Nucleolus- A spherical area in the center of a nucleus where ribosomes are. synthesized.
Nuclear Envelope- Double membrane which surrounds the nucleus.
Nuclear pores- Small holes in the nuclear envelope where RNA can leave the nucleus and enter the Cytosol.
Chromatin- Fine strands made of DNA and Protein located between the nucleolus and nuclear envelope. Durring cell division, the chromatin strands coil up and make chromosomes.
Cell membrane- the second most outer most part of the cell, made up of a double lipid layer. Said to be selectively permeable since some substances and enter the cell through it while others can't.
Cytoplasm- Substance that lies between the cell membrane and nucleus which contains the organelles of the cell. The Organelles are bather in cytosolm a gelatin -like aqueous solution.
Mitochondria- Large oranelle with a double membrane where the transfer of energy from organic compounds to ATP occurs. The second membrane is folded so that the surface area is enlarged. The second membrane is the Cristae.
Ribosomes- Organelles that are made from RNA and protein that do not have a membrane. Ribosomes are synthesized in the Nucleus and then set free in the Cytosol or absorbed by the Endoplasmic Recticulum.
Endoplasmic Recticulum(ER)- System of membranous tubules and sacs. It has two parts; the rough Endoplasmic Recticulum and the smooth Endoplasmic Recticulum. The rough ER has ribosomes attached that are to be exported or to be inserted into the cell membrane. The smooth ER synthesizes steroids in gland cells, regulates calcium levels in muscle cellss, and the breakdown of toxic substances by liver cells.
Golgi apparatus- A system of membranes that is the processing, packaging, and secreting organelle of the cell. It modifies proteines for export by the cell.
Lysosomes- Spherical organelle that has hydrolytic enzymes within its single membrane which digests proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, DNA, RNA, old organelles, viruses, and bacteria.
Microfilaments/microtubules- components of the cytoskeleton. They're a network of long protein strands not surrounded by membranes. They provide support and are used to move organelles in the cell. The microfilaments are thrads made of the protein actin and are the smallest strands that make up the cytoskeleton. Microtubeles are the largest strands of the cytoskeleton and extend outward from near the nucleus to near the cell membrane. During cell division, microtubules form bundles called spindle fibers.
Vacuole- Large organelles where wastes are stored. Commonly found in plants, some take up 90 percent of the Cell.
Vesicles- Proteins that go through the golgi apparatus and exported from cell.
Cell wall- lies outside the cell membrane and is made up of long chains of cellulose. It's function is to support and protect the cell. It has two parts, primary and secondary cell wall. The primary cell wall enlarges as the cell expands, while the secondary cell wall develops when the cell is at full size. The secondary cell wall is tough and woody, a piece of wood is made up of secondary cell walls with the insides disintegrated.
Plastids- Organelles that are surrounded by 2 membranes and contrain DNA. Some store fats and starch while other contain pigments to absorb light.
Chloroplast- A plastid which contains a system of flattened, membranous sacs called thylakoids. It converts light energy into chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis.
