|
irányzat |
|
reprezentatív gondolkodói |
|
jellemző előfeltevései és törekvései
|
|
dilemmái |
|
Liberális feminizmus |
|
Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem |
|
Létező politikai struktúrákat próbál megreformálni a polgári jogok mintájára, hogy a nők érdekeit segítsék elő. A nők ugyanazokat a privilégiumokat, védelmet, fizetést és előnyöket érdemlik, mint a férfiak. |
|
A reformok nyomán kialakult politikai struktúrák sem feleltek meg az elvárásaiknak. Azért, hogy elérjék a férfaikkal való egyenlőséget a női különbség eltörlése nélkül, lényegileg tiszteletbeli férfivá kellett válniuk.
|
|
Kultúrális feminizmus |
|
|
|
Elveszett vagy marginalizált női műveket és hagyományokat fedez fel, és olyan kultúrát alkot, amely támogatja a női értékeket és tapasztalatokat. A fennálló intézmények és értékek a férfiak által uraltak.
|
|
Azért hogy létrehozzanak egy günocentrikus kultúrát How to create a "gynocentric" culture without drawing on a notion of "universal" sisterhood that may exclude some women. How to avoid "policing identity" and setting up some women and their values as more "women-centered' than others. |
|
Szeparatizmus |
|
Mary Daly |
|
Ebben a történelmi pillanatban a nők elsődleges feladata az, hogy gondoskodjanak egymásról és harcoljanak a patriarchátus ellen, és ezt a alegjobban úgy érhetik el, ha csak-női helyeket és viszonyokat hoznak létre. Különösen a késői hetvenes években a lszbikus szeparatistákat tekintették a feminizmus legradikálisabb és legtisztább formájának.
|
|
Hogyan legyünk haladók ha nincs pozitív programunk a férfiak számára. Hogyan számoljunk el a nem-tradicionális férfiakkal, mint a homoszexuálisok és transzvesztiták. |
|
Pszichoanalitikus feminizmus |
|
Nancy Chodorow, Juliet Mitchell, Jane Gallop, Kaja Silverman, Toril Moi |
Argues that the Freudian tradition, especially in its most recent formations, provides the best framework for understanding how language shapes subjectivity and gender definitions. Draws on moments in Freud's work where he analyzes traditional heterosexuality and gender roles as arbitrary rather than "natural."
|
How to draw on Freud's more subversive moments without also perpetuating sexist premises. Question of how plausible a model based on a Oedipal triangle is in a society where dual parent households are becoming less common. |
|
Materialista feminizmus
|
|
Susan Willis, Donna Harraway |
Attempts to relate women's subordination to historical and class factors like the division of labor between men and women. Tends to focus on collaboration rather than identity politics.
|
How to avoid treating gender issues as an offshoot of class issues. |
|
Radikális feminizmus |
That Radical feminism is an revolutionary form of cultural feminism, overlapping with separatism, and arguing for nothing less than a complete revolution in terms of gendered oppression and resistance on all fronts, public and private. That radical feminism was a term highjacked from feminists with Marxist leanings and appropriated by a more conservative essentialism that privileged personal style over political coalitions. For more on this, see Alice Echol's book, Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-75. Minneapolis: U of Minn P, 1989. That radical feminism reifies men and women's gender roles and relies on 19th century notions of women's purity and men's corrosiveness, making it conservative, especially in its tendency to police women's identities by labeling butch women as "male-identified" and excluding femme-men from serious consideration. See, for example, points 5 & 6 of Pro-porn positions within feminism.
|
|
"Francia" feminizmus |
Hélene Cixous, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva, Monique Wittig, Toril Moi |
Draws on recent French intellectual traditions to examine the role that language plays in creating subjectivity and maintaining gender asymmetries. Explicitly critiques many of liberal feminism's presuppositions, although it supports its political advances.
|
How to critique linguistic formations that make change difficult without characterizing their influence as something so powerful and pervasive that any attempts at political change are deluded and hopeless. |
|
Catherine McKinnon, Andrea Dworkin |
Argues that pornography is
the most extreme instance of a culture that objectifies women as a means to
oppress them, and uses rape as a form of terrorism. "Pornography is the
theory and rape is the practice."
|
How to account for the difference between representations and acts. How to explain things like some women's rape fantasies or lesbian B&D without policing women's desires. |
|
Gayle Rubin, Susie Bright |
Argue that the anti-porn
movement has a naive view of representation and has vitiated women's sense
of sexual agency. Does not want to censor porn, but to create better porn
that reflects women's desires, body types, and diversity.
|
How to best combat the continuity between some forms of straight male pornography and violence against women. |
|
Gayle Rubin, Judith Butler, Michael Moon, Eve Sedgwick |
Examines the ways that
marginalized sexualities subvert, parody, and disrupt dominant gender and
power relations. Especially interested in how drag, camp, etc. complicate or
disrupt received oppositions like those between "male" and "female," "gay"
and "straight," etc.
|
How to maintain a cohesive oppostional politics that does not depend on a notion of shared identity. |