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Fu Chen Sung, 2004 Annual All Ba-Gua Zhang Tournament
Dong Hai Chuan, Ba-Gua Zhang and the I-Ching
The history Of Ba-Gua Zhang has been in controversy for quite some time now. Did Dong Hai Chuan Create or learn Ba-Gua Zhang? And was it derived from the I-Ching? One thing’s for sure, whom he learned from, we’ll never know.
But, let’s go back to the beginning by the numbers and let’s see what we come up with.
800yrs ago around 1222, The Taoist Qiu Zhang Zun was known for 3 things:
1. Being the spiritual teacher of Genghis Khan. Khan made him the equivalent of the pope in China.
2. Being the founder of the Lung Men or Dragon Gate sect of Taoism and
3. Being the creator of the meditation method practiced by the Quan Zhen Taoist (Complete Truth a part of the Lung Men) called Zhuan Tian Zun (Rotating in worship of heaven).
The purpose of this method was to Train the body while harnessing the spirit.
2 Mantra’s were used while walking the circle, one in the morning and one for the evening. These mantras were chanted so that one replaces myriad thoughts with a single thought to calm the mind.
The method itself required that while walking the circle, the body’s movement should be unified and the practitioner strives for stillness in motion. They were to move in such a way as to only slightly disturb their Taoist robes. They would walk for 3 rotations and then walk through the center following the Tai Ji diagram in order to change direction.
The walk itself was a natural step or what is being called today, the Lion step.
My research so far has not found the posture that the Taoist used while walking the circle save to say that the requirements of being comfortable and natural while walking in a balanced smooth manner with no bobbing or weaving are generally the same as Ba-Gua.
The difference is in the stepping and static body postures.
Ok Question,
How is Zhuan Tian Zun connected to the I-Ching?
I say it’s not. Why?
In the oldest book written on this topic by Wang Jun Bao titled “Taoist method of walking the Circle”, Wang makes no mention or connection to the I-Ching. Concerning the exercise, reference is only to Yin, Yang, Interchange and Centering. No Palms to correlate to Trigrams or Hexagrams. To take even further Zhang Zhun Feng, A student of Gao Yi Sheng, was also a member of the Quan Zhen Sect and he wrote a book on the subject and makes no mention of the I-Ching either.
Now it’s true that during the 800yr time span a Taoist could have created Ba-Gua but this was not the case, as we shall see,
Dong Hai Chuan
(1813-1882)
Born in 1813 in Ju Jia Wu Township Wen An, Hebei Provance.
He was born a warrior and all he cared about was martial Arts. What he learned has been a topic of interest for those trying to find the roots of Ba-Gua. It’s been said that he learned a Northern Shaolin based system. Some of the systems taught in his village at that time were: Ba Fan Quan, Hong Quan, Xing Men Quan, and Jin Gang Quan. Whichever arts he learned, he trained hard and gained a reputation as a skilled Martial Artist.
Around 1853 Dong left Wen An and it is assumed, went Kai Ko To live with relatives. One of those relatives was well known in and around Kai Ko for his skill with Ba Fan Quan. His name was Dong Xian Zhou and it’s possible that Dong Hai Chuan studied with him. How? According to Kang Ge Wu (MA Historian who did his masters thesis on the history of Ba-Gua) investigation of Ba Fan Quan revealed that many movements and Techniques could be found In Dong Hai Chuan’s Ba-Gua. While I don’t have any pictures to show at this time, in the future I will present them for comparison.
But let’s move on and look at what we’ve got so far,
Dong Hai Chuan left Wen An in 1853 and showed up in Beijing in 1864.
A point to look at, in the old day’s, highly skilled Martial Artist did not learn fast so we can safely assume that DHC stayed with Dong Xian Zhou for at lest 3yrs and if what Kang Ge Wu stated is true about Dong’s Ba-Gua being full of moves and techniques from Ba-Fan Quan, he had to have put in the time to study to know the techniques in order to formulate his system. That put’s us in 1856.
It was between 1856 and 1864 that Dong Hai Chuan Developed Zhuan Zhang (Rotating Palm). But let’s break that down,
DHC was supposed to have stayed with the Taoist between 2-6yrs; I’m inclined to lean toward the 2-3yr mark, why?
Again things were done slow in the old days, It’s said that Dong Walked the Circle for 2yrs and in the process dug a foot deep trench. The trench was filled with water and he continued to walk for at lest another year making it 1859. It was after this point in time that Dong Worked on his system.
I’d say he worked on it for a minimum of 3yrs, developing the basis for the system such as theory and principles.
1864
Weather or not DHC worked for the Tai Ping or was a eunuch has no relevance
Here.
Now we’ve all heard of the demonstration that Dong did for the Prince of Su that got him his job as Martial Arts teacher of the royal guard.
Now let’s look at that for a moment, it’s reported that Dong didn’t teach Ba-Gua to the Royal guard he taught them something else more Shaolin based. Why? I don’t think that the reason was that he was simply being conservative, while he really was, I don’t think that, that’s the reason at all.
He wasn’t ready yet.
It was during his time in Inner Mongolia collecting taxes with Yin Fu That he really put in work on developing the style. He had Yin Fu to experiment with and the job itself helped refine Dong’s art. DHC was gone for almost 10yrs, when he and Yin returned; Dong helped Yin get a job teaching at court. This was around 1875.
Now let’s look at what the core of what Dong taught. First it must be remembered that Dong taught no 2 people the same. His teachings adapted to each individual except the base. Dong generally first taught circle walking and the various stepping methods and patterns, he then introduced the Single Change Palm, Double Change Palm and the Smooth Body Palm; these were practiced on all 3 basins. These were combined and then re-combined with what the practitioner already knew.
Now Let’s look a little deeper.
If Dong Hai Chuan based his art on the I-Ching and he taught in a place of the educated, wouldn’t you think that someone kept notes? Of course!
Zeng Xing San was the first to write on Dong’s art. Zeng was a Manchurian scholar that reached the second highest level in the Imperial examinations. He worked in the Palace of Su and learned Ba-Gua from Yin Fu. During his time with Yin, Yin took him to see DHC on many occasions and discussed the principles of the art. After the fall of the Ching Dynasty (1911), He was out of a job. To kill time he wrote “Ba-Gua Zhuan Zhang Hui Lan, An unpublished work that described all that He learned from Dong and Yin.
This was the first time that the 36 Songs and 48 annotations were written as passed from Dong.
Zeng used the theory of the I-Ching to explain the martial Art of Ba-Gua Zhang, but also note that Zeng says that Dong did not relate his art to the I-Ching until late in his life which makes sense in terms of his students that learned before he began this thread of thinking as far as what they were taught and eventually teach.
Prior to 1885 I doubt that anybody outside of Cheng Ting Hua taught 8 Palms. But we’ll come back to him.
Now let’s look at the core of what Yin Fu taught.
It is usually thought that Yin Fu taught as Dong Hai Chuan did.
In terms of material, Yin Fu had the most. The first thing he taught was Lohan. Over all, Yin Fu’s system consisted of a combination of both hard and soft training and Qi-Gong methods.
My question is, when did Yin Develop his 64 Palms and what or who influenced the idea?
I feel that Zeng Xing San was the catalyst, The 3 men discussed it, Dong and Yin Began work on it, and Yin and Zeng completed it.
This aspect takes me to Cheng Ting Hua. As one of the top disciples, when Dong and Yin were working on Yin’s 64 I’m sure that Cheng was made aware of some of this theory which makes me think that it’s possible that Zeng and Dong may have come up with the first set of 8 correlated Ba-Gua palms concept, Yin took that and created 8 variations thus his 64 Palms, which makes sense because there is nothing else that refers to the I-Ching in that sense.
Cheng Ting Hua on the other hand Took the concept and together with his friend and student Ji Feng Xiang, A Chinese Astrologer and I-Ching Scholar, and created his 9 Palace Style.
Also remember, Cheng Ting Hua seems to have had the biggest influence in terms of the development of the Ba-Gua/I-Ching connection. Being That Yin was so conservative and Cheng so open, it would make sense that some went to Cheng to fill the holes in some of the gapes of their training that they received from Yin or seeking more knowledge, added to what they learned from Yin.
Also, for a very long time Most of the Ba-Gua that people ever saw was from Cheng Ting Hua’s Lineage. It reached such a point when people saw any of the other lineages, they said it wasn’t Ba-Gua. This lends to the I-Ching connection as well.
The next biggest influence on this thought was Sun Lu Tang.
In the mid 1890’s after studying with Cheng for 3yrs, Cheng told Sun “ If he wanted to reach the pinnacle, he should learn the I-Ching. So he went to szchuan and studied with the top priest of that temple In 1915 I think, he wrote his first book on Ba-Gua. Also it turns out that nothing that resembles Ba-Gua or the other 2 was practiced prior to the 1920’s and Sun’s visit.
So Wu-Tang Ba-Gua is a new lineage created within the last 80yrs, which comes from the Sun Style.
Now if Ba-Gua Zhang were derived from the I-Ching, wouldn’t the warrior priest know it? Sun went to learn from them, so how did he end up teaching them something that they should have already had? Hmmmmmm
Thus far I’ve listed what is known and added some of my thoughts.
Now I’ll add some abstracts that lend to my stand.
Another way to look at the question is to look at few more of DHC student’s and what they taught.
2 come my mind in particular:
Neither
Fan
Zi Yong nor Chia Feng Ming (Fu Chen Sung’s teacher) taught the 8 Mother Palms
or the 64 Palms.8 Mother Palms or the 64 Palms.
Now before I continue I have to give props to Dan Miller And Kang Ge Wu
Through these two men’s work I was able to fill in a lot of the blanks in terms of the History of Ba-Gua.
Such was the way that it was back then.
Gao created the Taoist Pi Cheng Hsia story. Gao was a student of Cheng Ting Hua and Chou Yu Hsiang. He perpetrated the story that he learned his Hou Tien Ba-Gua from a Taoist named Sung I Jen. Most people now believe that he took the essence of Cheng’s Ba-Gua and what Cheng and Chou taught him as Ba-Gua applications and borrowed Hsing-I’s idea of one technique repetition on a straight line and created his 64.
But the hole appeared in his story when another student of Chou Yu Hsiang named Yen Ta Hua wrote “ Pa Kua Chang Illustrated”. Out of the 34 techniques in the book, 31 appear in Gao’s Hou Tien Ba-Gua
He tried to do the same thing that Dong Hai Chuan did (unbeknown by him) in order to lend some historic validity to his system.
Gao had a student by the name of Wu Meng Hsia, who previously had learned from Han Mu Hsia. Han was a student of Zhang Zhao Dong.
After becoming famous for beating a Russian strongman, Han became quite arrogant and on an occasion went back to practice with Zhang and thought he could embarrass his teacher in a sparring match. As they spared, Han kept his attack up until Zhang was backed up against a wall. Zhang realized what Han was doing and turned his defense into an attack and put Han on his ass. After this, as is to be expected, they were bitter enemies
And Han wouldn’t admit he learned from Zhang. If that wasn’t enough, he said he learned from a Taoist. It’s believed that he did this to spite Zhang.
Check this:
When Wu Meng Hsia met Gao Yi Sheng it is said that after watching Gao’s Hou Tien Form, Wu said that it was similar to Han’s.
Now check it, there’s 2 ways to look at this 1. They
played like they didn’t know each other, and both say they learned from a
Taoist. The truth is they did know each other because the proof is in Yen Te
Hua’s Book (Above) and Wu Meng Hsia. They both live in Tienjin at the same
time… you put it together. Or 2. This
next part comes from a few Gao students, Wu Meng Hsia Lied to support Gao and
his claim of learning from The Taoist Sung I Jen. The ultimate verification of
all of this is the title of the book on Gao style written by Wang Shu Sheng, Who
is Liu Feng Cai’s successor who was Gao Yi Sheng’s successor. The Title is
“Gao Yi Sheng’s Style of Cheng Ting Hua Ba-Gua Zhang”.
This is the story I heard when I first started learning Ba-Gua.
To begin with, it turns out that Chou Hua has been, since before the Ming Dynasty a place of veneration for Buddhist and is still so to this day.
Dong was supposed to have trained anywhere between 2-6yrs and left a foot deep circular trench around a tree which I’m sure that somebody saw over the ensuing years.
Also, no one had ever heard of Pi Cheng Hsia or, as I already said, any other Taoist.
As for Pi Cheng Hsia, It seem that he’s a totally fictitious person derived from a real person named Pi Yueh Hsia also known as Chang Ye He, but within the Taoist circles he was called the “The Wild Crane Taoist. He is the teacher of Sung Wei I who created and taught the “Wu Tang Sword Style” to Li Jing Lin (Magic Sword Li)
How did this happen? Inadvertently, Chiang Yun Qiao, while the editor of Kou Shu Monthly based in Tien Jin wrote the history of Ba-Gua Zhang. He got this information from Wu Chin Shan, a student of Han Mu Hsia. Remember him from the Gao story?
To spite Zhang Zhao Dong, He started saying that he learned from a Taoist.
Now this gets deep. Tell me this wasn’t a conspiracy.
These are my thought on this aspect.
Wu Chin Shan and Chang Hsiang Wu were friends. Chang obviously trained with Sung Wei I, how else did he get a copy of Sung’s Sword manual. Now Li Jing Lin had a copy of this book as well, and in 1980 the two books where compared.
Now Li Jing Lin’s copy came directly from Sung, as did
Chang’s. Here’s where it gets crazy, The Title of Chang’s book is “Wu
Tang Sword: The unity of Tai Chi and Ba-Gua”
Li’s book was called “Wu Tang Sword”.
The problem arises in the lineage charts. In Li’s book Sung traces his self back to Chang San Feng. The system was called Nei Chia Chuan.
Now as a side bar, for those that read my article on Cheng Ting Hua, You’ll remember that Cheng and his friends and decided to create an association for the 3 styles (Tai Chi, Xing-I and Ba-Gua). The name they came up with was Nei Chia Chuan. By the time they realized that the name was already in use, it was too late, the name stuck. It’s possible that Chang Hsiang Wu heard this story and not knowing what happened with the name took it as gospel, but when he got Sung Wei-I’s book and saw that the lineage in the book didn’t add up, he concocted the character Pi Cheng Hsia as Dong Hai Chuan’s Teacher.
It might have been truly innocent, but here’s another view:
During the 20’s & 30’s, Tai Chi and Ba-Gua were huge. Remember, a lot of people used to claim Taoist or Buddhist origins to validate their claims.
It appears that Chang Hsiang Wu was trying to associate him self with Chang San Feng, Dong Hai Chuan, and Yang Lu Chan.
In Chang’s book more names are added to the lineage list along with DHC.
It’s been found that these people did not exist, the same as Pi Cheng Hsia.
And check this out, A Martial Historian read the article in 1937 and because of his own research stated that not only is the lineage wrong, this system had nothing to do with Tai Chi. Also, Nether book mentions Ba-Gua at all aside from the title of Chang’s book.
At that time nobody knew the history and looked for things to fill in the blanks. The more fantastic the better and if you were teaching this incredible thing, that made you the man.
The way it looks, Chang was trying to ride on the fame of the name and reap the benefits.
It backfired though; Li Jing Lin is the one who became famous While Chang is known as just another martial Artist.
Many of the stories told about Ba-Gua’s origins and anecdotes of Dong’s life, were creations of this well-known storyteller in Tianjin. (Notice, again we’re in Tianjin again) Chang was a Ba-Gua practitioner who liked to tell stories about Dong. Some of these stories were written down and printed in the New Tianjin newspaper. A collection of his stories about Dong was published in a Novel. Unfortunately, many that read Chang’s stories took them to be fact and spread them thus adding to the problem of today.
I can’t find the year it was published, but Wang Shu Chin’s book, “Ba-Gua swimming Dragon Palm”, He states that DHC Learned from 2 Taoist named Shang Tao Yuan and Ku Chi Tzu. He say’s in his book that Dong learned from these men for upwards of 12yrs. I discount this because of DHC time line (up Top). Also, because of the training he was supposed to have received which is not evident by what he taught.
Tien Hui, while being a Kung Fu man, was also a fraud.
He claimed that he was the 9th generational lineage holder of the Tien Family Ba-Gua, which was over 4ooyrs old and only taught, in his family. He went to extremes in his story. He claimed that at the end of the Ming Dynasty, 2 of his ancestors left the Clan to become renunciates. They went to E Mai Mtn and learned Ba-Gua from 2 Taoist. After decades, one of them returned home and taught the family head. From that time on it remained in their family. It was handed down from elders that were involved with the anti Ching factions. He made claims that some of his family had entered the palace of the Emperor with the goal of assassinating him. While that never happened, they killed several guards in the attempt. On one occasion the family member made so much of an impact, that it was supposed to have shook Beijing.
Now in my research, I’ve noticed that the Chinese tend to keep records of what is most pertinent. If someone lived in a village in 1843 and knew Kung Fu, the town’s records would confirm this. Now how much more would the capital follow this trend, especially an attempt on the Emperor’s life?
In other words, there are no records. Also Tien Hui wouldn’t talk about it either when researchers approached him. In observing his system, the similarity between his system and Dong Hai Chuan’s were very close. It was obvious that he was lying, but still more proof was needed. So the family was interviewed, and what I find a little strange is that the family that was interviewed went out of their way to point out that Tien Hui was the only Tien that had learned Kung Fu, and no prior family member had ever learned. They also said the lineage he provided in his book were names of people that didn’t exist.
Jen Chih Cheng, the author, claimed that Ba-Gua was developed from this style.
Another one that lied out right.
He created the fictitious Tung Meng Lin, which it turns out to be another name for Pi Cheng Hsia. I’ve heard this name associated with a few other stories of the creation Of Ba-Gua.
He went all out with his tale as well. In the end the truth of the matter is when Jen finished his book on Ba-Gua, Sun His Kun’s book had just been released. “ The Genuine Ba-Gua Zhang Maneuvers”. After knowing this, and to avoid competition Jen made his name up from a Martial saying, When Martial Artist from different styles fight; it’s called “Pan Chuan Kuo Shou”. There are 4 upper Pan, and 4 lower pan. This combined with the Yin/Yang theory gave Jen his name, Thus Yin Yang Pa Pan Chang.
Jen Chih Cheng claimed that Li Chen Ching taught Liu Pao Chen, the most senior, Himself, Chiao Yen Chih, and Su Ching Tien.
Remember how I mentioned earlier that the villages and towns kept records? Well check this, Li Chen Ching, according to Jen, when Li was 16yrs old he began to work for a security company. During his travels, he came upon Tung Meng Lin’s homestead, begged to be taught, learned and traveled all over China with his security job and made martial acquaintances where ever he went. Before he left Tung he told him, several years ago there was a relative of mine who studied with me his name Tung Han Ching, a supposed alias for DHC. This has been totally discredited, for there has never been a person by that name ever mentioned orally or literally with the practice of Ba-Gua.
Also with this claim, he said that when Dong went to Beijing he changed the name to Ba-Gua Zhang. By now we know what Dong Called his art and it wasn’t Ba-Gua. The name Ba-Gua wasn’t really used until after Cheng Ting Hua’s death and the popularization of the name probably came from Sun Lu Tang’s book.
As for Li Chen Ching, I have not been able to ascertain weather or not he knew Ba-Gua at all.
According to the village records, Li died during the Boxer Rebellion, but in a most bazaar way. Li was terribly near sighted since birth, one day a regiment was approaching the village. Li thought they were his brothers in the resistance so he yelled “Brothers! And ran towards them. He never knew until he was shot that they were the enemy.
As for the rest of his story, it was discovered that Liu Pao Chen in truth was a student of Dong Hai Chuan. 2 points of proof are Liu was famous not just for his skill, but the fact that not only was he a student of the Famous Dong Hai Chuan, Liu brought him home to his village a few times to teach. It’s all in the village records, also Liu Pao Chen’s name is amongst the 57 student’s listed on Dong’s tomb. He died in 1922 at the age of 61.
So the truth of the matter is that Liu taught Jen, Chiao Yen Chih, and Su Ching Tien and
He might have also taught Li Chen Ching but it’s doubtful.
Further proof of this is Jens Ba-Gua. His system is identical to Liu’s, and if that’s not bad enough, Liu’s specialty was the Broadsword, wouldn’t you know that it was Jen’s also?
Ren Wen Zhu is Jen Chih Cheng’s nephew who now carries on Jen’s Lineage.
He too tells the same story and somehow it ‘s in the town records but simply mentioned in a couple of lines. What was known to be in the area at the time Dong began learning was Pa Fan Chuan, Hung Chuan, Hsing Men and Chin Kang Chuan. The addition of Pa Pan Chuan is a later addition put there during Jens time (30’s-40’s).
Also, The art that Jen wrote about has changed in the last 60yrs. Let’s examine this.
In 1934 Sun Hsi Kun’s book was published, and Jen Chih Cheng read it. He noticed the resemblance between him and Sun’s method. Now remember, Liu Pao Chen learned directly from Dong Hai Chuan, and Sun learned from Cheng Ting Hua’s son Cheng Yu Lung. Now picture this, Dong taught every body according to what they knew, Cheng Ting Hua’s method was known for swimming. Liu Pao Chen Learned from Dong and Cheng. Liu could not have learned with Cheng too long after Dong’s death because there is no I-Ching theory in their system, however there is a 64 Palm form, which had to come from Dong. The general structure is the same as Yin Fu’s in that there are 8 Palms with 7 variations to each Palm and of course Li’s specialty, the Broadsword.
Now 60yrs later Ren now comes with a new twist. Modifications are a norm in Ba-Gua, but it seems that in order to be unique from Ba-Gua, they’ve eliminated and added things.
For one, they’ve taken out the Tang Ni Bu. According to Ren in his book, published in 1987 he said: This was created by Dong Hai Chuan and the original Ba-Gua didn’t have this, but Pa Pan has Kao Bu and Ba Bu??????
Now there is no mention of the Kao Bu or Ba Bu in the Original Taoist Circle Walk Exercise. Their change of direction was done by walking the S pattern of the Tai Ji diagram. This was done with natural steps. The Kao and Ba is the base for the Tang Ni Bu and simple quick changes of direction. As far as Martial Arts go, the only way to walk the circle is with the Kao and Ba and that had to also come from DHC because that served as a basest for the Tang Ni Bu.
They changed the Mud step into a stomping step and work to increase speed until their running the Circle.
I find this interesting because Sun Lu Tang used to train this way, always pushing students to walk faster and faster.
They changed the classic guard posture by turning the extended Palm skyward and looks like the Spiral Palm
Over all, Pa Pan is more yang than Ba-Gua. I believe that Wen is playing on the fact that because of the damage that the scholars have done to the known lineages of Ba-Gua in terms of watering them down with the health kick, the philosophical kick, New age kick, and of course Wushu, the point that they my have remained more pure in terms of it’s usage as a martial art, he can play on the ignorance of the masses who know no better.
Dong Hai Chuan created Ba-Gua Zhang! That’s my stand.
There are too many holes in the stories of those that claim otherwise.
As far as the I-Ching Goes, there’s nothing wrong with the addition of it in order to raise
The skill level of the practitioners, but first and foremost Ba-Gua is a fighting art. The health aspects are a side effect of correct training. The same holds true for Xing-I and Tai Ji. Now believe it or not I believe in the metaphysical aspects of the I-Ching and other practices, but this involves the manipulation of energy, which you must first have.
The current practice of telling students all they have to do is relax and let the Qi do it has become common. This is based on the myth that has been perpetuated for the last 80yrs.
One of the reasons the skill levels of the past can’t be reached is, besides the fact that it’s not a life and death situation anymore, most aren’t willing to work that hard. They’d rather look for the miracle pill (Qi).
Also, In terms of history there have been quite a few secrete societies that went by the name Ba-Gua and have been linked one way or another (wrongfully so) with Dong Hai Chuan. The biggest link between Ba-Gua Zhang and the I-Ching Is Cheng Ting Hua and his work to base his Martial style on the I-Ching, which gave birth to the 9 Palace style. Cheng Ting Hua’s influence was great amongst his younger classmates and the second generation. But notice the level of their skill. Did that come from I-Ching theory or real work? A master simply means a master of the basics, The I-Ching is for the advanced but it is not necessary to master the art.
Plus you have to keep in mind that the Con man aspect is not new. Many have tried to ride on the tails of those that have achieved great things. Facts that support this are that in the old days, teachers didn’t explain a lot of what they did. They would show you the move and you were expected to work it out. Is that not fertile ground for the Con man? I believe I’ve shown the extremes this can go.
I’ve been learning Ba-Gua for 27yrs now and have come across so much in terms of everything and because of my love for it; I remember almost all of it. History has always been one of my passions and I tried to put things in the most real way that I could. Some of it is quite street in expression but this to try and by pass un-necessary word play.
I present my hypothesis to the public.
Peace
Director
Ba-Gua
Zhang Research & Boxing Association
WMAOA
Chinese Martial Arts Chairman
WMAOA
Master's Council Member
WMAOA
USA President