����� 祫����� � ��ᬮ�, �㡫�筮 ����訢���� � ���㦤����� �� ����ਭ᪨� �⥭���. ���������� �⮣�� ��������� ����� � ����⮭�� ����� �������� �஡���� �������� ����. �祭���� �뫨 ��᢮��� ������ ᫥����⮢ � ���ଠ��� <��ᬨ���> ࠧ��� ࠭���. �� ���⭨�� 䠪���⨢��� ����⨩ �� �㭣��᪮� �஡���� �থ�⢥��� � ������ <�����> ����饭� � <��ᬮ�࠭��> �������᭮� �������⥫쭮� ��ᯥ��樨 (���) �� ��᫥������� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� (�⠡ ��� - ���᪨� ���㭨������). �� �� ���९��� 㢫�祭����� 誮�쭨��� ��ᬮᮬ, � �⮩��� ����� � ���祭�� ��������-����.
    ���� ������騬 �⠯�� ��ᯨ⠭�� ��᫥����⥫�� ᫮���� �����, �뫠 ��।����� ����� �����⮢�� ���筮 �᭠饭��� � �����᪨ �����⮢������ 誮�쭮� ��ᯥ��樨 �� ���� �㭣��᪮� �������� ��� ���஭���� ���, ���᪮�� � ��᭮��᪮�� 㭨�����⮢.

  • � ����祭�� ���䨧��᪨ ��⨢��� � ��������� ��� ����� � ��� ������� ����� � 1.
    On inclusion of geophysical active and anomalous zones of the Earth into "Reserve of Planet Earth No. 1" (ecological expedition of cosmonauts).
  • ���ﭮ� �.�. (�����ᯥ���� ��ᬮ���⮢, �.��᭮���).
    Zyryanov S.V.

    ���� ���ய������� � �孨�᪮� �������� ������ 樢�����樨 �� ��த� �����, ���� �� ������୮� ���ॡ�⥫��⢮ � ᥡ�ਨ�᪨� ������ ��� 祫�����⢠. ������� 䫮�� � ��� ����� ����� � �������᪨�� 䠪�ࠬ� ������� � ���饬 � ������� ��襩 �������. �।�०����� ��ୠ�᪮�� � ���ﭨ�������� �� �������� �ਭ����� � ��砫� 3-��� ����祫��� �� ����� �� ���⠭��.
    ���� ���樨஢����� ��ᬮ���⠬�� � ���஭��⠬� ������ �஬�諥���� ��࠭ �������� <����� ���� �������> - ����ୠ⨢� ����㬭�� �⨫���樨 ������ ����ᮢ, ᮢ६����� ���������� � ��������᪮�� �������� � ᮢ६����� ���.
    ���� ���������� ����� �� ��ᯫ���㥬�� � ���ਪ�᭮������ ���, �ਧ���� ��ᮥ�������� � <���� ������� ����� � 1> � ������� ���ਪ�᭮������ ����਩ ᯠ�� ����������� � ����� �㭤����⠫��� ���ண��䨧����� ᠬ�ॣ���� �������.
    ���� � �裡 � 祬, ���㠫�� �⠭������ ����室������ ������������� ࠧ��筮� �⥯���, �᭮���� ���䨧��᪨ ��⨢��� � ��������� ��� �����, ��ᮥ�������� �� � ������ ����祭�� � �������� <����� ���� �������>.
    ���� ���ࠡ�⠭ �ਬ��� ᯨ᮪ ��� ���.

  • ��孮������� �㭣��᪮�� ᮡ���.
    Technogenesis of Tunguska event.
  • ��������� �.�.
    Kovalenko G.D.
    �����᪠� ��ப�ᬨ�᪠� �������� ��.��.���⭥��, �.��᭮���

    ���� ���ᬮ�७ ��ਠ�� �㭣��᪮�� ᮡ��� ��� १���� ॠ�樨 ����������⢨� ���஭�-���⮭����� ��⮪� 横��筮�� ����祭�� ����� � ५��⮢� ��⮪�� ���㦠�饣� ��ᬨ�᪮�� ����࠭�⢠.
    ���� ������ ���ࣥ⨪� ᮡ��� ������� ����������� ��堭���� ᨭ���୮� (१���� ���室�) �࠭��ଠ樨 ���ࣨ�, ������� � ��ࠧ������ ����� � ࠧ���� �⮬�� ��ᮬ � ���� ����蠭��� �뫥������ ����, � ⮬ �᫥ ������⮢ �࠭��࠭���� ��㯯� ⠡���� ����������.
    ���� �।����������, �� ������� ��堭��� ���� ॣ����, � ������������� �����⭮�� ����⢠ � �����筮� ��⥬� ��� ��� ᫥��⢨�.

  • ��ਠ�� ��⮤��᪮� ���ᯥ�⨢� �㭣��᪮� �஡����. (�� �ࠢ�� �����ᨨ)
    A variant of methodological outlook of Tunguska problem (discussion).
  • �����楢 �.�.
    Galantsev G.P.
    �����᪮� ����⢮ ���ਨ � �������, �.��᭮���

    ���� ���६����� ���ﭨ� �㭣��᪮� �஡���� ����� �������� ��横������� ����� �������� ����訥 ���� �� �� �����樨 ��ࢮ�� ��⥮�� <�����ᮢ� ������>.
    ���� �������� ��⮤��᪮� ���� ��᫥���⥫�� �㭣��᪮� �஡���� �⬥砫��� �� ��襤襩 ������ ����७樨 �� �஡���� � 1998�. � �. ��᭮��᪥. ���� �।�������� ��� ��� ��室� �� 横���᪮� ���樨, �� ���⥭�䨪��� � ��⥭�䨪��� ����� ���祭�� �஡����.
    ���� � ��ࢮ�� �⭮����� ��⮤� �.�. ⥮਩ �襭�� ��᫥����⥫�᪨� ����� � ⥮਩ �襭�� ������⥫�᪨� �����. ���騢���� १���⮢ �� �ᥬ ���ࠢ����� � ��᫥���騬 �⮫��������� � ࠧ�襭��� ��⨢��稩 � १����� ࠧ��� �����⥩. ���� ����襭�� ��⨢��稩 ᬥ���� �����⥩ ��������: ॠ�쭮�, ����㠫쭮� � ���⠫쭮� (��⮤ <ᨡ��᪮� �ன��>) �� �㭣��᪮� �஡���� �।�������� ������ ����蠭���� १���� �������� ��横������ �஡����.
    ���� �� ��஬� �⭮����� ��⮤� �뢮�� ���ਥ� ���筮� ���⮢�୮�� � ᮮ⭮襭�� ������樯������� ������ १���⮢, � ⮬ �᫥ �� �ਬ�� 㦥 �襭��� �� �⮣� ������ ������ �஡���.

  • ���� ���ࠢ����� � ��᫥������� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮��.
    New directions in the Tunguska meteorite research.
  • ������ �.�.
    Ivanov G.A,

    �� ��� �����⭮ ���� ��᫥����⥫� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� �.�. �㫨� ��� ��। �������� - � ����� ���ࠢ����� ��� �� �뢠� �� ����� ��� �� ���⮪. �� ���� ���� �� �������� �� �������� �뢠��. �� ����筮� �뢠�� �뫠 ��ᯥ���� ���襩 誮��. ���६����� ��ᬨ�᪠� �ꥬ�� � ��⮤� ��ࠡ�⪨ ��������� ��।����� ࠩ�� ������� ��. ���⢥�����騥 ����� ������� ���⮢�୮ �⢥��� �� ����� � �ࠥ��ਨ �������� �� ��� �����孮���� ����� � ���ᮧ���� ���⨭� ������� ��⥮��. ������� ��ᬨ�᪮�� �������� "���" �⮫� ������⥫쭮� ����� �� �⭮襭�� � �� ����㫮�� �� 1200 ��, ⮣�� ��� ��, � �������� ��� ⥬ �� 㣫��, �� 50 ��. �� - �� ��த��� ����. ����� ���ࠢ����� ���᪠ (������ �뢠�) �������� ��������� �� �����㦥��� �� ������.

  • RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF THE METEORIC STREAM ON THE WEATHER CONDITION ������������ ������� ��������� ������� �� �������� �������
  • �. �. �࠭�檨�,� �. �. ���ᥢ��
    L.V. Granitskii, A. N. Borisevich
    ���筮-��᫥����⥫�᪨� ������-��孨�᪨� ������� ��᭮��᪮�� ���㤠��⢥����� ��������� �����, 660036, �. ��᭮���, ��������த��, �/� 8678 �-mail: [email protected]

    By the some estimation, about 150 tons of the meteoric matter are fall on the Earth every day. Some researchers note coincidence of the periods of activity of the most powerful meteoric stream with the periods of intensive atmospheric precipitation falling. The unique meteoric stream Leonids represents the great interest as an example of possible correlation between meteors and power precipitation. The comet produced this stream is well known as Tempel-Tuttl comet, it's orbital period is 33,3 years. With the same periodicity, the sharp strengthening of activity of a stream, which is called meteoric shower, is observed. Such meteoric stream could cover the average monthly norm of fall of meteoric bodies at once in tens time. The analysis of meteorological data shows, that the winters of 1933, 1966, 1998, 1999 and 2000 years of a maximum Leonids activity are characterized by huge amount of snow. These anomalies have resulted in disasters in some of region. Under our suggestions, the anomaly rate of falling precipitation can be explained by the meteoric dust, which plays the role of the nucleuses of condensation. Thus, taking in to account the dada of regular meteoric stream,� it's possible to make long term weather forecasting with the more preciseness.

    � ��⪨ �� �����孮��� ����� �믠���� �� 2*1010 ��⥮஢, �� �� ᮢ६���� �業��� ��⠢��� ����� 150 � ��⥮୮� ���ਨ. � �����饥 �६� �����⭮ ����� 30 ��㯭�� ��⥮��� ��⮪�� ॣ��୮ ������� ����⭮�� ����� � ��᪮�쪮 �⥭ ����� ������, ��������� ������ �� �������筮 ��᫥������.
    ��᫥����⥫� ࠭�� �⬥砫� ᮢ������� ��ਮ��� ��⨢���� �������� ��⥮��� ��⮪�� � ��ਮ��� ��⥭ᨢ���� �믠����� �ᠤ��� �� �����. �������� ��⥮�� ��⮪ ������� ����ᥭ ��� �ਬ�� ��������� �������裡 ����� ��⥮ࠬ� � ᨫ�묨 �ᠤ����. �����, ��த���� ��� ��⮪ - ����� �������-�����, � ��ਮ��� ���饭�� - 33,3 ����. � �⮩ �� ��ਮ��筮���� �������� ���� �ᨫ���� ��⥮୮� ��⨢���� - ��⥮�� �����. ����� ��⥮�� ��⮪ ����� ��४���� �।��������� ���� �믠����� ��⥮��� ⥫ � ��᪮�쪮 ����⪮� ࠧ. ������ ��⥮஫����᪨� ������ �����뢠��, �� ���� 1933, 1966, 1998, 1999 � 2000 ����� - ���ᨬ㬮� ��⨢���� ������, �ࠪ�ਧ������� ��஬�� ������⢮� ᭥��. �� �������� � �������� ॣ����� �ਢ��� � ��������᪨� ��᫥��⢨�. ������쭮� ������⢮ �ᠤ��� ����� ���������� ⥬, �� ��⥮ୠ� ��� ��ࠥ� ஫� 拉� �������樨. � 室� ��᫥������� ����� �������᪨� ��������୮��, ���⢥ত��騥 �ࠢ���୮��� ������ ⥮ਨ. ����� ��ࠧ��, ���뢠� ����� � ॣ����� ��⥮��� ��⮪�� ����� � ����襩 �筮���� ��⠢���� ��������� ��⥮�ண����.
    � �����饥 �६� ��⥮�� ��⮪ ������ �����筮 ��� ���祭, � 㤠���� �ண����஢��� ���� ������ �������� ������ �� �����. �� �ண����� �� 2001 � 2002 ����, ����� ��������� ᨫ쭠� ��⥮ୠ� ��⨢����� ������. �������⥫쭮, �� �ࠢ�� ��襩 ���楯樨, ����� ����� ������� ������쭮� �祭�� ��� �।����� 2-� ���. �ᮡ���� ᨫ�묨 ������� �������� ��������� �� ����஠��ਪ��᪨� ��⠬ � �������� ��ய� � ���� - ������ 2001 � 2002 ����.

  • �.�.��᫮� � ����⭠� ����⥧�.
    I.M. Suslov and a cometary hypothesis.
  • ��᪠���� �.�.
    Baskanova T.F.

    � ��娢� �.�.��᫮��, ��室�饬�� � 䮤��� ��᭮��᪮�� �ࠥ����᪮�� �㧥�, �࠭���� �㪮���� �������祭��� ����� "�⮫�������� ������ � ������". ��ࢮ��砫�� ᠬ����⥫�� ��᫥������� ��᫮�� � ��᫥���騥 ����� �����, ����祭�� ࠧ�묨 �祭묨, �ਢ��� ��� � 㡥������ � ⮬, �� �� - �� �������� �����. ������ �� ᥡ� �������� ����⪨ � ��娢�, �⭮��騥�� � ���ᨨ � ���뢥 ��ᬨ�᪮�� ⥫�, ���, ����⭮, ������ ��� ���ﭨ�� ⥮���᪨� ��᫥������� �� �᭮�� ��������� ������� � 拉��� ���뢠�. � ��ࢮ��砫��� ���������� �祢��楢 ��� ���ଠ樨 � �������� ���뢥 � �⬮���. ���� ��������� �� 㤠�� � ����ᥭ��� �����, �� ������ � ������� ����⥫쭮� ����� ����⢠. �� ��᪠��� �祢��楢 ��᫮� �।������� (1926�) �� ���� ���� ������� �ਡ����⥫쭮 � ࠩ��� ��������� ����୮� � ����� �㭨 � ४� ����, ���, ��� �����⭮, �������, ⠪ ���뢠��� ��誮�᪨� �뢠�. �� ���� �� �� ��� ����� �� ��᫥������. �������� ⠬ �㤥� �����㦥�� ���������饥 ��ᬨ�᪮� ����⢮.

  • ������᪨� �㭣��᪨� ����� � �������᪨� ������ � ������ ����
    Giant Tunguska bolide of 1908 and electric processes in the Earth's spheres.
  • ��䨭������ �. �. (���㤠��⢥��� ��த�� ���������� "�㭣��᪨�", ����, e-mail: [email protected]), �㤠��� �. �. (���᪨� ���㭨������, ����) Anfinogenov D.F., Anfinogenova Ya.D., Budaeva L.I.

    ���祭�� �������᪨� ���� � ����ᮢ, ��஦������ ������᪨� �㭣��᪨� �������, ��� �襭�� �஡���� � 楫�� �।�⠢��� ��쥧�� ����� �����. �� �祢��楢, ���襭��� � 1908 �. "�� ����稬 ᫥���", �⬥⨫� ������ ��᫥ �஫�� ��������� �� ("�����") �������� �⮫��� � �᫥��⥫쭮�� 樫���� (�. ������ ��५���), ������襣��� ᢥ��� ���� � �祭�� ��᪮�쪨� �����. ����� ������� ������� ��� �� �. ����, ⠪ � �� �. �����. �� ��襬� ������, �� ���㦨�� ����� �� ��稭 ������������� ⠪ ���뢠����� ��ࠤ��� �祢��楢 �� �業�� �ࠥ��ਨ �������� �㭣��᪮�� ��ᬨ�᪮�� ⥫� � �⬮���. ������ ����⥫��� ������ �� ��㣨� ������� (����᪨�, ������ 1908; ���᪨�, 1920; ��ᥥ�᪨�, 1936; ���᪨�, 1984), ⥮�� � ��ᯥਬ��⠫�� ����� �� �⬮��୮�� ����������, ����� �. �. ��⠯���� ���⥫쭮�� ४������樮���� ����ᮢ � ������� ࠧ��� ��魮�� ��������� �⢥ত���, �� � ������ ��砥 ����� ���� ��ꥬ�� ⮪��� ������ � ��⥬� "������� - ���室�饥 ������������ ������ �� ���⪠ "���뢠 ���" - ������" � ४������樮���� ᢥ祭�� � �⬮���, 㣠��饥 ᢥ��� � ᮧ���饥 ��������� �������� "����", "樫����" � "�ॢ��" ᢥ��� ����. �� ⠪�� ��ਠ�� ��।������� ����᭥���, ��� 㦥 �⬥砫� ������� ��᫥����⥫�, ������� ��� ����প� � ����᪥ ��������⭮�� ��䥪� (�� ��ਧ��⠫쭮� ��⠢���饩 ����᪮� �����⮣ࠬ�� 30.06.1908 �.), ⠪ � ���⥫쭮��� ��ࢮ� ��㯥�� ������⥫쭮� 䠧� �⮣� ��䥪�, � ������⮪��� ����� ������ �⢮��� � ��⮪ �������� ��ॢ쥢 � ���� ⠪ ���뢠����� ����⮣� �����, � ��ࠧ������ ⠪ ���뢠���� 㣮���� ����⪮� �� ����� ⮭��� ���祪, � ���� ��६����稢���� ���� � ࠩ��� ������ �窨 ������ � ������� ����ࠥ��୮� ����. ������������� ��ꥬ��� ⮪�� � ������ "������ - ������ ������- ������� - "������ ��������" - "������ ������"" ������ �뫨 ᯮᮡ�⢮���� � �ᮡ�� �஧�筮��� (�������㥬����) �⬮���� �� ����࠭�⢠� � ���⮪� � �� �� ���� ������ � ����稥 ⠬ �� ����� ��������� ᫮�� � ��⠫������饭�묨 ��᮫���.
    ��⠥� 楫�ᮮ�ࠧ��� ࠧࠡ��� ᯥ樠�쭮� ���筮-��᫥����⥫�᪮� �ணࠬ�� ��� ���祭�� ����������᪨� ��䥪⮢ ��� ������쭮�� � �����쭮�� �ࠪ��.

  • GEOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF TUNGUSKA EVENT.
  • Ol'khovatov A.Yu.
    Russia, Moscow
    [email protected]

    It is shown that Tunguska event took place during a rather specific and rare combination of geophysical circumstances on regional, as probably on larger scale (global?) level. Seismic activity in the Baikal Lake region had a sharp raise at the end of June-beginning July 1908. Also there were increased number of earthquakes registered globally on June 30 and July 1, 1908. Regional meteorological conditions were also peculiar. There was a change from period of clear weather to overcast and thunderstorm-type weather (with nail) on the first half of June 30 in the region of the event. The time of the Tunguska event exactly coincides with a peak of airpressure strong upsurge in the region, which commenced a couple days earlier.
    By the way, the connection of Tunguska event with cloudiness level change and with the airpressure variations were discovered by the author intentionally, as they were predicted by his "tectonic Tunguska" and "geophysical meteors" (see my abstract nearby) idea. In other words, the tectonic Tunguska interpretation is the only one, which was able to correctly predict new discoveries (which were confirmed later)!
    All these facts point that Tunguska was a result of instabilities inside the Earth coupled with atmospheric instabilities in very rare favourable combination of geophysical and other factors.

  • A SOLAR INTERPRETATION OF THE TUNGUSKA EVENT.
  • David A. Harder
    63 Colonial Lane Bellport, N.Y.�� 11713

    On June the thirtieth 1908 the sun flared in a particular way, for a particular purpose.� A quantum mechanical issue arose involving momentum and transit time, which distorted spacetime surrounding the Tunguska epicenter for the duration of the Irkutsk magnetogram.
    � The paper "Relativistic Solar Incoming" reconciles the observer data with Heisenberg and probes the nature of the event with Einstein.��������

  • ���������� ����������-���������� ���������� ��������-����������� �������
    TUNGUSKA CATASTROPHE-COINCIDENCE OF SEVERAL NATURAL-COSMIC EVENTS
  • ������� �.�.,
    Shalamov I. V.
    ���������, 630104, ����ᨡ���, ���� ��., 67, E-mail: [email protected]

    �� �ࠢ��樮����� �������⢨� ᮫��筮-�㭭��� ���殮��� ������ ��� ��ਮ���᪨ � ��������, � ᦨ������, �� ����� � ������ ⥪⮭��᪨� ࠧ�����, �� ����� �ந�室�� ����� ��������, ��뢠�騥 ��������ᥭ��, ��।�� ᮯ஢�����騥�� ��������� ���ᮬ ��㡨���� �����. ������᪨� ������ �������, �� �� 80 % �� ��� �ந�室�� � ������㭨� � �����㭨�. ���������� �㭣��᪮� �������� � ����� 11-��⭥�� 横�� ᮫��筮� ��⨢����, �����㭨�� � ��७��� �ਫ����, �⠢訬� ��稭�� ��������ᥭ�� � ���뢠 ��㡨���� �����, �������� ��ᬮ���� �� � �⮩ �窨 �७��.
    ���� ᮫��筮-�㭭��� ���殮��� �맢��� ��������ᥭ�� ᨫ�� 5-7 ������, ᯮᮡ�⢮���襥 ������ ��㡨���� ࠧ�����, �� ����� �ந��襫 ��������� ���� �����. � ���� � �१���� �᪠����� ��⥮��. ���� ���� ���樨஢�� ����� ��������ᥭ��, �⠢襥 ��稭�� �� ��᪮�쪨� ���뢮� � ���⪨� �஬���⮪ �६��� �� �ਭ樯� "������", �맢���� �뢠� ��� �� ����让 ����ਨ � ���� "����窨".
    ��᫥ ����� ���� ��������� ⮫窮� (��������ᥭ��) �ந��諠 ��ࢠ� �ઠ� ���誠 � �����⥫�� ����, � ��⥬ � �஬���⪮� � 1-2 ������ �� ����. �������⥫쭮, ࠧ��襭�� �맢��� ���� ���뢮�, � �� ����, ��� �ਭ������� ������� � �����. ���� ���뢠 �� �ॢ�蠫� ������ ���� �������஢: ������� �祢���� ᠬ��� ���뢠 ��-�� ��� �� ������ (⮫쪮 �ᯮ���), � ���쭨� ��।����� ��� "�� ���� ��ॢ�". ����� �ந�室��� � ����ய��� �।� (�⬮���) � �ࠪ�� ࠧ��襭�� ������ ���� ������� � ��㣮����. �᭮���� ������ ����������� ��� ���� �����쭮 ����뢠���� � ���㦭����, � ����� "����窨" � ���㦭��� ����襣� �������. ����� �������� �ᯮ�������� � ���⥣�����᭮� ������, ��� ����� ����⢮���� ����⥫�� ᪮������ ����. ������騥 ॣ��� �ᠤ��� ��த� ��ࢠ�� �ਥ� ����楢��, �������-������� ����㧨���, ���⠪�� ������ ���������� ��� ���뢠 ��㡨���� �����.
    ��稭�� �ᨫ������ ��� ��ॢ쥢, ��ᮬ�����, ��� 㣫����� ���. �஢������ ��᫥������� ��������, �� �������� ���� ���ᨢ� 墮����, ���⢥���� � ᬥ蠭��� ��ᮢ, � ⠪�� ���� �����⨧�� ࠧ����� ����� ���⥫쭮�� � �������� ॣ����� ��뢠���� � ��⥭ᨢ�� ���⮪�� 㣫���᫮�� �� ������ ����.
    ���뢮� ����� ����� ����᭨�� � ��㣨� ����, �易��� � ������䮩.

  • ������������������ �������� ������ ���� � ���� ���������� ���������� � ��������������� �������������� ���������� ����������� ���������
    SEISMOACOUSTICAL MECHANISM OF THE FOREST FALL IN TUNGUSKA CATASTROPHE AREA AND POSITION OF SUPPOSED FRAGMENTS OF TUNGUSKA METEORITE.
  • �.�. ������, �.�. �㧭�殢
    A.D. Belkin, S.M. Kuznetsov
    ����ᨡ���

    �� �ᥬ ���殮��� ���祭�� �஡���� �㭣��᪮� �������� (��) ��������묨 ��⠢����� ��� ������, ��� ��������� ��� ����, 䠪�: 1. 30 ��� 1908 ���� ��ᬨ�᪮� ⥫� ��諮 � ������ �⬮���� � �����稫� ᢮� ���� � 業�� ������㫪���, �ᯮ��������� � ������ ����������� �㭣�᪨ �� ����ࠧ���� ४ ���� � ��謠. 2.� ������� ��ᬨ�᪮�� ⥫� �맢��� ���⭮� �������ᥭ��.
    �� ᮥ������ �� ��� ���� � ���㫨஢��� ����⥧� ᥩᬮ������᪮�� ��堭���� �뢠�� ��� � ���� ��. ��� ���⢥ত���� �⮩ ����⥧� ����室��� �뫮 ���� �ࠣ����� �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� (��). �஢������ ����� ������ ᮡ࠭���� ��᫥����⥫ﬨ � ���� �� ���ਠ�� �������, �� ������� ॠ��� ��⥭����� �� ஫� �� - �� ���������� �ࠢ���⮯��砭��, �������� �.�. ��䨭������� � 業�� �� � ���������� �����⮭�� ��᪨ �ᠤ���� ��த (��� ��㯯� ����騥 �� 2 � 3 �ࠣ���⮢), �������� ��������� � ���ᥩ�� ४� ���� � �� ��⮪�� ᥢ��-�������� ���� ����, � ⠪�� ��� ��㯯� �ࠣ���⮢ � ���ᥩ�� ४� �㭨.
    �� ����᫨ �� ����� ���� �ᯮ������� ��� ��� ��㯯 ����������� ��த � �� ��� ����� �� ���� ����� ����� (��� �⮩����� - ���� ���� � �����), ᮢ������ � �ࠥ��ਥ� ��, �ਢ������� � ����� �.�. �ਭ���, (1949).
    �।������ ᫥���騩 ��堭��� �뢠�� ��ॢ쥢 � ���� ��. ���� �� �ࠣ���⮢ �� (������ �����) 㯠� � ���� ࠧ����, ���ᥪ��饣� ���� �⠩����� (�⮪ ������㫪���) � �����஢�� ��������ᥭ��, � ������訥 �� �⮬ �����孮��� ᥩᬮ������᪨� ����� ����� �ந����� ࠤ����� �뢠� ���. �� �⮬ ᢨ��⥫����� �뢥���� � ��୥� � ��饯����� � �᭮����� ��ॢ��. ����� ���⨭� �뢠�� ��ॢ쥢 �ࠪ�ୠ ��� ��������ᥭ��, � �� ��� �����譮�� ���뢠.
    ����室��� ������ ���ਠ� �।���������� �ࠣ���⮢ �� ��� ���ண���᪮�� ������� � �� �⮦���⢫����, � ⠪�� �஢��� � ���� �� ᥩᬮࠧ�����, ��� ��।������ ��������� ᪮��⥩ �����孮���� ᥩᬮ������᪨� ����.

  • � ���������������������� ������������ ���� ���������� ����������
    ON SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC PECULIARITIES OF TUNGUSKA CATASTROPHE AREA
  • �.�. ������, �.�. �㧭�殢
    A.D. Belkin, S.M. Kuznetsov
    ����ᨡ���

    �� ���஢ (����७� �.�., 1975; ���筨� �.�., ��⪨� �.�., 1988) �ਢ���� ᢥ����� � ᯥ����⮬����᪨� ��ࠬ���� ���� �㭣��᪮� �������� (��). �� ��⭨����� �⮣����, ����� � ������� ���ࠪ�᭮� ������, ����� ᢥ⫮� (�� �୮-����� ����ࠦ����) ��� 梥⭮� (�� 梥⭮� �⮣�䨨) ��⭮. ����� ��� �㡫���権, ������� ���ࠪ�᭮� ����ࠦ���� �� ���� ��, ��諨 � �뢮��, �� ��� ��������� ᮢ������ � "�������� ᢥ⮢��� �����" 1908 ����.
    �� ��⠥�, �� ��� ����室����� ��뢠�� �� ����� � ����� "��祢���" ����� � ����� �� ᫥��⢨�� ��.
    ���������� � ��堭���� �ନ஢���� "⠨��⢥�����" ᢥ祭�� � ���� �� ��� ������� �㡫���樨 �.�. �ਭ��� (1947) � �.�. ��客� (1959) �� ���஡�⠭���.
    � ��᫥������ ���� ��� �뫨 �믮����� ࠡ��� �� ��।������ ᯥ��ࠫ��� ᢮��� �������� ��ꥪ⮢ (� ⮬ �᫥ � ���⥫���). �뫮 ��⠭������, �� �।� ���⥫��� �࣠������, �������襩 ��ࠦ�⥫쭮� ᯮᮡ������ � ���ࠪ�᭮� ������ �������� �䠣���� ���, ��१� � �ᨭ�. ���뢠�, �� �����࠭���� ��१� � �ᨭ � ���� �� ����� (�㬨���� �.�., 1963), � �䠣���� ��� ����砥��� ���ᥬ��⭮, ����� ᤥ���� �뢮�, �� ������ �� ����� �᭮���� ����� � ��ࠦ���� ���ࠪ�᭮�� ����祭��.
    �䠣���� ��� (��宩 � ������) �⫨砥��� �� 梥�� �� ��㣨� �ࠢ � ��ॢ쥢 ����襩 �મ���� � ���⨧���. � १���� ��� ᯥ��ࠫ�� �����樥�� �મ�� � ���ࠪ�᭮� ������ ���⨣��� ����稭� 0,75. � � �६� ��� � �������� "�ન�", � �⮬ �⭮襭��, ��१� � �ᨭ� �� ���⨣��� - 0,4 � 0,6 ᮮ⢥��⢥���.
    ����� ��ࠧ��, ⠨��⢥���� "����� ��⭮" ���� �� � ���ࠪ�᭮� ������ ����� ��������� � �ॠ��� �����࠭���� �䠣������ ��.

  • ��������� ������ ����������� "������"
    MAGNETIC EFFECT OF THE TUNGUSKA "EXPLOSION"
  • �.�. ������, �.�. �㧭�殢
    A.D. Belkin, S.M. Kuznetsov
    ����ᨡ���

    ��� 㦥 ������ ���� �� ���� ����� ��᫥����⥫� �㭣��᪮� �������� (��) �஡���� �����⭮�� ��䥪�, ᮯ஢�����襣� "����� �㭣��᪨� ����". �ࠢ����� ����ᥩ �������� �����饭�� (��) ��᫥ ���⭮�� 拉୮�� ���뢠 � ��, �����뢠�� ᮢ��襭�� ���� �������� ࠧ���� �����쭮� �����⭮� ��� (��) �� ��� ���� �����. �०�� �ᥣ�, �� ����஥ ����⠭�� � ५����� �� (����� 2 �ᮢ) ��᫥ 拉୮�� ���뢠. �� �� ������� �ᯫ�� ������ ����� �� � ��᫥���騬 �����⮬ � ��室���� ���ﭨ� � �祭�� 5 �ᮢ. ��� ���⥫쭮 �� �� ����� ����⢮���� ��� ���譥�� ���筨��.
    �⮡� ࠧ������� � ��堭���� �⮣� ���� ����室��� ��ᬮ���� ���������� ०�� 30 ��� 1908 ����. �� ����� ����⢥���� � ���㡥���� ���ࢠ�਩ � ��� ���� ������ �� ��⠢�� 2 - 3 ������� (12 - 48 ���). �� 㪠�뢠�� �� �, �� � ������ �६� ����� �뫮 �����筮 ��⨢��. � � �� �६� ����᪠� ���ࢠ��� ��䨪�஢��� � ������ �� ⨯���� �� �� ��ॣ����஢����� ��㣨�� ����⢥��묨 � ���㡥��묨 ���ࢠ��ﬨ. � �����饥 �६� ��� ������� ⠪�� ������� ��, ��뢠��� �஬����묨 ���誠�� �� ����� (SFE - ���誨), ����� ॣ���������� ⮫쪮 �� �ᢥ饭��� ��஭� �������� �����. ��ଠ ����� �������� ��, �맢����� SFE - ���誠��, ��������� ᮢ������ � ����᪮� ������� 30 ��� 1908 ����. ����� ��ࠧ��, ���� �᭮����� �⢥ত���, �� 30 ��� 1908 ���� �� ����� �뫠 �஬���ୠ� ���誠. �� ७⣥���᪮� � ����䨮��⮢�� ����祭�� १�� ����ᨫ� �����ய஢������� �������� � ᨫ� ⮪�, ��⥪��饣� � ���. � १���� �������� ⨯�筠� �����쭠� ��. �ਭ� ��� ����⥧� �� �᭮��, �� ����砥� ����������� ����᭨�� ��稭�, �맢����� ������ �������� �� 30 ��� 1908 ���� � ��堭��� �� �����ঠ��� � �祭�� 5 �ᮢ.

  • "��㤮���" ᢨ��⥫��⢠ �祢��楢 � ᢥ� ����⥧� ५��⮢�� ������, ��� ���ﭮ�� ���ந��.
    "Inconvenient" witness's accounts in the light of hypothesis of a relic comet or an icy asteroid.
  • �� �.�.
    Zyukov V.I.

    ���ᬠ�ਢ����� ��������� �祢��楢, ����騥�� ��㪮���, ᢥ⮢�� � ��㣨� ������ �㭣��᪮�� ᮡ���, �� 㪫��뢠�騥�� � ࠬ�� ��⥮�⭮�, ������᪮� ����⭮� � ������ ��㣨� ����⥧.
    �����뢠���� �� �ਭ樯���쭠� ᮢ���⨬���� � ��᪠������ ���஬ ����� ����⥧�� � �㭣��᪮� ��ꥪ�, ��� �� ������� �줠 ��᮪�� ����䨪�樨.

  • ��த�� ���業����� �믠�襣� ����⢠ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮��.
    Natural Concentrators of Fallen Substance of the Tungus Meteorite.
  • �.�. ����ਥ� ([email protected], ��᪢�)
    Eu.V. Dmitriev ([email protected], Moscow)

    ��� �������� �஢������ ���஬ ��᫥������� ��⥪�⮢, �� ����� ����㯠�� �㣮������� ����⢮ ���⨢��� �����. ��� ����� ���� �।�⠢���� ⥪�⠬�, ��⥪�⠬�, �� ���ਭ᪨� ����⢮�, �।�⠢���騬 ᮡ�� �ᠤ��� ��த� ⨯� ����஫�⮢, � ������묨 ⨯��� �������� ��⥮�⮢. ����� �뫮 ��⠭������, �� �� ����⢮, � ����設�⢥ ��砥�, �஭����� �⥪������묨 ���ﬨ - ��ਬ�࣫�ᠬ�, ��ࠧ����訬��� �� ����⮨���࣠�饬 ����᭮� ⥫� � १���� ������᫥���� 㤠஢ ������. �����६���� �뫠 �뤢���� ��������� �����⭠� ����⥧� �ந�宦����� ⥪�⮢ � ������ �����⥫쭠� ���� �ᯮ�짮���� ��ਬ�࣫��� � ����⢥ ��થ஢ ��� �����㦥��� ����⭮�� ����⢠ [1,2].
    ��ࢠ� �஢�ઠ �⮩ ���� ��諠 � ࠩ��� �㭣��᪮� �������� � ���� ������⥫�� १����. � �஡�� ����, ������ � ���業�� ��������, �뫮 �����㦥�� ����讥 ������⢮ ��ਬ�࣫�ᮢ � ��⥪�⮢, ����祭��� ��ਬ�࣫�ᠬ�, �� ������ � ���ᮢ�� �믠����� �������ᯥ�᭮�� ����⢠ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� (��) � ��� ���⨢���, ����⭮� �ந�宦����� [2,3]. �� �⮬, ��������� ���業���� ������� ���� �뫠 �����㦥�� � �������� ��ࠢ�������, �� � ��������� [3], �, ᮢ��襭�� ����������, � �஡�, ���⮩ �.�. ���쭨����� ����� �⢮�� �.�. "⥫���䭨��".
    ���業���� ����⢠ �� � ��ࠢ�������, ��� �������� � �ணࠬ��...[3], ��ࠧ������� �᫥��⢨� 㤨��⥫쭮� �ᮡ������ ��������� ����� ��ࠢ쥢: ��室���, �࠭ᯮ��஢��� � ����������� � ��ࠢ������� ������騥 �����: �⥪��, ᠬ�梥��, �����, � ⠪�� ��㯨���, �������騥 ������묨 ᢮��⢠��. ����� ��ࠧ��, ��ࠢ�, ᮡ��� � ᢮� ������ ���窨 �⥪�� � ������� ��㯨���, ����� ����㯠�� � ஫� ��������᪨� ���業���஢ �।����������� ����⢠ ��.
    ������ ��稭, �ਢ���� � �����饭�� ����⢮� �� ���� ����� �᭮����� "⥫���䭨��" �������, �� ��� ����⭮ �뫮 �맢��� ��᮪�� ����饭������ �⬮���� ��������⢮�, ࠧ���襩�� ��᫥ ��������. "������䭨����" ������� ��࠭��訥�� �� ���� �⢮�� ��ॢ쥢 ��襭�� �஭�, �ᯮ������� � ���業�� ���뢠. �� �ந��諮 �᫥��⢨� ���⨪��쭮�� �������� 㤠��� �������� ����.
    �� 䨧��� ��� �����⭮, �� �������� �����뫥��� � ��஧����� ���� �ਢ���� � ���������� � ��� ����� �������᪮�� ���鸞, � ��� ᮯ஢�������� �������᪨�� ࠧ�鸞�� (������, ��஭�� ࠧ���, �஢� ������). �� �⬮��୮� ���뢥 �� � �������� �뫨 �����祭� ����� �㡨�᪨� �������஢ ������, ����饭���� ��� ��뫥��� ����⢮� ��⥮�� ⠪ � ������ ����, �����襩�� �� �������⢨� �� ���⭮��� 㤠��� ����, ������� ��ॢ쥢. � ��᮪�� ��⥭樠�� �������᪮�� ����, �������襬�� � �ਧ����� ᫮� �⬮���� �����।�⢥��� ��᫥ ���뢠, ����� �㤨�� �� ��㣫���� ���栬 ᫮������ ��⮪ (�. �. "��稩 ����⮪"), ��ࠧ����訬�� � १���� ����⢨� ��஭���� ࠧ�鸞.
    ������� �ந��諠 30 ���, �.�. � ��ਮ� ��⨢���� ᮪��������� � ���⥫쭮��, �� ᯮᮡ�⢮���� ��襬� �⢮�� �� �⢮�� "⥫���䭨���" ����᪮�� ��������⢠ �� �⬮���� � ����. �����६����, ����, ��� � �����, ����⥫�� ����, "⥫���䭨��" ������� � ᥡ� ����� �뫨, ����騥 ������⥫�� ����. ����� ��ࠧ��, ��᫥ �ᯮ������ �⬮���� "⥫���䭨��" �뫨 ��������� ����, ����� ��᫥ ᭨����� �������᪮�� ��⥭樠�� �⬮���� ���⥯���� ��믠���� ����, � �᭮����� �⢮���. ��᫥���騥 ����� �뫨 ������� ���� �ᥢ襩 �뫨, � ���⪨ �� ����� � �⬥�襩 ��ன �믠�� �� ����. ����� ��ࠧ��, ���� ������ "⥫���䭨���" �����饭 ������䭮� ����, �� ᮡ�⢥��� � �뫮 �����㦥��. ����� ��ࠧ�� "⥫���䭨��" �믮��﫨 ஫� ����������᪨� ���業�����஢ ����⢠ ��.
    �������
    1. ����ਥ� �.�. ��⥪��� � �ந�宦����� ⥪�⮢ // ����������� ���஭���� � �஡���� ���祭�� ����� ⥫ �����筮� ��⥬�. ������ ����.�� ����. ���. ������, 25-29 ������. 1999. �. 38-39.
    2. ����ਥ� �.�. ������, ��⥪���, ��ਬ�࣫��� � �㭣��᪨� ��⥮�� // ��த�. 2001. N 1. �. 31-32.
    3. ����ਥ� �.�. �ணࠬ�� "�����-98": ���� ����⢠ � �ࠣ���⮢ �㭣��᪮�� ��⥮�� // �㭣��᪨� ᡮ୨� (�������� ����). �. ���-�� ������. 2000. �. 31-38.

    The researches conducted by the author on subtektites have shown that high-melting substance of eruptive comets comes to the Earth. It can be in the form of� tektites, subtektites, their maternal substance representing sedimentary rocks of the aleurolite type, and in the form of some types of ferric meteorites. The researches have also revealed that this substance, in most cases, is pierced with vitreous threads - streamerglasses formed on a comet-erupting celestial body in the result of multiple lightning strokes. Simultaneously, an extraterrestrial fulgurite hypotesis for the origin of tektites was offered, and there was conceived an excellent idea of using the streamglasses as markers to detect the comet substance [1, 2].
    The first checkout of this idea was carried out in the area of the Tungus catastrophe and gave the positive result.� The study of the� samples of soil taken in the epicenter of the catastrophe� has detected in them a great number of streamerglasses and subtektites� marked with streamerglasses, which indicates the mass fall of finely-dispersed substance of the Tungus meteorite and its eruptive comet origin [2, 3]. The greatest concentration of comet particles was discovered in some ant hills, which was expected [3], and in the sample taken by G.A. Salnikova near the trunk of of a so named "telegraph pole", which was quite unexpectedly.
    The concentration of the Tungus meteorite substance in ant hills, as is shown in the Program...[3] is formed due to an astonishing peculiarity of the� forest ants behavior of finding, carrying and accumulating lustrous particles in their hills, viz.,� glass, gems, gold, as well as granules possessing magnetic properties. So, the ants collecting glass particles and magnetic granules in their hills can play the role of biological� concentrators of the supposed substance of the Tungus meteorite (TM).
    The analysis of reasons which brought about TM substance enrichment of the soil near the base of the "telegraph pole" has shown that it probably was caused by highly electrically-saturated� atmosphere developed after the catastrophe. The name "telegraph pole" was given to the tree trunks which remained standing but deprived of top in the epicenter of explosion. This occurred owing to a vertical motion of� air blast waves.
    From the physics it is well known that motion of gas-and-dust and aerosol masses causes accumulation of electric charge in these masses and is frequently accompanied by electric discharges (lightning, corona discharges, ball lightning). During the atmospheric explosion of the TM, involved in motion were thousands of cubic kilometers of air saturated both with dispersed substance of the meteorite and with the earth dust raised by the blast waves acting on the territory and by falling trees. The high potential of the electric field accumulated in the near-earth layer of the atmosphere immediately after the explosion can be inferred by carbonized ends of broken branches (so called " burds claw") formed in the result of the corona discharge.
    �� The catastrophe occurred on 30 June, i.e., in the period of active sap flow in the vegetation which contributed to good discharge of static electricity from the atmosphere to the ground by the trunks of the "telegraph poles". At the same time, the "telegraph poles" having, similarly to the Earth, a negative charge, attracted to them dust particles having a positive charge. In such a way, after the atmosphere had calmed, the "telegraph poles" appeared to be stuck around with dust which gradually fell down to the bases of the trunks� after the electric potential of the atmosphere had decreased. Subsequent rains washed down a great part of dust, and the rest of it together with extinct crust dropped down to the ground. Thus, the soil near the "telegraph poles" is enriched with the catastrophe dust, which� has exactly� been discovered. So, the "telegraph poles" played the role of electrostatic concentrators of the TM substance.
    References
    1. Eu.V. Dmitriev. Subtektites and origin of tektites // Near-Earth astronomy and problems of investigating the small bodies of the Solar system. Theses of the report at the conference in the town of Obninsk , 25 - 29 October 1999, pp. 38-39.
    2. Eu.V. Dmitriev. Tektites, subtektites, streamerglasses and the Tungus meteorite // Priroda.2001. No.1, pp.31-32.
    3. Eu.V. Dmitriev. Program "Tektite-98": search for substance and fragments of the Tungus meteorite // Tungus collection (anniversary issue). M. Editorial of MGDTDYu. 2000, pp. 31-38.

  • On probable terrestrial nature of the Tunguska explosion in 1908.
  • G. G. Kochemasov
    IGEM RAS, 35 Staromonetny, Moscow 109017, Russia, [email protected]

    ������ Two peculiar characteristics of the Tunguska event (TE), usually not taken into consideration by partisans of the comet- asteroid- meteorite hypotheses, are very important. Firstly, apparitions of anomalous atmospheric phenomena long before the event itself (as though the event has being prepared by growing anomalous state of the atmosphere and was a result - culmination of this state). Secondly, not rectilinear flight trajectory of the shining object. The second peculiarity excludes any relation of the event to a solid body bursting at a great speed from cosmos. An alternative explanation satisfying both "peculiarities" is a giant electrical charge following geopotential lines related to the planetary tectonics and tectonics of the East-Siberian craton. The origin of a giant ball-lightning (GBL) could be provoked by "restless" tectonics accompanied with movements of lithospheric blocks of various dimensions. Friction and pressure of solid blocks are the causes of tribo- and piezoelectricity seeking issues into the atmosphere probably under influence of the electrically charged ionosphere. In any case, some ionospheric events, such as Aurora Borealis, in their distribution are influenced by lithospheric structures.
    ������ A directed flight of the formed GBL along the power lines of geofield (not wandering) is the most probable supposition as numerous examples witness directed flights of ball-lightnings along electric wires and geomorphological boundaries. In fact, the Tunguska event occurred within an area of intersection of large weakness zones of the East-Siberian craton superstructure. TE location coincides with a paleovolcano and sulphide showings, has somewhat increased seismicity and is perspective for natural gas accumulations. All theses characterize intersections of large tectonic zones. TE restriction to the peculiar geologic (tectonic) setting is its very important feature rejecting an "accidental fall".
    ������ The explosion energy ((10^16 J) can roughly constraint the GBL size as density of energy in ball-lightnings is approximately known (1 - 10 J/cm3 , in the Goodlett's case it was 15 kJ/cm3 ). It gives the radius of GBL about 10^4-10^5 cm. Ball-lightnings of such dimensions (about 100 m radius) are not registered but could not be rare in scale of thousand years or geologic time.� The estimated size of the GBL body apparently does not contradict to the real size of the Tunguska body as witnesses compared it with the size and shine of the sun disk.
    ������ Shining spheres and other formations in air often appear near geological faults, during earthquakes and volcanic explosions. But the Tunguska body is giant. Its uniqueness apparently matches to the tectonic situation of the region occurring within as well unique Tunguska syneclise where� large masses of the Permian- Triassic mantle derived basalts were accumulated. This indicates at great permeability of the fractured by deep faults crust in a particular morphotectonic setting. The area belongs to a planetary scale bend (flexure) of the crust and lithosphere in a place of transition (contact) of the subsided Eurasian sector in the north and west to the uplifted Asian sector in the south and east. The giant flexure of the NE strike, being a part of the great planetary circle marked with large basalt effusions of various ages, goes from the South of Africa to Choukotka. It is well observed in the Earth's relief and planetary geophysical fields. Corresponding to it a wide zone of crushing and faulting is highly seismic.
    ������ It is interesting that in this zone also occurs the suddenly ruined� Harappa culture (III thousand years before Christ) in the NW of India. Archaeological excavations indicate a sudden death of people, large-scale fires. The "Mahabharata" epos mentions an "explosion" which caused "dazzling light, a fire without smoke". This anomalous in geologic-geophysical sense huge tectonic "scar" is apparently able to generate though rare (once in several thousand years!) but catastrophic events. With these terrestrial events probably might be compared an intensive flash in 1985 in the vicinity of Proclus crater (Bog of Dream) on the Moon and martian flashes.

  • �㭣��᪨� ��⨢� ���஢� ����
    Tungussky Motives of the Easter Island
  • ��ॡ祭�� �ਭ� ���஢��
    �������䨧���, ���஢�� 22, ��᪢�.
    I.H.Jerebchenko
    VNIIGeofizika, Pokrovka 22, Moscow.

    �㭣��᪨� ������ - ����楢�� ����������� ��ࠧ�� � ������ࠬ� ���業�஢ 1100, 1700, 2100, 4400 � 7200 �� � 業�ࠬ� � ࠩ��� �।���� �祭�� ������ �㭣�᪨ [1]. �������騩 㭨������ �࠯����� �஢���� �㭣��᪨� ��㣮�쭨� ���ᠭ �� ����७��� ����� �㭣��᪮�� ������� ������஬� 1700 ��, �뤥������ � ॣ�������� �������� ���������� �� ��।����� � ࠤ��ᠬ� R1=50 ��, R2= 125 ��. �� ������୮� ���� �㭤������ � ���� �࠯��� �������� ����� ����襣� ������� - 1100 ��, ��� �᫮����� ���୨�� ����栬�: ��ਫ�᪨� � �����᪨�. �������-�����᪨� ������ � ������ ����஦�����-������� ����஫������� ���쨬 �� 業�� ����殬 ������� (������� 2100 ��), �뤥����� ��� R1=100 ��, R2=225 �� � ���ᠭ�� � �㭣��᪨� ���ᠣ�� � ��஭�� 1800 ��. ���⠭�� �㭣��᪮�� ���ᠣ��� ����� � ॣ�������� �������� ���������, �������� ��� � � ������ - ��᫥���� 㪠�뢠�� �� �������� ��⨢����� �⮣� ����� �������. �����૨�� ��।��祭� � �᭮���� ����� ���ᠣ���, �� ���� � �� ���譨� ������ ������� � ������ࠬ� 4400 � 7200 ��; �� ����ਨ ���ᨨ �ࠣ����� ���譨� ����� ����� � ॣ�������� �������� ��������� �� R1=75 ��, R2=200 ��: �� - �㣨 �����-�����᪠� � ���᪮-�ࠫ�᪠�. ��墥����� ����⨪� ������� � ᢥ祭��, ᮯ�������� ᥩᬨ筮��, � �����, �� �.�.���客�⮢� [2], ⠪�� ����ᯮ�������� � ���譨�� ����栬� �������, � ������ �㭣��᪮�� 䥭����� 1908 �. ����뢠���� � ���������� ���� ����७���� ����� � ������஬ 1700 �� � ��� ��� �⥫��⮢: ������᪮��, �����᪮�� � �������᪮�� [1], ���⮬� �� �᪫�祭�, �� � �㭣��᪮� ᮡ�⨥ - ���� �� ������ ���ࣨ� ��㡨���� �砣�� �㭣��᪮�� ������� [3].
    ����� �㭣��᪮�� ���ᠣ��� �ᯮ����� ���।� ���୮��� ��䮢��� ����; �� � ������ ��㣮� ॣ���� ����� ��� ⠪��� �ப��� ࠧ���� ��ப���⮢ �᭮����� ��⠢�. � ����⭮� 業�� �㭣��᪮�� ���ᠣ��� ��室���� 㭨����� �窨: 業��� �㭣��᪮�� �������, �����᪮�� ���⠣���, �����᪮�� ��஢��� ��������⭮�� ���ᨬ㬠, ���ᨬ㬠 ⥯������ ��⮪�,� ������檠� �����쭠� ����楢�� ������� � "�㭣��᪠� ����窠", ��㣮�쭠� ���� ࠤ���쭮�� �뢠�� ��� � ���業�� �㭣��᪮� �������� 1908 � [1]. ����᫥����� 㭨���쭮�� �易�� ��-�������� �� ⮫쪮 ����࠭�⢥���, �� � ������᪨ [3]. ���⭮, �� �ଠ � ������� "�㭣��᪮� ����窨" � �. ���� �������; "����窠" � 4 ࠧ� ��㯭�� �.���� � ������� � ���⮪� �� 36 �ࠤ�ᮢ; �� 㭨����� ��ꥪ�� ���� ᨬ����筮 ࠧ������� �� �ਭ��� (102� � 109�), ��᮫��� ���祭�� �� ��� (61� � 27�) � �㬬� ���� ���� �筮 �⢥��� ��㣠.
    "�㭣��᪠� ����窠" - ���� ����� � ����娨 �������� �� ��㣮���� ������� �㭣��᪮�� �������, ��������� ���� � ����� � ������� ��஭ �� ����⪮� �� ����� ��., �뤥�������� � ������, ��⥭樠���� ����� � �� ��������᪨ �����; �⭮襭�� ��஭ ������ � 2, � 㣫� ������ ���� 18 �ࠤ�ᠬ [4]. �� ᮢ��饭�� ࠢ��������� ����ࠦ���� ��� ������� � �. ���� ᮢ������ �� ⮫쪮 �������, �� � ��⠫� ����७���� ��஥���; �������� ࠧ�⥫�� �ਬ���� ᮢ������� ���� ����ࠦ���� "�㭣��᪮� ����窨" (1:4), ��㣮�쭨�� � ������� ��������� ᨫ� �殮��� � ���業�� �㭣��᪮�� ���뢠� (1:4) � �������饣� �� �㭣��᪮�� ��㣮�쭨�� (1:89)[5].
    ������� ��������� �室�⢮� ����ᮢ, �ନ������ ��������, ���᫮������ ��� ���⮬ � ���ᠣ���,� ��ࠧ������� �ॡ�ﬨ ᮢ६������ ��������� �����⨩ ����ࠫ쭮� ���� � ��� ��宣� � �����᪮�� �������. �������஢���� � ����� ����� �ந�室��� � �᫮���� ����襭���� ⥯������ ��⮪�, �㫪������ � ���⨥� 饫�筮� ��㡨���� �����, ᨫ쭮� ᥩᬨ筮��, ��⥭ᨢ��� ⥪⮭��᪨� �������� � ���ଠ権 [5].
    �������.
    1. ��ॡ祭�� �.�. ����䨪� �।� � �������� �㭣��᪮�� �������: ॣ������� � ������� �ᯥ���.//������ ⥮ਨ � �ࠪ⨪� ��������᪮� ������樨 �ࠢ��樮����, �������� � �������᪨� �����. ���ਠ�� 27-�� ��ᨨ ᥬ���� ��. �.�.�ᯥ�᪮��. �., ���� ���, 2000, �.79-82. 2. ���客�⮢ �.�. ��� � �㭣��᪮� ��⥮��. �㭣��᪨� 䥭���� 1908 �.- ������ ����. �., ����- ����- ���樠�� "�������� ������������". 1997. 128 �. 3. ��ॡ祭�� �.�. ���⭮襭�� ��㡨�: �砣�� �㭣��᪮�� ������� � ���筨��� ��஢�� �������� ��������. ���ਠ�� IX ���筮�� ᥬ���� "���ࠤ�樮��� ������ ��������", �., 2001,�. 28-31.4. ��ॡ祭�� �.�. ����窠 - �ࠪ⠫�� ��⨢ �㭣��᪮�� �������. ���ਠ�� VIII ���筮�� ᥬ���� "���ࠤ�樮��� ������ ��������", �., 2000, �.42-44. 5. ��ॡ祭�� �.�., ��०��� �.�., ������� �.�. �㭣��᪨� ��⨢� ���஢� ����. � ��. [3],�.19-24.

    Tungussky geocone is a ring megastructure of Eurasia centered at the Nijnyaya Tunguska midstream and characterized by ring diameters 1100, 1700, 2100, 4400 and 7200 km [1]. Tungussky triangle to include the unique trapp province is inscribed in the Tungussky geocone internal ring (a diameter of 1700 km) detached in regional magnetic anomalies at averaging with radii R1=50 km, R2=125 km. The basement structure map shows, in the trapp field,� a� smaller diameter ring (1100 km) to supply with Norilsky and Angarsky daughter rings. The giant West Siberian oil and gas deposits are followed to the third from the centre geocone ring (a diameter of 2100 km) detached in regional� magnetic anomalies at averaging with radii R1=100 km, R2= 225 km and inscribed in Tungussky hexagon with the side of 1800 km. Tungussky hexagon outlines are visible in the regional magnetic anomalies, Moho isohypses and in the river net pattern, the last specifies the newest activization of this lithosphere block.
    Kimberlits are concentrated chiefly inside of the hexagon, but they take place on the external geocone rings too (diameters of 4400 and 7200 km); in the territory of Russia framgents of the external rings are visible in the regional magnetic anomalies at averaging with radii R1=75 km, R2=200 km; they are Kanin-Balhash and Kursk-Aral arcs. Three century statistics of bolides and luminescences accompanying seismicity and A.Y.Olhovatov's VNELP [2] also corresponds with external geocone rings, while Tunguska phenomenon of 1908 year manifestations are inscribed in the structure of the internal ring (a diameter of 1700 km) and its Baykitsky, Angarsky and Baikalsky satellites [1]. Therefore it is possible the Tunguska event to be one of the manifestations of the Tungussky geocone deep sources energy [3].
    Tungussky hexagon centre is located in the middle of the the large tuff field; in any other region of the Earth there is no such wide manifestation of the basic pyroclastics. There are unique points at the Tungussky hexagon centre vicinity; they are centres of Tungussky geocone, Siberian pentagon, Asian global geomagnetic maximum, thermal flow maximum, Chadobetskaya local ring structure and "Tungusskaya butterfly"(triangular zone of radial wood tumbling down in the epicenter Tunguska explosion in the year 1908) [1]. The unique objects seemd to be connected not only spatially, but also genetically [3].
    It is curious, that the form and structure of "Tungusskaya butterfly" and of the Easter island are similar; "the butterfly" is 4 times larger then Easter island and turned to the east on an angle of 36 degrees. These unique objects are almost symmetrically moved apart from Greenwich (102E and 109W) and the sum of the absolute values of their latitudes (61N and 27S) almost precisely amounts to a quarter of a circle. "Tungusskaya butterfly" is only one link in similar triangular structures hierarchy of Tungussky geocone. The similar structures with sides of a few tens to a few thousands km enclosed one in another are visible in geological maps, river net and potential fields patterns; the ratio of the sides is near 2 and the rotation angles are multiple 18 degrees [4]. At overlapping the equal area images of these structures and Easter island not only contours, but also their texture details coincide. The images of "Tungusskaya butterfly" (1:4), the triangl in gravity residual anomalies in the Tunguska explosion epicentre (1:4) and containing them Tungussky triangle (1:89) give the most striking examples of the coincidence [5].
    The phenomenon is explained by similarity of the processes forming structures caused by their sites in the hexagon drawn by recent planetary ridges of Central Asia, Pacific and Indian ocean. In the both cases structuring took place under conditions of the high thermal flow, volcanism with the alkaline deep magma participation, strong seismicity and intensive tectonic movements and deformations [5].
    References. 1. ��ॡ祭�� �.�. ����䨪� �।� � �������� �㭣��᪮�� �������: ॣ������� � ������� �ᯥ���.//������ ⥮ਨ � �ࠪ⨪� ��������᪮� ������樨 �ࠢ��樮����, �������� � �������᪨� �����. ���ਠ�� 27-�� ��ᨨ ᥬ���� ��. �.�.�ᯥ�᪮��. �., ���� ���, 2000, �.79-82. 2. ���客�⮢ �.�. ��� � �㭣��᪮� ��⥮��. �㭣��᪨� 䥭���� 1908 �.- ������ ����. �., ����- ����- ���樠�� "�������� ������������". 1997. 128 �. 3. ��ॡ祭�� �.�. ���⭮襭�� ��㡨�: �砣�� �㭣��᪮�� ������� � ���筨��� ��஢�� �������� ��������. ���ਠ�� IX ���筮�� ᥬ���� "���ࠤ�樮��� ������ ��������", �., 2001,�. 28-31.4. ��ॡ祭�� �.�. ����窠 - �ࠪ⠫�� ��⨢ �㭣��᪮�� �������. ���ਠ�� VIII ���筮�� ᥬ���� "���ࠤ�樮��� ������ ��������", �., 2000, �.42-44. 5. ��ॡ祭�� �.�., ��०��� �.�., ������� �.�. �㭣��᪨� ��⨢� ���஢� ����. � ��. [3],�.19-24.

  • Late and Middle Holocene deposition of major and trace elements in Southern Sweden as detected in peatland stratigraphies.
  • L.Franzen
    Geteborg University, Sweden

    You can read this PDF-abstract here.


    Go to Andrei Ol'khovatov main www-page www.geocities.com/olkhov
    Hosted by www.Geocities.ws

    1