Ukrainian
University of forestry and Wood technology
Parks
of Lviv region
“Phytocoenotic
structure of park plantations of Lviv region and the guidelines of their
improvement”
Resolutions
and recommendations
1.
Although
phytocoenology has developed considerably as a part of ecological science,
the theoretical concepts of park phytocoenology are at the primary stages of
analysis of actual materials, in particular constitutional structure of park
phytocoenoses.
2.
The
park plantings are plant groups of mixed (artificial and natural) origin of
considerable coenosis forming.
3.
Floral
composition of park phytocoenoses is formed at the expense of regenerative
posterity of introducents and autochthonous kinds of forest and meadow flora.
Availability of plant species, which are specific for forest and meadow
autochthonous associations, in composition of park groups is an evidence of
their close genetic relation to natural phytocoeneses.
4.
The
park phytocoenoses, regardless of peculiarities of species structure of
artificial wood stand, are characterised by their specific space commonality
in forming of under-canopy hypersynusias. The powerful hypersynusias are
more often formed by the following edificator species:
Geum
urbanum,
Sambucus
nigra, Swida
sanguinea, Impatiens
parviflora, Urtica dioica, Aegopodium
podagraria, Dactylis glomerata,
Salvia glutinosa and some
others.
High
edificator continuity in hypersynusias Geum
urbanum,
Sambucus nigra and
powerful natural renewal of Acer
pseudoplatanus
give basis to design
of
new associations (sub-associations) - Geum
urbaneti-Aceretum pseudoplatanoidis ³
Sambuco nigrae-Aceretum pseudoplatanoidis.
5.
The
selected associations and structural components of park phytocoenoses (hypersynusias)
are widely spread, fairly stable in the course of time and are found in many
parks of different age
6.
Within
the range of investigated parks of different ages the prevailing tendencies
of forming and long stable existence of phytocoenoses with domination of
autochthonous wood, brush and grass species were determined:
Alnus
glutinosa,
Acer platanoides, Acer
pseudoplatanus, Betula pendula,
Pinus sylvestris, Picea
abies, Quercus robur, Tilia
cordata, Sambucus nigra, Aegopodium
podagraria, Geum urbanum, Dactylis
glomerata, Impatiens parviflora,
Urtica dioica. From introducents
the dominant role have the following species:
Robinia pseudoacacia,
Larix decidua, Quercus borealis,
Aesculus
hippocastanum
7.
The
process of natural development of phytocoenoses depends mainly on
ecological-coenotic strategy of
their components and specifics of their interactions. It is advisable to
take into consideration these peculiarities upon designing and creation of
park planting. Based on that models of development of park phytocoenoses in
the course of time can be built.
8.
The
brush species with insignificant dominant, tolerant, and exploratory
properties are not advisable to plant together with plants which are
strongly dominant and will occupy the most part of vital space in the
nearest 5-10 years.
9.
Dominant
plants which are capable of forming the first storey of wood stand should be
planted together with weaker dominants which are distinguished by high
tolerance and are capable of forming the second storey of wood stand or
brush canopy which is interesting in decorative respect. In the first to
second decade of growth they form the general background of planting.
10.
The
wood and brush plants with high exploratory properties (Acer
negundo,
Acer platanoides, Acer
pseudoplatanus, Aesculus
hippocastanum, Alnus
glutinosa, Alnus
incana, Fagus sylvatica,
Quercus borealis, Robinia
pseudoacacia, Rosa canina,
etc)
should be limited in use for forming of park plantings since they may pose a
threat for new plantings of other plants.
11.
Wood
and brush species which have average and weak dominant, tolerant, and
exploratory properties (Cotoneaster
horizontalis, Forsythia
intermedia, Forsythia suspensa,
Juniperus communis, Juniperus
sabina) should
be used to form biogroups in open spaces placed at considerable distance
from dominant plants. The periodic attendance (renewal, removal of dried up
fronds ) should be planned for such groups.
12.
The
under-canopy hypersynusias of brush and grass plants with little aesthetic
value– tolerant, as well as ruderal species are formed by naturally in
park plantings. Their ecological gaps should be filled with coenopopulations
of hemicryptophytic highly tolerant species, with more decorative and
comfort properties. The promising species in this regard are high ferns,
exotic kinds of shadow-resistant brush, soil-covering lianas and semi-brushes,
grass ephemeris and decorative hemi-cryptophytic plants.
13. Periodically (once every 10-15 years) it is advisable to perform pruning for forming of crowns in park wood stands. Beginning from 50-year old age the plantings should be pruned for crown- forming and sanitary reasons, short-life trees should be removed. Keeping of semi-closed wood stands in the parks (closeness of planting – 0.5-0.6) will ensure forming of specific insulation mode of semi-shading which is specially favorable for growth, development and spread of wide spectrum of autochthonous and stocking species of plants, promoting support and spread of plant bio-variety of urbanized landscapes.
This
WEB-side is made in July 2001.
The
scientific adviser and WEB-designer:
Doctor
of biological sciences, professor Platon
Tretyak