Cell Division Review

1. A male has which sex chromosomes?

2. What are chromosomes other than sex chromosomes called?

3. What event occurs during interphase in preparation for mitosis?

4. Explain the difference between cytokinesis in animal cells and plant cells.

5. Why must cytokinesis occur after, rather than before, anaphase?

6. What three functions does cell division accomplish?

7. Describe the functions of the mitotic spindle apparatus and the centromere.

8. Why is the replication process during interphase so important to cell division?

9. State the two differences between plant cell mitosis and animal cell mitosis.

10. A cell with 10 chromosomes undergoes mitosis. Indicate the number of chromosomes you would expect in each of the daughter cells.

11. The phase of mitosis where the replicated chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell is
a) telophase (b) prophase (c) interphase (d) metaphase (e) anaphase

12. What is the term for the point of attachment between two chromatids?

13. Do all of the cells in your body divide at the same rate? Explain.

14. What evidence suggests that cells contain a biological counter?

15. What evidence suggests that the human body can only live a finite number of years even if disease was eliminated?

16. State the phase that is described by each of the following events during mitosis.
a) The chromosomes move apart and go to opposite poles of the cell.
b) The nucleolus and nuclear envelope reappear.
c) The centrioles complete their own replication.
d) The cell grows in size.
e) The spindle has reached its full development.
f) Chromosomes becomes shorter and thicker strands

17. Match the events to the correct phase of meiosis.
a) pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell
b) synapsis occurs and the four chromatids form a tetrad
c) replication of the genetic material
d) one member of the homologous pair segregates from the other and begins to move to opposite sides
e) sister chromatids split at the centromere and move toward opposite poles

18. State the differences between meiosis and mitosis.

19. Define the following
a) homologous pairs (b) sister chromatids (c) tetrad

20. Do homologous chromosomes have the same number of genes? Do they have identical genes? Explain.

21. A muscle cell of a mouse has 22 chromosomes. Indicate the number of chromosomes you would expect to find in each of the following cells of the same mouse
a) daughter cell formed after mitosis (b) skin cell (c) egg cell (d) fertilized egg

22. Distinguish between haploid and diploid cells in humans.

23. If a cell has a diploid number of 32, what would be the chromosome number of a cell in late Prophase I of meiosis?

24. How many chromosomes would each daughter cell in the previous question have at the end of Telophase II of meiosis?

25. How many daughter cells result from each of mitosis and meiosis?

30. What signals control the growth and division of normal cells?

31. Explain why synapsis may lead to the exchange of genetic material between chromosomes.

32. Describe nondisjunction.

33. Explain how the effects of nondisjunction in meiosis I differ from those in meiosis II.

34. Distinguish between trisomy and monosomy.

37. Explain how sexual reproduction increases genetic variation.

Genetics Review

 

1. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype.

2. Distinguish between homozygous and heterozygous.

3. Distinguish between dominant and recessive.

4. Given the alleles A and a, which is dominant? Which is recessive?

5. Which phenotype, dominant or recessive, can have more than one genotype? Explain.

6. Is it possible to be heterozygous for a trait and show the recessive phenotype? Explain.

7. How would you determine if a green-podded pea plant were homozygous?

8. What is a test cross? Why does one use it? Explain the two possible outcomes and what it tells you.

9. A flower grower is looking for new varieties of petunias. He crosses a yellow flower plant with a blue one and gets green flowered plants. Explain how this is possible.

10. What principle states that the inheritance of one characteristic does not affect the inheritance of another?

11. A mother has two alleles for a given trait. How many does she give to an offspring? What principle describes this?

12. Plants grown by vegetative propagation (i.e., cuttings) have exactly the same traits as the parent plants. Plants grown from seeds may vary from the parent plants in many ways. Explain.

13. Does the height of a pea plant affect the color of its flowers? Why or why not?

14. In a monohybrid cross between homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive parents, there are 32 offspring in the F₂ generation. How many of the offspring would you expect to show the recessive trait?

15. How many genes control a "trait"?

16. Construct a Punnett square for the cross between two plants heterozygous for seed color and seed shape. Determine how many of each phenotype will be present among 16 offspring.

17. One gene has alleles E and e; another gene has alleles F and f. For each of the following genotypes, determine the gametes that will be produced.
a) EEFF      (b) Eeff      (c) eeff       (d) EeFf

18. Of all the chromosomes in one of your cells, half came from each of your parents. About what percentage came from each of your grandparents? Your great-grandparents?

19. Would a skin cell mutation on your hand affect your offspring? Explain.

20. A couple has three sons and one daughter. What is the probability that a fifth child will be female? Explain your answer.

21. Explain the inheritance of human ABO blood groups.

22. What are two genotypes that produce blood type A?

23. Why is there no ABO blood type?

24. What are polygenetic traits? Give an example of a trait controlled by polygenic inheritance.

25. Explain what is meant by the term multiple alleles.

26. Mary has blood type A and she marries John , whose blood type is B. They have three children: Joan. James and Pete. Joan has blood type O, James has blood type A, and Pete has blood type B. Explain how this is possible.

27. A woman having blood type A marries a man with blood type B. They have five children. Two sons have blood type O . One daughter has type AB; another daughter, type A ; a third, type B . Give the genotypes of all individuals.

28. If a man who has type O blood marries a woman who is heterozygous for type B blood, what is the probability of them having a child with B type blood? Type O blood?

29. Mr. and Mrs. Doe had a child named Flo at the same time Mr. and Mrs. Roe had their son Joe. The Roes took Joe home, and after looking at him they claimed that Joe was not their child. They were going to sue the Hospital for the mix up. The Hospital took the blood types of all six individuals to try and prove there was no mix up. The results of the tests were as follows: Mr. Roe had A blood type; Mrs. Roe had A blood type; Joe had O blood type; Mr. Doe had O blood type; Mrs. Doe had AB blood type and Flo had A blood type. Was there a mix up? Explain.

30. Is it possible for two parents with type B blood to produce offspring who are not type B? Explain.

31. Why are there more males with sex-linked problems than females?

32. Roan is a name for cattle that show a heterozygous codominant genotype. A roan calf's parents were a white cow and a red bull. What is a roan's genotype? Can two roans mate and produce all roans? Explain.

35. Discuss sex-linked inheritance in terms of X and Y chromosomes.

36. Explain why probability is a useful genetic tool.

37. Explain why a large sample is more statistically reliable than a small sample?

39. In sheep, white coat is dominant. Black is recessive. Occasionally, a black sheep appears in a flock. Black wool is worthless. How could a farmer eliminate the genes for black coat from the flock?

40. In a certain animal, a breed is known that always has a hairy tail; another breed is known that always has a naked tail. How would you determine which trait is dominant?

42. In humans, which parent determines the sex of the offspring? Explain.

43. While examining a population of fruit flies, you notice that a certain trait never appears in males. How can you account for this?

44. Define the term carrier female.

45. Explain why are there more males with sex-linked problems than females?

Macromolecules Review

3. Most carbohydrates eaten by humans are in which two forms?

4. What is the function of starch?

5. A starch molecule is a chain of what simple sugar units?

6. What is the function of glycogen?

7. What process splits polysaccharides into monosaccharides?

8. The formation of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is a reaction called             .

9. Which common polysaccharide cannot be used by humans as an energy source? Explain.

10. The molecule formed when several sugar units are joined is called a
a) polypeptide (b) disaccharide (c) dipeptide (d) polysaccharide

11. Which one of the following molecules is a disaccharide
a) cellulose (b) glycogen (c) maltose (d) amylase

12. The food that we consider roughage contains large amounts of _________, a polysaccharide.

13. Why is fibre considered to be an important part of a healthy diet?

14. Name the building blocks of triglycerides.

15. How does the structure of an unsaturated fatty acid differ from the structure of a saturated fatty acid? Give an example of a food that contains each.

16. Explain why some fatty acids are solid at room temperature while others are liquid.

17. Which type of organism tends to make saturated fatty acids?

18. When you consume more food than you need for energy, the excess is stored in the form of triglycerides. Why are triglycerides particularly useful for this purpose?

19. What property do all lipids share?

20. Saturated is to single bond as _______ is to double bond.

21. When is a protein called a polypeptide?

22. The bending of the polypeptide chain and thus the shape of the protein is due to
a) interaction between the R groups of the amino acid sequence (b) the sequence of the amino acids (c) the kinds of amino acids used in the chain (d) all of the above (e) none of the above

23. Explain how this 3-dimensional shape is formed.

24. Proteins are distinguished from one another mainly by
a) the kind of amino acids they have (b) the number and kind of amino acids they have (c) the sequence of their amino acids (d) the kind of peptide bonds they have

25. Explain the difference between a dipeptide, polypeptide, and a protein.

26. Using a structural formula diagram, show how a peptide bond is formed between two amino acids.

27. Discuss one type of interaction that can occur between the R groups of an amino acid sequence.

28. What makes one amino acid differ from another?

30. A peptide bond is always formed between the ____ group of one _____ and the _____ group of the next.

31. Draw the general formula for an amino acid.

32. Name three functions of proteins in a living organism.

33. Which of these things is not like the others?
a) fibre (b) sugar (c) starch (d) cellulose (e) fat

34. Which elements are found in proteins but not in either carbohydrates or lipids.

35. The basic building units for the organic compound
a) Protein _____ (b) Triglyceride _____ (c) Carbohydrate _____

36. Proteins are to amino acids as polysaccharides are to _______.

37. Of which building blocks are nucleic acids made?

38. What are the three components of these building blocks?

39. How many nitrogenous bases exist?