بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
Science & Hindu Scripture
1-GOD <--> 1-Religion <--> 1-Holy Book

Following the Aryan invasion and their destruction of the great Indus civilization, these barbarians plunged India into dark ages that were to last for 2500 years, from 1500 BC to 1000 AD, darker than the Ecclesiastical Dark Ages of Europe. Brahmanic Science during this period held that, and still holds that :

- Flat Earth. The earth was universally held to be flat.
- Earth-Serpent . The earth is supported by a 1000-headed serpent.
- Wine Sea . The earth floats in a sea of wine
- Demonic Eclipses . 2 demons swallow the Earth and Moon, leading thereby to eclipses.
- Trillion-Year-Old Universe . The universe is 26 trillion years old as per the numbers cooked up by some rishi.
- 700,000 mile Mt. Meru . Mt Meru is 100,000 times higher than Mt. Everest.
- Dung Medicine. Ayurvedic medicine contains urine and dung of various animals as ingredients.
- Alcohol Universe. The universe is filled with alcohol.

Such beliefs existed amongst many primitive peoples, but not in the 10th century AD, and definitely not now, when institutes are set up in India to prove that many of the fallacies stated above are correct.

The basic section ends here. The advanced section, complete with references attached, follows below.

Brahmanic "Science" & The Vedic Dark Ages

### Table of Contents

- 1. Geography

- 1.1 Serpent or Turtle supports the Earth
- 1.2 Mt. Meru 100,000x higher than Mt. Everest
- 1.3 Flat Earth

- 2. Cosmology

- 2.1 Demonic Eclipses
- 2.2 Alcoholic Universe
- 2.3 Egg-based Cosmology
- 2.4 Trillion-Year-Old Universe

- 3. Biology

- 3.1 Ayurvedic `Medicine'
- 3.2 Anthropology

- 4. Culture

- 4.1 Sanskrit Language
- 4.2 Civic Life

- 5. Astrology
- 6. Mathematics

- 6.1 Vedic Mathematics
- 6.2 Greek Origin for Arya Mathematics

Introduction

Following the collapse of the Semito-Dravidian Indus valley civilization, India was plunged into 2500 years of darkness known as the Vedic Dark Ages from 1500 BC to 1000 AD. Of these, the first millennium from 1500 BC to 500 BC was the darkest, with no written records or any material of any sort surviving. The caste system, introduced by the Aryans, meant that only Brahmans could read and write. The Arab scientist Al-Beruni mentions that, even in the 10th century when he visited India, most of the Brahmans were only memorizers of texts. He amply demonstrated the intellectual stagnation of pre-Islamic India. One may forgive the Aryas for having had such beliefs in 1500 BC. But given the fact that innovative Greeks entered India in the 2nd to 3rd centuries BC, this maintenance of primitive beliefs is narrow-minded. Enlightened Muslims ruled India for 1000 years, yet even now institutes are set up trying to prove that the Vedas are right, ie. that the Earth is flat, that a snake supports the Earth etc. At the present day one can see swamis and pandits clad in unwashed dhotis preaching that eclipses are due to demons eating the sun and moon, an elephant supports the earth so that it does not fall down, etc. This is merely an indication of the fundamentalist mindset of the Hindus (ie. Indo-Aryans).

1. Geography

### 1.1 Snake/Turtle supports Earth

Arya (Indo-Aryan) texts repeatedly affirm that the Earth is supported by a serpent. The earths are seven in number, like 7 covers one above the other, the upper one is divided into 7 regions [ al-B. i.228 ]. There exists a serpent, Seshakhya, under the 7th lowest Earth, it has 1000 heads, so it feels no pain and bears the earths one above the other [ al-B. i.237 ]. Other texts say that the Earth is supported on a giant tortoise. Still others hold that this tortoise is in turn on top of a giant snake [ Kovoor 158 ]. Some other texts claim the Earth is held by 4 pillars, held by an elephant seated on a big tortoise [ Panda 69 ]. According to Balabhadra, the earth is in the midst of water, the lower part is immersed in water and the part above the water is round like the back of a tortoise [ al-B i.273 ].

The surprising thing is that these texts were composed in the early centuries AD. The enlightened Greeks came to India in the centuries BC, yet there is no indication of any renaissance due to this influence. Some Greek texts were apparently copied into Sanskrit, but no intellectual revolution took place. As far as geography is concerned, India remained in the Vedic Dark Ages right up to the 10th century and the introduction of Islam.

### 1.2 Mt. Meru 100,000x higher than Mt. Everest

Arya texts of a comparatively late period (5 century AD) still maintain a belief in the fictional Vedic Mt. Meru. It is supposed to be one hundred thousand times higher than Mt. Everest! Regarding this mountain, the Matsya Purana says,

"It [Mt Meru] is golden and shining like fire. The colour of the eastern side is white like the colour of Brahmans, that of the northern side is red like the that of Kshatriyas, the southern is yellow like that of Vaishyas, the western is black like the colour of Sudras. It is 86000 yojana high, and 16000 of these lie in the earth. Each of the 4 sids has 34000 yojanas ... There are beautiful golden houses inhabited by spiritual beings, the Devas, by the singers the Gandharvas and their harlots the Apsaras. Also Asuas, Daityas and Rakshasas are living in it. "
-- [ Matsya Pur. quoted in al-B. i.247 ]

In general, 1 yojana = 8 miles = 32000 yards and 1 kroh = 1/2 yojana [ al-B i.167 ]. Thus Mt. Meru would be 8x86,000 = 704,000 miles high. Mt. Everest, by comparison, is only 29,000 ft., or less than 6 miles, high. Hence Mt. Meru is 100,000 times higher than Mt. Everest !

The Kurma Purana has this to say on this topic,

" Earth, composed of seven continents, together with the oceans extends 500,000,000 yojanas across. Holy Jambudvipa lies in the middle of all the continents; in its center is said to be lofty Mt. Meru, bright as gold. Its height is 84,000 yojanas, and it extends 16,000 yojanas below the earth; its width at the top is 32,000 yojanas, and its diameter at the base is 16,000 yojanas."
-- [ Kurma Purana, quoted in Classical, p. 52 ]

The impossibly high Mt. Meru is held to be the source of really existing rivers in India such as the Sita:

" Ganga, the heavenly river flowing from the feet of Visnu and inundating the orb of the moon, falls all around the city of Brahma. Falling on the four regions, O twice-born ones, she subdivides into four rivers, namely Sita, Alakananda, Sucaksus and Bhadra. The river Sita flows from the atmosphere east of Mt. Meru and then through the eastern range called Bhadrasva to the sea. And each of the others does likewise: Alakananda to the South enters Bharatavarsa; Sucaksus to the West falls on Ketumala, and Bhadra to the North falls through Uttarakuru..." -- [ Kurma Purana, in Classical, p. 54 ]

The scripture then describes nine different subcontinents, of which one (Bharatavarsa) includes or is the same as India. Eight of the subcontinents are populated by people who live paradisial lives. Their lifespans are 10,000 years apiece or more and their diet consists of sweet foods like bread-fruit and sugarcane. By contrast,

" In Bharatavarsa women and men display diverse colors, worship various gods and perform many different duties. The full length of their lives is said to be a hundred years, O virtuous ones. They consume all kinds of food and live their lives according to virtue or vice... In these eight subcontinents, Kimpurusa and the others, O great sears, there is neither sorrow nor weariness, and no anxiety, hunger, or fear. And the people, healthy, unoppressed, free from all cares, ever youthful, all enjoy themselves in various ways. Only in Bharatavarsa, the wise say, and nowhere else, occur the four Ages: Krta, Treta, Dvapara and Kali."
-- [ Kurma Purana, in Classical, p. 54 ]

Of these nine [lands], it is in Bharat-varsha only that there are sorrow, weariness, and hunger; the inhabitants of other varshas are exempt from all distress and pain, and there is in them no distinction of yugas. Bharata is the land of works, where men perform actions, winning either a place in Heaven, or release; or, it may be, rebirth in Hell, according to their merit. Bharata is, therefore, the best of Varshas; other varshas are for enjoyment alone. Happy are those who are reborn, even were they gods, as men in Bharat-varsha, for that is the way to the Supreme. [ Coom 396 ]

### 1.3 Flat Earth

The earth is repeatedly held to be flat. Near Baroda, Gujarat, is situated the Jambudvip institute that was set up to try to prove the Jain and Arya-Vaishnava belief that the Earth is flat.

2. Cosmology

Some scholars are in the habit of claiming that Aryan scientists arrived at a remarkably accurate view of cosmology. They are either ignorant of the actual state of Indo-Aryan knowledge, or delibarately overlook this material.

### 2.1 Demonic Eclipses

All the Arya texts assert that eclipses are the result of two demons, Rahu and Ketu. The solar and lunar eclipses occur when they devour planets. In addition, 9 grahas are taken into account in Aryan astrology: Sun, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, Rahu and Ketu, moon, Venus If, as some astrologers claim, these demons are only symbolical [ Panda 41 ], then why are they included in the grahas?

### 2.2 Alcoholic Universe

Another fantastic figment of these `sages'' imagination was that the universe is pervaded with a sea of alcohol! As per Aryan mythology, Kushdvip is one of the seven large continents or dvips of the universe, and is surrounded by a sea of wine [ Alld Chmbrs 982 ].

### 2.3 Egg-based Cosmology

Aryan cosmology claims that the universe originated from an egg. Big Bang is brushed aside as nonsense, and the cosmic egg is the source of the universe. Where the chicken that lay this egg went is not described.

" Water filled the world .. creator created the egg of Brahaman, according to some, the egg broke, Brahman cmae forth, and half of the egg became the heacens, the other half the Earth, th bits in between into the rains."
-- [ al-B. i 221]

Even in the 11th century the Islamic scholar Al-Beruni noticed that this was simply folly. Yet even today there are bigoted pandits who accept these statements as sacred and believe them to be true.

### 2.4 Universe Trillion Years Old

It is claimed that the ancient Indo-Aryans arrived at an age of the universe remarkably close to what we know today, ie. 4 billion years. In fact, some rishi just invented a very large number which is as far from the truth as the figure given in the Bible, ie. 4000 years. As per this fantastic absurdity, the time that has elapsed of the life of Brahman before our gauge year, ie. the age of the universe, is 26,425,456,204,132 years [ al-B ii 4 ]. This figure of 26 trillion years is approximately 5000 times larger than the standard result of 4 billion years.

A whole set of nonsense is propagated in the Vedas and Puranas :

- The wind drives the stars around the pole according to the Vayu Purana [al B i 241]
- The Pancavimsa Brahmana wanted to measure the distance between heaven to Earth by imagining 1000 cows placed on top of each other [ S & T xvi.8.1 and xxi.19 ].
- Sun journeys from east to west in a chariot drawn by 7 horses [ Panda 69 ].
- Moon came out after the ocean was churned by the devas and demons [ Panda 69 ].
- 27 stars = 27 wives of the moon [ Panda 69 ].
- 2 demons Rahu and Ketu swallow the Sun and moon periodically, leading to eclipses.

3. Biology

### 3.1 Ayurvedic Medicine

Ayurvedic medicine contains as ingredients human urine as well as that of cows and cow-dung. The latter two are supposedly sacred on account of the Aryan sacredness of the cow.

Ayurvedic Medicine is, in the eyes of the common Aryan, a sacred practice and often attracts more credit than practitioners of allopathy. In actual fact, ayurvedic medicine is a host of superstitions:

#### 3.1.1 Dung + Urine of Animals

Cow's Urine -
Cow's urine "gomutra" is prescribed as an ingredient of various plasters and mixtures (sometimes with fermented wine) or alone, as an antidote for obesity, as a purgative; for eliminating vermin from an ulcer; vayu disorders, abdominal dropsy and many other uses. [ Su. 15.35; 44.35 ] [ Ci 1.87; 14.13 ] [ Ray 131 ] Bitumen and cow's urine is taken internally to cure malignant jaundice. [ Utt. 44.29 ] [ Ray 234 ]. Antimony sulfide and cow's urine taken internally is also used to cure malignant jaundice. [ Utt. 44.29 ] [ Ray 234 ]. For the case of sebaceous cysts (large swellings that exude a fatty liquid on bursting), incision folowed by washing with cow's urine is prescribed. Another treatment is the surgical incision and the removal of fat followed by cauterization of the wound [ Ci.18.10-11 ] [ Ray 295 ].

Goat Dung and Urine -
Goat droppings "ajashakrt" are prescribed as an accessory to surgical cauterization and is used for cauterizing diseased skin. In powdered form after drying and compounding with honey and cow's urine it is used as a linctus for jaundice. [ Su 12.3 ] [ Utt.44.19 ] [Ray 130 ] Goat urine "ajamutra" is an ingredient for a paste that restores the natural colour to a cicatrix. [ Ci.I.86 ] [ Ray 130 ]

Elephant Urine -
Elephant urine "gajamutra" is used as an alkaline decoction preparation for a suposed cure to malignant sores. [ Ci.9.16 ] [ Ray 131 ]

Cock Dung and other Birds' Droppings -
The dung of a specially fed cock "kukkutapurisha" is prescribed as an igrediant for a plaster used to cure malignant skin diseases [ Ci.9.15 ] [ Ray 132 ] Vulture droppings "grdhrapurisha" is an igredient of a plaster fro bursting of non-boils [ Su.37.9 ] [ Ray 132 ]. A similar use exists for pigeon droppings "karikapurisha" and heron droppings "kapotapurisha" [ Su.37.9 ] [ Ray 132 ].

The hooves of animals are powdered and after burning restore the darkness to a cicatrix; a paste of the pwder obtained by burning is a cure for baldness [ Ray 132 ] Animal horns are used as surgical instruments and the paste is aid to be a cure for baldness. [ Ray 133 ]. Meat-eating was practiced by the Aryans, since medical texts say that meat of various kinds is good [ Ray 110 ff ].

The urine of different animals is recommended for use as purifying and appetizing agents; for cardiac stimulants and many others. Each type of urine has special advantages [ Su.45.201-212 ] [ Ray 36 ].

### 3.1.2 Charms + Spells

## Mantras as Cures

The disease called "amanushadosha", involving swollen eyes, foaming mouth, shameless conduct, cruelty, extreme bodily strength and a fetid smell, requires a treatment by oblations, religious rites, chanting of mantras. [ Utt.60 ] [ Ray 261 ]

Charms and spells, such as those given in the Atharva Veda, the highest ayurvedic authorities state leads to diseases [ Su.24.4-8 ] [ Ray 49 ]. A fabled celestial serpent, divyasarpa, is said to cause death even by sight and breath. Any contact is held to be fatal by the highest ayurvedic medical authorities [ Ka.3.4 ; 4.2-3 ] [ Ray 122 ]

### 3.1.3 Astrology and Surgery

Before surgery, the proper astral conjunction is required and an auspicious moment selected along with the propitiation of deities and priests. [ Su.5.2-4 ; Su 5.12 ] [ Ray 82 ] During surgery, the patient is to be held firmly by assistants. Ear removal is dealt with in depth, since it was a common punishment in those days, Evidently the surgeon was also to remove ears in addition to healing them [ Ray 94 ]. To relieve the pain of surgery, cold water is sprinkled on his face. After surgery, Vedic incantations are recited to protest the patient from evil influences (demons and monsters) [ Su.5.3-15 ] [Ray 83 ].

### 3.2 Anthropology

Indo-Aryan anthropology states that Brahmins sprang from the head of Brahma. the creator of the human race, while Kshatriyas sprang from his arms, Vaishyas from his stomach, and Sudras from his feet. How each person grew the other parts of the body is not detailed. The origin of the Chinese, Japanese and the other races of mankind is conveniently ignored. This story is used to counter notions of an Aryan invasion! EB 28 Trees 881:2b - Brahma was transformed into a bunyan tree. Chandogya Upanishad states that the creation of the world is equivalent to the breaking of an egg [ EB 17 Doctrines and Dogmas 370:1a ]. The universe is equivalent to an egg in other sources. In EB 370:2b the cosmos is the result of man's sacrifice.

Another myth that arose is concerning the oral conception of Rama -- [ Kovoor 29] In Jambudvipa, a tree grows the branches of which extend over a space of 100 yojana [ al-B i 250 ].
Much confusion resulted from the variety of units used in different countries of India. The eras in use were as follows:
Eras: 400 Yazdajird = 1488 Sri Harsha = 1088 Vikramaditya = 953 Sakakla = 712 Valabha = Gupta -- [alB ii 5-7] According to some, the time divisions are 2 truti = 1 lava, 2 lava = 1 nimesha, while according to others 8 truti = 1 lava, 8 lava =1 nimesha (srudhava) [ al-Bir i 336 ].
Astrology is deeply ingrained in the aryan psyche. Propagatros of Jyotish are mentioned in a verse in Ganatarangini as including Brahma, Surya, Vasishta, Manu, Narada, Vyasa etc [Panda 50].
Reincarnation is an aryan belief, as evidenced by the quote from the Rig Vda: " Unless human beings are born again, they cannot reap the consequences of their past deeds " [ RgV. 10.129.4 ] [ Panda 14 ]
The supreme being having 1000 heads, 1000 eyes and 1000 feet pervades the Earth on all sides and transgresses the Universe [ RgV. 10.90.1]
From his [ Brahman ] mind was born the moon, form his legs the sun, form his mouth the fire and indra, form his breath was born the vayu [ RgV. 10.90.12] [ Panda 13 ]
From his navel came the mountains. From his head, the sky, from his feet the earth. Thus the universe was formed [ Rg Veda 10.90.13 ] [ Panda 13].
According to vedic cosmology, man in his present form appeared along with all the species of living beings, no evolution form monkeys [ Panda 18 ]. Anthropomorphism is common in Aryan legend; men are transformed into animals and vice versa.

The fallacious belief in reincarnation is internally contradictory for the population of humans is increasing, so hence the number of souls must be increasing too.

Thus, during this period free thought was suppressed. Only Brahmins, who currently form 5 % of the pagan population, could read and write.

4. Culture

### 4.1 Sanskrit Language

The Sanskrit language held in such esteem by the Aryans is the speech of marauding nomads. It displays such rustic characteristics in that one object has a multitude of names and one name has a multitude of meanings. Thus a happy confusion results, and later on specific meanings had to be narrowed down so as to infuse at least some meaning into texts. A large number of sounds were invented, often only slight variations implying different alphabets altogether. For very long the Aryan pundits opposed putting any text to paper, because it would supposedly pollute the text. Memorization and oral transmission were the only approved means. [ Madan Gopal ]

### 4.2 Civic Life

The Aryans displayed a marked aversion towards settled life in towns. This is the likely reason why they destroyed the Indus cities. For more than 1000 years after the Aryan invasion, no cities worth mention survive. Even brick-making technology vanished from the scene [ S & T ].

5. Astrology

Astrology is a part of Arya science. It is used to determine the dates for sacrifice.

6. Mathematics

### 6.1 "Vedic Mathematics"

Some persons hold that the Vedas are the source of all mathematical knowledge in the world. `Vedic Institutes' are set up at great expense, trying to prove that all science and mathematics is contained in the Vedas.

" The Vedas should contain within themselves all the knowledge needed by mankind "
-- [ Swami p. xiii ]

This Swami then goes on to describe 16 mathematical algorithms [ Swami ] which are mathematically sound, and it was possible to derive them from the `Vedic' sutras cited. However, it proved impossible to trace them back to the Vedas ! They were found to be make-belief, cooked up by the author [ S & T 402 ]. They are not even classical Hindu mathematics .

### 6.2 Greek Origin for Arya Mathematics

In fact, it has been demonstrated that the Arya mathematics is of Greek Origin.

" They [the Indians} have 5 SIddhantas:
1. Surya-Siddhanta [of the Sun],
2. Vasishta-siddhanta [after one of the stars of the Great Bear]
3. Pulisa-siddhanta, so called from Paulisa, the Greek, from the city of Saintra, which I suppose to be Alexandria, composed by Pulisa.
4. Romaka-siddhanta, so called frm Rum, the Roman Empire, composed by Shrisena.
5. Brahma-siddhanta, [composed near Multan]
The authors of these books draw from one and the same source, the book "Paithamaha", so called from the first father, ie. Brahman."
-- [ al-B. i.153 ]

This is evidently a reference to the Paitamahasiddhanta, which is an Indian adaptation of Greek material preserved now in an incomplete form in the Vishnudharmottarapurana [ Pin ]. Aryabhata derived all his parameters from Greek tables and made no observations that we can know of [ Pin ].

" Brahmagupta says:`Many of the Siddhantas are Surya, others Indu, Pulisa, Romaka, Vasishta and Yavana.' "
-- [ al-B. i.153 ]

Thus out of the Siddhantas mentioned above, three out of six are Greco-Roman. It is evident that these were introduced into India in the period of the Scytho-Hellenistic kingdoms (the Kushans, Indo-Greeks, Sakas etc.) which were hellenized as evident from their coinage. The Aryans were so barbaric that they did not even have a word for brick [ S&T 373 ], and it is thus only natural to expect that their sciences should be corruptions of the Greek.

References

1. [ Rg Ved ] = Rig Veda

2. [ Garuda ] = Garudapurana
3. [ M.Bh. ] = Mahabharata
4. [ Manu ] = Manu Smirti
5. [ Vishnu Dh. Sh. ] = Vishnu Dharma Shastra
6. [ Vishnu Sm. ] = Vishnu Smrti
7. [ Pin ] = `Aryabhata, the Paitamahasiddhanta, and Greek Astronomy', David Pingree, Studies in History of Medicine & Science XII , No.1-2, New Series (1993), 69-79
8. [ Pin* ] = `The Recovery of Early Greek Astronomy frm India', David Pingree, Journal of History of Astronomy 7 (1976), 109-123
9. [ Pin ] = `The Paitamahasiddhanta of Vishnudharmottarapurana', David Pingree, Brahmavidya Vols. 31-32 (1968), 472-510
10. [ Taitt. Samh. ] = Taittriya Samhita
11. [ Alld Chmbrs ] = `Allied-Chambers Transliterated Hindi-English DIctionary
12. [ Kovoor ] = `Gods, Demons and Spirits' - by Dr. Abraham T. Kovoor, Jaico Publishing House. ed. V.A.Menon 1990 Bombay
13. [ Swami ] = `Vedic Mathematics or 16 Simple Mathematical Formulas from the Vedas ' by Jagatguru Swami Sri Bharati Krishna Tirtha Maharaja Shankaracharya of Govardhana Matha, Puri, BHU 1965 and reprinted
14. [ Al-Beruni ] = `Albleruni's India', tr. Sachau
15. [ Panda ] = `The Rationale for Asrtology ', D.Panda, Bhubaneswar
16. [ DuBois ] = Hindu Customs, Manners and Ceremonies', Abbe J.A.DuBois, transl. by H.K.Beauchamp from French, 3rd ed. Oxford 1906
17. [ Clay ] = ` The RigVeda and Vedic Religion', A.C.Clayton, 1913, 1980 reprt. Bharati Prakashan Varanasi 1980
18. [ Barth ] = ` The Religions of India', A. Barth, tr. Rev. J.Wood, reprt. 1978 Light and Life Publishers N. Delhi
19. [ Classical ] = `Classical Hindu Mythology : A Reader in the Sanskrit Puranas', ed. & trans. Cornelia Dimmitt and J.A.B. Buitenen.
20. [ Manu ] = `The Laws of Manu', trans. Wendy Doniger with Brian K. Smith. London, Penguin Books, 1991.
21. [ Kane ] = `History of Dharmasashtra', M.P.V.Kane Vol. IV, Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 1953
22. [ Wilkins ] = Wilkins: Modern Hinduism, London, 1975, pages 186 and 223.
23. [ Sharma ] = S.R. Sharma, The Making of Modern India, Bombay, 1951, p. 478.
24. [ Gopal ] = `This Hindi and Dev Nagari', Madan Gopal, Metropolitan Book Publishing Co.
25. [ S & T ] = `Science and Technology in Ancient India', D.Chatterji
26. [ Susruta ] = `Susruta-Samhita', - Susruta, prob. 7th century BC. see eg. [ Bando ], [Ray ]
27. [ Bando ] = `Susruta Samhita - The Medical Science of the Ancient Aryans', tr. and ed. A.C.Bandopadhyaya, 2nd ed. Calcutta 1885
28. [ Ray ] = `Susruta-Samhita (A Scientific Synopsis)' - P.Ray, H.Gupta and M.Roy, Indian National Science Academy, N.Delhi 1st ed. 1980, 1993 reprint
29. [ Ni ] = Nidanasthana , see eg.
30. [ Ni ] = `Sutra Nidana-Sthana' ed. with Hindi commentary by B.Govind Ghanekar, Meherchand Lachhmidas, Delhi 1952
31. [ Su ] = `Sutrasthana', for this part of the Susruta-Samhita, see eg. [ Sen ]
32. [ Sen ] = `Sutrasthana', ed. with commentary of Dallanacarya and tr. by H.Sen, Calcutta 1882
33. [ Ci ] = `Cikitsasthana', see eg.
34. [ Ci ] = `Cikitsasthana', ed. by C.Bhattacharya, Calcutta 1914
35. [ Sari ] = `Sarirasthana', see eg.
36. [ Sari ] = `Sarirasthana', ed. with Telugu commentary, P.Suryanaryanaravu, Madras 1885
37. [ Ka ] = `Kalpasthana'
38. [ Utt ] = `Uttarasthana'
39. [ Nikhil ] Bhagavad Gita, trans. Swami Nikhilananda. New York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center, 1979.
40. [ BSB ] = Brahma-Sutra-Bhasya of Sri Sankaracarya, trans. Swami Gambhirananda. Calcutta: Advaita Ashrama, 1983.

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