At chemical equilibrium,

 

            A.        the reaction runs at the same rate in both directions.

            B.         the reaction runs more strongly towards products.

            C.        the amount of substrate equals the amount of product.

            D.        all substrate has been converted to product.

            E.         free energy is available to do work.

 

            Energy released by the breakdown of ATP can be used for:

 

            A.        protein synthesis.

            B.         muscle contraction.

            C.        active transport of molecules across membranes

            D.        A and C only are correct.

            E.         A, B, and C are correct.

 

 

            Most cells cannot harness heat in order to perform work because

 

            A.        heat denatures enzymes.

            B.         cells do not contain much heat; they are relatively cool.

            C.        heat is not a form of energy.

            D.        there are no mechanisms in nature that use heat.

            E.         temperature is usually uniform throughout a cell.

 

 

            An oxidation-reduction reaction involves:

 

            A.        the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another.

            B.         the internal rearrangement of a molecule.

            C.        combining two small molecules to create one larger molecule.

            D.        the cleavage of a large molecule into smaller molecules.

            E.         the phosphorylation of ADP.

 

            Organisms capable of extracting carbon and energy directly from the environment are best described as:

 

            A.        plants.

            B.         autotrophs.

            C.        prokaryotes.

            D.        heterotrophs.

            E.         eukaryotes.