MICROPROCESSORS are getting TOO HOT, requiring too much
power, and not delivering enough additional performance for it. That's the basic problem. The engine that's driven the microcomputer's
incredible rise in capability over the past 30 years, Moore's Law, isn't quite out of steam yet, but some of its offshoots are on the
ropes. CPU designers have nearly exhausted their collective bag of tricks to get more performance out of additional transistors on a chip
by increasing parallelism at the instruction level. Speculative execution and deep pipelining are by now very standard features, and CPU
designs are getting increasingly complex and hard to manage. When Gordon Moore's goose lays a golden egg and the number of transistors
possible on a chip doubles, as it is supposed to do every 18 months, taking advantage of the windfall has proven increasingly difficult.
Codex5002 Before the 1930s, the gems of choice for engagement rings included opals, rubies, and sapphires.
But in the 1940s, De Beers--the South African mining firm that controls the majority of the world's diamond supply--introduced "A Diamond
Is Forever." Interestingly, diamond based computers will help usher in the Era of Immortality of our bodies. Diamonds may, additionally, be
used to finance our own personal forever!
Polycrystalline diamond can be grown by a number of different CVD techniques, including microwave plasma
assisted chemical vapour deposition, hot filament deposition, plasma jet deposition and combustion flame deposition.
The success of this campaign turned diamond into the symbol of eternal love and dramatically increased demand for the
gems. ref url= http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8205/8205diamonds.html Diamond-Microchips.Com, Diamond Substrates, Diamond
Microprocessors, Diamond Wafers, Diamond Wafer Evolution Quantum Ethics
Military Applications for Diamond Microchips; AeroSpace Space Applications for Diamond Microchips!
Military planning is not generally placed in Full Public View for National Security Reasoning; Speculations, however, are welcome
right here......Certainly out-computing the "Enemy" is just too obvious....so what amount of budgeting will occur?
Hmmm!
Recent observations and interpretations are currently leaning toward a cataytic affect of the presence of a
large hydrogen gas population during CVD diamond growth that involves the formation of a carburized layer on the diamond substrate that is
converted to diamond by atomic hydrogen.
"30 Torr using hydrogen and methane gases with flow rates of 200 sccm and 1 sccm, respectively. The substrates were heated to 800 degrees C
using a tantalum foil as the heating element. The tungsten filament temperature was 2200 degrees C, as measured using a
disappearingfilament optical pyrometer" (search for internet source using sentence fragments as search terms[use""])
Diamond Pictures Wafer Wafers carbonado bort scale.....
The name diamond comes from a Greek word adamas [meaning invincible], and was applied by the Greeks to all hard stones.... such as
corundum.
Diamond films with optical transparency and high thermal conductivity have been synthesized by the
seven [multi-cathode] direct current plasma assisted CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION method. Diamond wafers have been grown on the metal
substrates with 76 mm diameter under the deposition pressure of 100 Torr and the input power of 15 kW, respectively. Synthesized
free-standing diamond films have been polished and their Ra values range several tens nm. Optical(visible and IR range) and thermal
properties of diamond films have been observed. Depending on the methane concentrations, there were large differences in the measured
values. A transparent diamond wafer deposited at an optimum condition showed high transmission of 70 % at the 10.6 mm wavelength and high
thermal conductivity of 21 W/cmK at room temperature. Variations of transmission and thermal conductivity within a wafer were ± 10%. The
tangent loss and Raman spectroscopy of the diamond films have been measured and the included impurity levels have been determined analysis
depending on the wafer location and the film thickness by RBS measurement.
Ref url: internet address http://www.eng.auburn.edu/department/ee/ADC-FCT2001/ADCFCTabstract/050.htm Diamond Wafers Diamond Substrates,
Diamond MicroProcessors, and Diamond Microchips
Diamond Microchips Diamond Pictures and Diamond MicroProcessors, Diamond Wafers and Diamond Wafer
Physics
Thermal Conductivity
Apollo diamond has been tested with thermal conductivities exceeding
3000 w/m K, almost double that of polycrystalline diamond, and exceeding
the best mined diamond.
Armed with inexpensive, mass-produced gems, two startups are launching an assault on the De Beers cartel.
Next up: the computing industry. By Joshua Davis (DC PACVD)
Bryant Linares Aron Weingarten Aron Weingarten brings the yellow diamond up to the stainless steel jeweler's loupe he holds
against his eye. We are in Antwerp, Belgium, in Weingarten's marbled and gilded living room on the edge of the city's gem district, the
center of the diamond universe. Nearly 80 percent of the world's rough and polished diamonds move through the hands of Belgian gem traders
like Weingarten, a dealer who wears the thick beard and black suit of the Hasidim.
David Clugston
Yellow diamonds manufactured by Gemesis, the first company to market gem-quality synthetic stones. The largest grow to 3 carats.
"This is very rare stone," he says, almost to himself, in thickly accented English. "Yellow diamonds of this color are very hard to find.
It is probably worth 10, maybe 15 thousand dollars."
"I have two more exactly like it in my pocket," I tell him.
He puts the diamond down and looks at me seriously for the first time. I place the other two stones on the table. They are all the same
color and size. To find three nearly identical yellow diamonds is like flipping a coin 10,000 times and never seeing tails.
"These are cubic zirconium?" Weingarten says without much hope.
"No, they're real," I tell him. "But they were made by a machine in Florida for less than a hundred dollars."
Ian White
A microwave plasma tool at the Naval Research Lab, used to create diamonds for high-temperature semiconductor experiments.
Weingarten shifts uncomfortably in his chair and stares at the glittering gems on his dining room table. "Unless they can be detected," he
says, "these stones will bankrupt the industry."
Put pure carbon under enough heat and pressure - say, 2,200 degrees Fahrenheit and 50,000 atmospheres - and it will crystallize into the
hardest material known. Those were the conditions that first forged diamonds deep in Earth's mantle 3.3 billion years ago. Replicating that
environment in a lab isn't easy, but that hasn't kept dreamers from trying. Since the mid-19th century, dozens of these modern alchemists
have been injured in accidents and explosions while attempting to manufacture diamonds.
Recent decades have seen some modest successes. Starting in the 1950s, engineers managed to produce tiny crystals for industrial purposes -
to coat saws, drill bits, and grinding wheels. But this summer, the first wave of gem-quality manufactured diamonds began to hit the
market. They are grown in a warehouse in Florida by a roomful of Russian-designed machines spitting out 3-carat roughs 24 hours a day,
seven days a week. A second company, in Boston, has perfected a completely different process for making near-flawless diamonds and plans to
begin marketing them by year's end. This sudden arrival of mass-produced gems threatens to alter the public's perception of diamonds - and
to transform the $7 billion industry. More intriguing, it opens the door to the development of diamond-based semiconductors.
Diamond, it turns out, is a geek's best friend. Not only is it the hardest substance known, it also has the highest thermal conductivity -
tremendous heat can pass through it without causing damage. Today's speedy microprocessors run hot - at upwards of 200 degrees Fahrenheit.
In fact, they can't go much faster without failing. Diamond microchips, on the other hand, could handle much higher temperatures, allowing
them to run at speeds that would liquefy ordinary silicon. But manufacturers have been loath even to consider using the precious material,
because it has never been possible to produce large diamond wafers affordably. With the arrival of Gemesis, the Florida-based company, and
Apollo Diamond, in Boston, that is changing. Both startups plan to use the diamond jewelry business to finance their attempt to reshape the
semiconducting world.
But first things first. Before anyone reinvents the chip industry, they'll have to prove they can produce large volumes of cheap diamonds.
Beyond Gemesis and Apollo, one company is convinced there's something real here: De Beers Diamond Trading Company. The London-based cartel
has monopolized the diamond business for 115 years, forcing out rivals by ruthlessly controlling supply. But the sudden appearance of
multicarat, gem-quality synthetics has sent De Beers scrambling. Several years ago, it set up what it calls the Gem Defensive Programme - a
none too subtle campaign to warn jewelers and the public about the arrival of manufactured diamonds. At no charge, the company is supplying
gem labs with sophisticated machines designed to help distinguish man-made from mined stones.
Ian White
"I was in combat in Korea and 'Nam. You better believe that I can handle the diamond business," says Gemesis founder Carter Clarke, center.
His lieutenants have 27 diamond-making machines up and running -- with 250 planned -- at this factory outside Sarasota, Florida
In its long history, De Beers has survived African insurrection, shrugged off American antitrust litigation, sidestepped criticism that it
exploits third world workers, and contended with Australian, Siberian, and Canadian diamond discoveries. The firm has a huge advertising
budget and a stranglehold on diamond distribution channels. But there's one thing De Beers doesn't have: retired brigadier general Carter
Clarke.
Carter Clarke, 75, has been retired from the Army for nearly 30 years, but he never lost the air of command. When he walks into Gemesis -
the company he founded in 1996 to make diamonds - the staff stands at attention to greet him. It just feels like the right thing to do.
Particularly since "the General," as he's known, continually salutes them as if they were troops heading into battle. "I was in combat in
Korea and 'Nam," he says after greeting me with a salute in the office lobby. "You better believe I can handle the diamond
business."
Clarke slaps me hard on the back, and we set off on a tour of his new 30,000-square-foot factory, located in an industrial park outside
Sarasota, Florida. The building is slated to house diamond-growing machines, which look like metallic medicine balls on life support.
Twenty-seven machines are now up and running. Gemesis expects to add eight more every month, eventually installing 250 in this
warehouse.
The New Diamond Microchip Diamond Microchips Age Bryant Linares http://diamond-microchips.com
In other words, the General is preparing a first strike on the diamond business. "Right now, we only threaten the way De Beers wants the
consumer to think of a diamond," he says, noting that his current monthly output doesn't even equal that of a small mine. "But imagine what
happens when we fill this warehouse and then the one next door," he says with a grin. "Then I'll have myself a proper diamond
mine."
The New Diamond Microchip Diamond Microchips Age Bryant Linares http://diamond-microchips.com
Clarke didn't set out to become a gem baron. He stumbled into this during a 1995 trip to Moscow. His company at the time - Security Tag
Systems - had pioneered those clunky antitheft devices attached to clothes at retail stores. Following up on a report about a Russian
antitheft technology, Clarke came across Yuriy Semenov, who was in charge of the High Tech Bureau, a government initiative to sell
Soviet-era military research to Western investors. Semenov had a better idea for the General: "How would you like to grow
diamonds?"
Nov. 1 issue - Bryant Linares has one heck of a secret family recipe: how to make world-class diamonds. Seven years ago his
father, Robert, produced a diamond in a high-pressure chamber of carbon gas and dropped it into an acid solution to clean it off. When he
returned the next morning, he expected to find the usual yellow stone—a crude artificial diamond of some use to industry, perhaps, but not
the stuff of dreams. At first there didn't seem to be any stone at all. Then he saw, at the bottom of the beaker, so clear it was almost
invisible, a perfect quarter-carat crystal of pure carbon. "It was the eureka moment," says Bryant. His father had managed what many
scientists had given up on long ago: to manufacture a stone that wouldn't look out of place on an engagement ring.
Man-made diamonds are nothing new—industry started making them in the 1950s, and each year about 80 tons of low-quality synthetic diamonds
are used in tools like drill bits and sanders. High-quality crystals, though, open up huge possibilities, jewelry being the least of them.
Scientists are most excited about the prospect of making diamond microchips. As chips have shrunk over the years, engineers have struggled
with ways of dissipating the heat they create. Because silicon, the main component of semiconductors, breaks down at about 95 degrees Hnds
might fit the bill. They can withstand 500 degrees, and electrons move through them so easily that they would tend not to heat up in the
—first place. Engineers could cram a lot more circuits onto a diamond-based microchip—if they could perfect a way of making pure crystals
cheaply.
Diamond-Microchips.Com is funded, in part, by Jerry's Titanium
Rings
Diamond Microchips Diamond Micro Chips Diamonds and their Synthesis Artificial Man Made Synthetic Diamond
MicroChips Dot Com, Diamonds MicroChips Dot Com, http://diamond-microchips.com/
Diamonds and their Synthesis Diamond MicroChips Dot Com, Diamonds MicroChips Dot Com,
http://diamond-microchips.com/
# Diamonds have been used in jewelery, especially in engagement rings for over six centuries.
REMARKABLE FACTS:
* All diamonds are at least 990,000,000 years old. Many are 3,200,000,000 years old (3.2 billion years)
* Diamonds are formed deep within the Earth: between 100 km and 200 km below the surface.
Diamonds form under remarkable conditions!
o The temperatures are about 900 - 1300 C in the part of the Earth's mantle where diamonds form
o The pressure is between 45 - 60 kilobars (kB)
+ 50 kB = 150 km = 90 miles below the surface
+ 60 kB = 200 km = 120 miles below the surface
* Diamonds are carried to the surface by volcanic eruptions.
Diamonds and their Synthesis Diamond MicroChips Dot Com, Diamonds MicroChips Dot Com, http://diamond-microchips.com/
The volcanic magma conduit is known as a kimberlite pipe or diamond pipe. We find diamonds as inclusions in the (rather ordinary looking)
volcanic rock known as kimberlite.
NOTE: The kimberlite magmas that carry diamonds to the surface are often much younger than the diamonds they transport (the kimberlite
magma simply acts as a conveyer belt!).
* Diamond is made of carbon (C), yet the stable form (polymorph) of carbon at the Earth's surface is graphite.
* To ensure they are not converted to graphite, diamonds must be t
