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AstronomyTerms

Brightness of a starAbsolute magnitude
Southern Hemisphere aurora frequently called (the) “Southern Lights”Aurora Australis
Northern Hemisphere aurora frequently called the “Northern Lights”Aurora Borealis
Theory that the universe originated in a cataclysmic explosion of a hot, dense mass of matterBig Bang (theory)
Hypothetical heavenly object in which gravitation is so strong
that nothing, not even light, can escape its attraction
Black Hole
Mass of cosmic dust and ice orbiting the sun, often called a
“dirty snowball”
Comet
Polish “Father of Astronomy” who first proposed that all planets revolve around the sunCopernicus, Nicolaus
Imaginary but apparent force that appears to affect any object
moving on a rotating surface, a force attributed to the rotation
of the Earth
Coriolis effect (force)
Hot, outermost layer of the sun’s atmosphereCorona
The universe, especially as an orderly, harmonious systemCosmos
Apparent change in the frequency of sound, light, or radio
waves caused by a change in the distance between the source of the wave and the receiver
Doppler effect
Celestial body’s blocking of the sun’s light to another heavenly bodyEclipse
German-American scientist who first stated the theory of relativityEinstein, Albert
Mass of dust, gas, and stars held together by gravitation and
having a diameter of thousands of light years
Galaxy
Italian scientist who improved the original telescopes and was the first astronomer to use oneGalileo
Orbit of a satellite that is maintaining its position over the same spot on the earthGeosynchronous
(geostationary) orbit
English astronomer who predicted that the great comet he
observed in 1682 was the same one observed in 1531 and 1607
and that it would reappear 76 years later (it reappeared in 1758,
1835, 1910, and 1986, and it is named Halley’s Comet in his honor)
Halley, Edmond
American astronomer who was the first to demonstrate that the
universe contains star systems other than our galaxy and that all
galaxies beyond the Milky Way are moving away from the Earth
Hubble, Edwin
Orbiting space telescope named after Edwin HubbleHubble Space Telescope
German astronomer who developed his 3 laws of planetary
motion by the careful analysis of the data that his mentor,
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe, had compiled
Kepler, Johannes
Measure of about 6 trillion miles, used to measure distances
between objects in outer space to or between stars
Light-year
Measure of a star’s brightnessMagnitude
Astronomer who discovered a comet in 1847 and became the
first woman elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in 1848
Mitchell, Maria
Earth’s nearest neighbor in space, located on the average about 238,000 miles from the Earth—it takes about 27 2 days for it to travel around the EarthMoon
Cloudlike region of gas and dust among the starsNebula
Star that is frequently the source of powerful X-rays and is made up almost entirely of a very dense mass of electrically neutral subatomic particlesNeutron star
Star that brightens suddenly and then fadesNova
Path of one celestial body about another celestial bodyOrbit
Part of the Earth’s or moon’s shadow from which part of the
solar disk is visible as during an eclipse
Penumbra
Model of the solar system that projects images of heavenly
bodies on a dome-shaped ceiling
Planetarium
Rapidly spinning neutron star that emits short, intense pulses of
radiation, especially radio waves, with a high degree of regularity
Pulsar
Most distant objects yet detected in the universe, whose name is derived from “quasi-stellar”Quasars
Any star with great size and brightness and a relatively low surface temperatureRed giant
Celestial body that orbits a planet or larger body, such as the
artificial bodies placed in orbit around the Earth to transmit
weather information or TV signals, etc.
Satellite
Celestial body that gives off light, such as the sunStar
Sky’s brightest body and the one around which the Earth and
other planets revolve—it is about 93 million miles from the
Earth, and its chemical makeup is about 75% hydrogen and about 25% helium
Sun
Dark spot on the surface of the sun that is associated with disturbances of the Earth’s magnetic fieldSunspot
Star that explodes or a nova that is far brighter than an ordinary novaSupernova
Darkest part of the shadow cast by the Earth or moon during an eclipseUmbra
All of the matter and energy in space and time, including the
Earth, the stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies
Universe
Lowest possible energy stateVacuum
Bands of high radiation circling the earthVan Allen Belts
Any star with low luminosity, small size, and great densityWhite dwarf
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