| ASSOCIATION OF COMPONENTES OF COMUNIDADES
(Reg. No.131/GOA/95 dated 27.10.95 under Societies Reg.Act,1860) C/o Ft. No.5. 1st Floor, G. Block, Madhuban Hg. Society, St.Inez,Panaji-Goa CALLING ATTENTION OF THE CONCERNED GOANS/CITIZENS THAT NO CITIZEN IN THIS STATE OF GOA CAN BE SAID TO BE IGNORANT OF THE LAW OF THE LAND AND OF THE FOLLOWING FACTS. THAT THE CONCERNED AUTHORITIES OF THE GOVERNMENT CANNOT BE SAID TO BE INNOCENT AND CANNOT EXCUSE THEMSELVES AS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR THE PLUNDER OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE COMUNIDADES IN GOA THROUGH VARIOUS AGENCIES OF THE STATE. A BRIEF REPORT: ON THE NATURE OF LAND OWNING AND HOLDING BY THE COMUNIDADES IN GOA AND THE NATURE OF FRAUD INTRODUCED AGAINST THEM AFTER 19.12.1961. A. The Comunidades/ or Village Communities of Goa are not a creation nor establishment by any State Ruler/Government at any point of time. The said Comunidades are known to have come into existence sui juris and prior to coming into existence of the State itself. It stands recorded that it is the said Communities that first developed the land by clearing the jungles and bushes and established their own Villages, installed their own respective Village Deity and introduced their own private laws to be governed by it. That the historical records show that these Village Communities, then commonly known as Gaunkaries or Gaunponn in Goa, came to be constituted at the stage when nomadic life of people moving and wandering with cattle in search of green pastures came to a halt in a given locality and over a land that belonged to no one before them and with a intention to have permanent settlement thereof. B. That the fact is, that these Village Communities have come into existence prior to coming into existence the State as understood under modern concept. The Comunidades in Goa do not fall within the term State as expressed under Article 12 of the Constitution of India. The Rules and Regulations of the Comunidades in Goa pertains to various contractual obligation and commitments inter alia the members of the public and the State administration founded on usages and customs of the natives followed from generation. The law of the Gaunkars is not enacted by any State Ruler nor by any State legislature at any point of time as stands declared to be private and personal law of the Gaunkars. Their law have been solemnly recognized by the State after systematic codification of the common usage and custom practiced by the Gaunkars over the centuries and being in force in this State of Goa and therefore, is consistent with the Fundamental Rights enshrined in the Constitution of India in terms of Article 13 of the Constitution of India. The above said usages and customs are said to be founded under the then ancient Hindu Law prevailing in this part of the Territory of India before the Muslims and the Portuguese Rulers and protected by the Treaty/ Pact of 1510 as declared under the Foral dated 16.9.1526 of Affonso Mexia. The present Code of Comunidades in force, which stands recognized by the State administration by virtue of promulgation of Diploma Legislativo No.2070 dated 15.4.1961, is a set of mere Rules and Regulations pertaining to the administration of the affairs of the Comunidades and concerning to various contractual obligation thereof inter alia the members and as well as with the State Government authorities. That after the liberation of Goa from the Portuguese Rule, the State Government have suo moto/ unilaterally carried out so called amendments to the said Rules and regulations, when no such Constitutional Legislative powers are provided to amend any customary law of the natives that stands founded on usage and customs of times immemorial. This done also by ignoring the requirements of prior hearing the concerned Comunidades in terms of Article 652 of the Code of Comunidades. C. The present Codigo das Comunidades, which stands promulgated by the Diploma Legislativo No.2070 dated 15.4.1961, is in Portuguese language. However, unauthenticated and or fraudulently framed so called English translation thereof is being circulated by some persons in the name of the Administrator of Comunidades of South Zone, Margao and the same copy is also circulated by the State Government Revenue Department through the Govt. Printing Press as �Code of Comunidades� by making use of such covering. The State Government have made use of the said unauthenticated English version to carry out so called amendments thereof and the copies of the same are provided to the Judicial Organs of the State as well as to the Administrators of Comunidades and the Administrative Tribunal of Goa. That gross prejudice is being caused to the interested of the Comunidades by making use of such fraudulently framed and fabricated so called Code of Comunidades in English version. That the first compilation of usages and custom of the natives of Goa, are found recorded in the Foral or Charter (the Magna Carta) of Affonso Mexia dated 16.9.1526, which throws light on pre-existence of the Village Communities/ Comunidades of Goa, before the arrival of the Portuguese in India. This Foral with reference to the Treaty/pact of 1510, admits State�s obligations to protect the customary laws in existence and defend the properties of the natives and the Gaunkars against any aggression from the outside and the same time acknowledges the acceptance of the annual tributes and taxes to the State Rulers from the natives and the Gaunkars in terms of the existing laws based on such usage and custom for providing such guardianship and protection. D. Similarly large number of the Judgments which stands passed by the then Relacao of Goa ( The then High Court of Goa) and by the Supreme Tribunal of Portugal, besides the then Administrative Tribunal of Goa, during the Portuguese Rule on the matters of interest of Comunidades in Goa stands recorded in Portuguese language. The Carte de Lei dated 9.5.1901 promulgated by the Portuguese in this Territory of Goa solemnly declares that the Government absolute Domain shall vests on the land and immovable property in the State in India where the land and immovable property does not belonging to any person, i.e. where it happens to be non-State land and immovable property. a) This law of 9.5.1901 further provides powers and authority to the concerned Government of the State to provide grants and or assign the various rights over the land belonging to the State to the subjects/ citizens as to hold the land in private capacity. The above solemn declaration have drawn a clear line as to indicate as what pertains within the absolute Domain of the then Government in the State of Goa. That what stands already declared to be belonging to the natives/ indigenous people and or to the Comunidades in this State cannot be said to be belonging to the State and or to the concerned Government. b) That the grants and assignments made by the State Government over the land belonging to the State as to hold the land and or any immovable property thereof in private capacity is governed by the State made laws and such holding of rights by such grants and assignments in common parlance means the right to hold property. The nature of rights granted and or assigned by the respective Comunidades in Goa over their absolute private land or immovable property, where element of State grant or assignment is absent, in terms of their private law, cannot be equated to the rights granted and or conferred by the State Government in terms of such assignments and does not come within the express or parlance as right to hold property. c) That in terms of the Roman concept of jurisprudence, followed during the Portuguese Rule in this State of India, does not foresee the granting or assigning of any absolute Domain over the land or immovable property in favour of any person or subject nor even by law of prescription. The said Roman law foresees only the right in the form of Domain Util vesting with any holder of the land and that absolute Domain always vests with the grantor and or the assignor thereof. Therefore, such natured grant or assignment of rights in favour of any person or subject cannot come into existence without the execution of the contract, without indicating the period or duration and without indicating the consideration thereof payable by such grantee or assignee to the holder of absolute Domain. That the grants and assignments made under the Roman concept, either by the State or by the respective Comunidade in Goa are subordinate to such absolute Domain which always vests with the grantor of such Rights. The respective holder of absolute Domain can terminate such contract by the principles of the Doctrine of Eminent Domain before lapse of such contract or grant. d) The private Village and or the land of Comunidades in Goa and or the land and immovable property owned and or held unto possession in the said private Village by such grantees and or assignees and or by their respective successors-in-interest, does not fall within the definition and meaning expressed and given to the land and immovable property under the Article 31A and or under Article 300A of the Constitution of India and there is total absence of the element called an Estate in land. The State Govenrment as foreseen under the Constitution of India, who have not succeeded to the land and properties of the Comunidade in terms of Article 294 and 295 of the Constitution of India can have no powers of Eminent Domain to acquire the land belonging to the said Comunidades and or to acquire the land held by the grantees and assignees of the Comunidades in question. The State Government could do so provided the Government is in position to show that such land and or property is granted by the State at any point of time by the powers of its absolute Domain over any land thereof to be subordinate to such absolute Domain of the State Government. E. That the provisions of Article 647 of the present �Codigo das Comunidades� in force prohibits alienation of the lands belonging to the Comunidade Villages in favour of any person or authority. The provisions of Article 12 of the said Codigo provides that no immovable property belonging to the Comunidades in Goa is subject to attachment by any Order of the Court. That it further provides that the Court may by Order attach the liquid assets or amount in the coffers of any given Comunidade and or such order may fall on future income and receivables to satisfy any debt or liability of the given Comunidade but such order shall never fall on the immovable Assets of any given Comunidade. F. The provision under Article 647 of the said Code of Comunidades contemplates that no ownership/ proprietorship Title to the land in the given Village of the Comunidade can vest on any person and or any authority. No person therefore, can legally claim to be owning any land thereof, except the rights to enjoy the benefits of the land. That this provision in the Code of Comunidades is similar to what is provided under Rule 3 of the GDD Land Revenue (Disposal of Government Lands) Rules, 1971 when it comes to granting of the rights over the land belonging to the State Government. The provisions of the said Rule reads- In all grants and disposals of land, the right of occupation and use only, subject to the provisions of the Code, shall be granted, and not the proprietory right of the Government in the soil itself. That in terms of Article 18 of the Constitution of India, the �State� within the meaning assigned under Article 12 of the Constitution of India is prohibited in granting any such Proprietorship Title on citizens and bound to abolish any such existing Title. That in view of this, all the States and Union Territories in India have given due compliance to the said provisions of Article 18 of the Constitution of India except by the Government of Goa and for obvious reasons. G. It stands agreed and solemnly declared by the State, at part III of the Preamble of the above said Diploma Legislative No.2070 dated 15.4.1961, that the land in the Village of the given Comunidade in Goa, is an absolute private property of the respective Comunidade in Goa and without the element of any grant and or conferment of Proprietorship Title by the State Ruler and or without any State land Tenure relationship, ab initio. That for reasons of this, it stands further declared that the Doctrine of �Domino Util and Domino Directo� which is applicable in cases where the land stands granted and or assigned by the State to the members of the public, to hold or to own any such land as Proprietors and or Tenure holders, is not applicable in cases where land stands granted and or assigned by the Village Communities/Comunidades. That this declaration is said to be founded on the historical truth as revealed to the then Portuguese Government by Cunha Rivara, the then authority in the Administration of Portuguese Government in Goa and who is known to have investigated the case of Comunidades with reference to the laws of such age old Village Communities prevailing in the rest of the States in India at the relevant point of time and before the British Rulers interfered with them. Ref� (Out-cry) Brados a favor das Communidades Das Aldeas do ESTADO DA INDIA -by Joaquim Heliodoro Cunha Rivara. H. That on account of the above said revelation, it is utmost necessary to consider the following: a) That during the Portuguese Colonial Rule in Goa and till the above said declaration, the said Rulers falsely and wrongly attempted to assume to themselves the status of State landlordism over the Comunidades in Goa. However, in terms of Foral or Charter of Affonso Mexia dated 16.9.1526, it stands declared that the existence of the Comunidades in Goa is known to be of times immemorial. That based on this nature of false assumption, the said Rulers incorrectly and wrongly presumed that the private Villages of the Comunidades in Goa were held by sort of State grant of emphyteutic in nature. For example, in some localities of the British Ruled India in the year 1793 and during the Tenure of Lord Cornwallis, the then British Governor to India, the holders of State land were conferred with Proprietorship Title after such holders agreed to permanently settle the payment of annual Land Revenue to the State. That by nursing under natured and false concept, the Villages Communities/ Comunidades in Goa were charged and or made liable to pay Land Revenue (foros) to the State, besides the contribution towards Predial. ( The predial in this case, means liability to pay to the State Government a pre-assessed Tax on gross annual income receivable from the output of the agricultural land and in most cases such lands stands identified by such fiscal survey of the Government, as maintained by the then Director of Land Survey. This predial is payable every year by such holders of the land who are vested with Emphyteutic natured Title, either individually and or collectively.) b) The term �Emphyteusis� has been originated in France. It is made use of to signify and recognize sort of proprietorship natured right vesting in the Citizen of the nature understood under English legal terminology. The Portuguese Civil Code foresees holding of such Title over the land belonging to the State by a citizen for his private utility and use till the same is determined by the terms of the contract of Aforamento or such concession. There is nothing called holding or owning the land or immovable propriety in perpetuity and or by way of permanent lease. c) The then Portuguese Rulers abusively caused the dissolution of several Comunidades in Goa when such Comunidades nor their Gaunkars could pay the demand of falsely imposed Land Revenue to the State Government for want of income and thus being in arrears and or account of such continuous default and for such other reasons the private village of such Communities fell in the hands of the Rulers. That after vesting of such possession over the such villages and over such lands with the said Rulers, the then State Government commenced to carry out its business and thus appropriated itself the income earned thereof by assigning Rights of �Arrendamento�. The concerned Government in question after the dissolution of such Village Communities in certain areas also caused the distribution of the lands by assigning the rights by the contract of Aforamento with the members of the public and also granted such Emphyteutic Titles thereof. That many of these grants and assignments are made by then Portuguese Government by the provisions contained under the Decree or the Decreto No.3.602 dated 24.11.1917. This Decreto presently stands rightly and or wrongly repealed in terms of Section 201 of the Goa Daman and Diu Land Revenue Code, 1968. d) The provisions of Article 648 of the present �Codigo das Comunidades� indicates that the then Portuguese Government realized its own gross illegalities and wrongs against the interests of Comunidades in Goa, while administration of their Rule in Goa based on such false concept of State landlordism. The then Government admitted that illegalities and wrongs needs to be undone and provided scope to the concerned Government to restore, reconstitute and or re-establish the extinct Comunidades wherever possible. Till date no efforts have been made by any State Government of Goa, to comply with the said provisions and to undo the illegalities and wrongs by the State administration at the relevant point of time to restore the wrongfully dissolved Comunidades in Goa. e) That no State Ruler/ Government, in the absence of State�s absolute ownership to the land ab initio, could possible to assign such natured Title or the Proprietorship Title and nor could execute any agreement or contract of State land Tenure and or of lease agreement. In the absence of absolute ownership to the land vesting with the State no State Government can execute any such contract with the subjects and or attain the status of a Landlord in origin over any land. f) That no private Village and or any land thereof, belonging to any Comunidade in Goa, can be expropriated and or acquired by the State Ruler/ Government, when there is absence of grant and absence of State landlordism ab initio. The State of Goa stands freed from the Portuguese Rule by the act of the Union of India on 19.12.1961 and who succeed the same before the popular State Government could be installed in this State. The said Union Government and or the State Government can succeed all the immovable properties and assets that belonged to the State and or which where vesting in the ex-Rulers as provided in terms of Article 294 and 295 of the Constitution of India and not beyond. g) The Central nor the State Government can be said to be vesting with the powers of �Eminent Domain� over the land and immovable properties belonging to the Comunidades in Goa. That when the said land and immovable properties thereof never belonged to the State and or to the ex-Rulers as absolute owner in the first place and no when no such subordinate rights thereform stands assigned by the State and vesting with any Comunidades nor with any member of the public, the Central nor the State Government in question is as legitimate successor thereof in terms of Article 294 and 295 of the Constitution of India. The State Government of Goa have no Constitutional Legislative competency to Legislate in the absence of State landlordism over any land. h) That all the so called land acquisition by the Government of the land belonging to the Comunidades in Goa and or of the land and immovable properties in the possession with any person in the private Village of the given Comunidade is a illegality ab initio and for all purposes is colourable exercise of power under the provisions of whatsoever public laws and amounting to a fraud. i) That to understand the concept of State powers to acquire the land from the private hands for public purposes, one have to understand the nature of land and immovable properties and or interest thereof as stands expressed under Article 31A of the Constitution of India and what is the nature of right to property held by citizens as to own and or hold the land in their private use and possession and further have to understand what is meant by an Estate in land under the English legal terminology vis a vis the foundation of public laws of Land Acquisition under the common wealth Countries. It will show that without the State vesting with the Absolute Domain over the given land in the first place and without lawfully granting any subordinate rights thereof to the concerned members of the public to hold such land privately no provisions of such land acquisition can be applied as to terminate or extinguish such non existing subordinate right as to say that such land is acquired. a) The question is whether the State can cause acquisition of any such subordinate rights by the doctrine of Eminent Domain in respect to a person who is in illegal or unauthorized possession of the State land and by applying the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act,1894 and offer such person any compensation thereof and also the question is as to why the law of Public Premises ( Eviction of unauthorized Occupation) Act, 1971 and such other public laws, do not provide scope for compensating such unauthorized �occupant� at the time of his or her eviction from such holding of the land ? The State public laws of land acquisition of every country in the world stands founded on the Doctrine of Eminent Domain. This Doctrine was propounded in year 1625 by one eminent jurist, namely Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) and which is founded on his legal theory on �Social Contract�. It provides scope to the State or its Government to acquire and or terminate or extinguish the subordinate rights granted by it to the subjects to own and or hold the land or immovable property in private capacity in the larger interest of general public good by offering sufficient compensation to such holder of right and whose right to the land or immovable property have not come to be determined by the term of holding such right thereof and or the contract duration or period of the Tenure. j) That the then Portuguese Rulers in Goa also nursed by the above said false concept of State landlordism and exercised the State powers of the Eminent Domain thereof over the private Villages of the Comunidades in Goa during their Rule in Goa and till the fag end, and expropriated their lands when there was total absence of element of State Grant or the so called element of an Estate in Land. That the said concept stands abolished by said solemn Declaration made thereof, which stands promulgated under the Diploma Legislativo No.2070 dated 15.4.1961. This declaration has cleared the Comunidades from the falsely imposed obligation for payment of Land Revenue to the State Government by stating that there is total absence of State land Tenure and or the State Landlordism. Hence, the land of the Comunidades is not of the kind of a property as stands defined and expressed under Article 31A of the Constitution of India and there is total absence of the element of an Estate in land in the Village of Comunidades as understood under British legal concept. I. The provisions of Article 7 of the above said Codigo das Comunidades, have firmly expressed, that the Comunidades have suo moto powers and are free to exercise their powers and authority in sub-dividing and or partitioning of their Village land for the purposes to generate greater economy to themselves and for the said reasons it stands declared that the Comunidades in Goa do not enjoy such rights over the land of the nature enjoyed as Proprietors/ Landlords, as in these cases such Proprietors come into existence only when State Administration grants emphyteusis Title to the members of the public. a) The Comunidades in Goa, as stands recorded in the Foral of Affonso Mexia, dated 16.9.1526, were known to be granting and assigning over the centuries various rights to the members of the public over their land in their respective Village as to hold the land in terms of their private law before the coming of the Portuguese Rule in this State of Goa. The then Portuguese Rulers considered this act on the part of the Comunidades to be an act of nature of assigning the Title of Sub-emphyteusis, as the said Rulers had wrongly presumed that the Comunidades owned and or held their respective Villages by the Title of emphyteusis conferred by some unknown Ruler of the State. That after promulgation of above said Diploma Legislative No.2070 dated 15.4.1961, the words �Sub-emphyteusis� appearing in the earlier Code of Comunidades ceased to exist in the present Codigo das Comunidades in force after such revelation of the truth. The said word Sub-emphyteusis wherever appeared stands replaced by the word �Emphyteusis� when it comes to be granting of Rights on the Aforamento holders. This term Emphyteusis is superior to the term �Aforamento� appearing in the present Code of Comunidades, as such Title holder is secured the holding to such land or immovable property for the definite term and or duration of the contracted period. This grant of right is not in perpetuity as commonly presumed but subject to the terms of Aforamento. b) That in terms of Article 18 of the Constitution of India, the granting of the land under Emphyteusis and or conferment of Proprietorship Title or perpetual grants by the State is prohibited. The State Government is bound to abolish all such Proprietorship Titles, if any, vesting with the citizen after coming into operation of the provisions of the Constitution of India, as has been done in Districts of Daman and Diu, the then part of Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. As earlier stated, that this exercise have taken place all over India except in the State of Goa. The State Government of Goa instead is found progressively granting Proprietorship Titles over the land belonging to the State as to hold the land by the concerned citizen in perpetuity. The State Government of Goa is also encouraging and causing the various Comunidades in Goa to provide such natured Titles over their land to the members of the public as to hold the land in perpetuity and contrary to the law. c) The question of abolishing any Title held by the Comunidades in terms of Article 18 of the Constitution of India does not arise as it has no such Title vesting with them and similarly, any right or Title granted by the respective Comunidade s to the members of the public does not mean any such Title granted by the State and therefore, is not subject to abolition by any law of the State. The Agrarian Land Reform Laws of the State do not apply to the land where State Land Tenures are not in existence and hence the question of applying such provisions of the laws to the lands situated in a absolute private Village of Comunidade in Goa does not arise at all. That by applying the provision of the Land Acquisition Act,1894 no such proprietorship Title nor such Tenure relationship can be said to be terminated in respect to the land belonging to the Comunidades, when there is no such natured holding to the land. d) A Village Comunidade cannot be addressed as a �landlord� of any person in the present context of Agrarian Land Reform Laws based on the grants and assignment made by it. In the present term a �landowner� means a person who holds the land by State land Tenure and who is under the contractual obligation to pay Land Revenue as consideration thereof. He acquires status of an �Occupant� on payment of Occupancy price thereof. e) That when a lawful lease stands executed by a State land Tenure holder in favour of another person, this act and or deed confers on such State land Tenure holder the status of a �landlord�. That such execution of lease by the grantee in question amounts to an act of Sub-letting and or Sub-leasing of the grant and the rights thereof in the land in the eyes of the State Administration, and such third person or transferee is entitled to obtain the benefit under the Agricultural Tenancy Act and or under Buildings Rent Control Act in respect to premises thereon. f) All the Agrarian Land Reform laws of the States in India as recognized under the Constitution of India, presumes the pre-existence of State Landlordism and or State land Tenures with the holders of the land. That such holder is seen as �intermediary� between the State and the actual cultivator/ Tiller or as actual occupier of any land and or premises thereof only when such holder transfers his rights in the land in favour of another by lease etc. and such transferee in common parlance called the �Tenant�. g) That the benefits available and or provided under the above said Agrarian Land Reform laws of India, cannot be said available to any person, who claims to be a lessee of any land or premises thereof. These benefits cannot be extended in the private Village of the Comunidades in Goa for obvious reasons. It is equally true to the person who claims to be a lessee of a person who is the original grantee and or assignee of any given Comunidade in Goa. The Comunidade in Goa nor its grantee and or the Assignee can be considered as Intermediaries between the State and the cultivator of the soil in the absence of over all State Landlordism thereof. This concept of State landlordism is attributed to the State when there is State land Tenure relationship with the grantee and the term �landlord� is assigned to the said grantee, when such grantee transfers part or whole of such Right granted by the State as to hold the land or premises in favour of third parties i.e. sub-letting or by lease and with and or without the approval or sanction of the State Administration. See--- Section 20 to 27 of the GDDLRC,1968 indicates the position of the State land Tenure holder and that of the Government lessee and who can be addressed as �Occupant� and as Government lessee. J. The provisions of Article 5 of the said Codigo, besides other things, provides that it is possible for the respective Comunidade to grant and or assign various rights to the members of the public over their land, as per the laid down provisions of the said Codigo das Comunidades. The provisions of Article 30-4(f) of the said Codigo, provides that the say of the concerned Comunidades is necessary in granting the Title of emphytuesis or perpetual rights on any grantee and similarly the say is required for grant of permission or approval to transfer the granted land by Sale to another person as well as permission to exchange the granted land. The terms Sale under this context does not mean Sale of land belonging to the Comunidade but granting of permission to the original grantee or to his successors to transfer the Title to land in question along with the improvement and developments made thereon by sale in favour of another person. This act or deed of transfer of Title to the land by Sale or by any lease thereof, is not an act and or deed of kind of Title and or the transfer of land foreseen under the Transfer of Property Act in force. The provisions of the said Transfer of Property Act originally foresaw the transfer of Proprietorship Titles by Sale Deed and or by leases etc. but after introduction of Article 18 to the Constitution of India, it foresees transfer of transferable and marketable �Occupancy Rights� held by any citizen by any such Title of State Land Tenure and or the transfer of land or immovable property of the kind as stands defined and expressed under Article 31A of the Constitution of India. In this case the act and or Deed inter-alia the citizens attains the legal validity when such transactions stands Registered before competent authority appointed under the Indian Registration Act. K. The provisions of Article 14 of the said Codigo das Comunidades provides the respective Comunidade powers to acquire whatsoever Title or rights granted or assigned by it on their land, whether such Title held by single person or collectively, by refund of twenty annuities collected by the said Comunidade at any point of time and when it has sufficient amount in its coffers to repay or refund the said annuities, except when the land stands granted or assigned for any Religious or pious purposes. This form of Eminent Domain vesting with the respective Comunidade since such land holding is subject to eventually escheat to the respective Comunidade. L. That in the case of State, the conferment of such Proprietorship Title and or perpetual free holdings by Citizens by applying the principles �Domino Util and Domino Directo�, the State looses its character of Landlord since such assignee and grantee is freed from the obligation of payment of any rent and or Land Revenue to the State Government on having acquired the right of Domino Directo. The State can regain the Status of a Landlord on abolition of such Title and re-establishment of State Tenure Relationship and this scope is provided in terms of Article 18 of the Constitution of India and the State in this case is expected to resort to the powers of Eminent Domain which is said to be vesting with the State all the time. The scope of the present Land Acquisition Act, 1894 and of such other public laws of the State after coming into operation of Article 18 of the Constitution of India, foresees acquisition of �Occupancy Rights� and or Estate in land and or any interest thereof as held by the State Tenure holders and again by applying the principle of State�s Eminent Domain. M. That the then vested interested politicians in Goa, after coming into force the provisions of the GDDLRC, 1968, have caused the Survey authorities appointed under the said Land Revenue Code in general to carryout Land Survey of the entire land in the State of Goa, when the provisions and Rules made under the said law restricts itself in the areas or localities of State Land Tenure holders. The said Survey authorities consequently framed and fabricated so called plans, maps and so called Record of Rights as Extract Form I and XIV and or in Form B and D and maintained the same as valid and legal Statutory Instruments thereof, over Comunidade lands. This entire exercise at cost of exchequer is illegal and the documentation of the records is invalid and fake in the absence of State Land Tenures with the holders and owners of the land. N. The said Survey of land and maintenance of called Record of Rights under the provisions of said GDDLRC,1968 was possible only where there exists and or on coming into existence any State land Tenure or Government lease, either by previous existing law and or on grant of land in terms of the provisions of Section 21 of the GDD LRC,1968 and or in terms of the provisions of GDD Land Revenue (Disposal of Government Lands) Rules,1971. No such Survey is applicable in case where citizens are holding Proprietorship Titles granted by the State and where no such Proprietorship Titles are abolished. It amounts to absolute fraud on the part of the State Government to apply the provisions of the above said LRC to the land covered under the private Village of the respective Comunidades in Goa, whether held by it and or by any of its grantees or assignees and or even by encroachers, when the law of the Comunidades is in force over their land. O. The Land, water and natural resources of the various Village Comunidades in Goa based on the above fraud stands under plunder by the State Government at the instance of the vested interested politicians by making illegal and unlawful use of the above said illegal documentation. The State Government of Goa is carrying on illegal business through various Revenue authorities of the State and by faking private Villages of the Comunidades in Goa to be Revenue Villages of the State Governement. There are no lawfully constituted Revenue Villages, Revenue Talukas nor Revenue Districts in this State of Goa in the absence of State land Tenure holders. The legal fact is within the knowledge of the Revenue Department of the State Government of Goa besides the others. P. That it now appears that the present Government of Goa, through its Revenue Department, would be resorting to making use of the prevailing fraud on Comunidades, to acquire the land of the Comunidades in Goa as to implement the presently floated housing scheme under the Ambedkar Awas Yojona, meaning another fraud and in terms of similar fraud carried by previous Congress Government in Goa under the 20 point programme of Indira Gandhi. That such schemes cannot be floated by any Government without the State being absolute owner of the land and with reference to Section 21 of the GDDLRC,1968 and to the specific provisions under Rule 26 of the above said GDD Land Revenue (Disposal of the Government Lands) Rules,1971 in force. That acquisition of land from Comunidades cannot confer upon the State any such Title and no such land of the Comunidades is foreseen under the said provisions of GDDLRC,1968 nor under the said Rules,1971. Q. The present State Government of Goa, which have given assurances to protect the age old institutions from being abused and plundered, was expected to remove the prevailing fraud not only on the Comunidades but the Goan society. It appears that the present Government is glorifying the prevailing fraud and harvesting the same for its own Political advantage. This fraud is being successfully carried on and made use / utilized by every Government in power to their advantage to build Vote Banks. This fraud is the mother of all evils in the administration of social justice to the citizens in this State of Goa and promoted by making use of the provisions and Rules under the GDDLRC,1968 in the absence of State land Tenures and in the absence of lawfully constituted Revenue Villages of the State Government in Goa. R. That no Government of the State of Goa can boast about Good Governance by sitting on the fraud and or by making use of the same to their own advantage and fool the citizens under the colour of the Constitution of India and when the laws prevailing in this State under the Roman Concept prior to coming into the operation the Constitution of India which is founded under the British concept of jurisprudence having not been reconciled and thus permit continuation of fraud and allow corrupt practice to plunder the land and economic resources of the Comunidades not only to the detriment of the age old Village Communities in Goa but the detrimental of all the Goans. S. The interested Componentes of the Comunidades in Goa demand to be governed by the law of the land as followed by their ancestors from the generation to generation and not by the law introduced by the Portuguese and or by the British colonist and which is in force as per the Code of Comunidades. The components are hostile to introduction of such laws based on the concept of such colonist and do not expect the Government of India or of Delhi Rule to carry on functions as another colonist based on the laws introduced by the British concept before the Independence of India and by which laws the State Government attempts to alienate the land and immovable properties of the age old Village Communities of Goa not for the benefit of the Goans but for the benefit of the vested interested Politicians in the Government and anti-social elements in the name of the welfare of the State. T. It is regretful to note that till date our State Government who claims liberation from the Portuguese Rule and through their respective politicians are glorifying and making abusive use of the laws founded by the British colonist unmindful of the Article 372 of the Constitution of India and not for the benefit of the native/ Goans but for political and monetary greed at the cost of destruction of the said age old Village Communities of Goa. There is no such scope under the law of the Comunidades, which is founded on usage and custom of the natives/ indigenous people of Goa of times immemorial to alienate the land belonging to it infavour of any person as understood under the English Concept. That fraudulently framed so called English translation of the original law of the Comunidades, is made use of by the members of public and as well as by the Judicial organs of this State to take contrary stand and for causing immense damage and prejudice to the not only to the Comunidades but to the legitimate villagers as a Community. a) That some vested interested elements at the relevant point of time had provided to the Government officials a fraudulently and or dishonestly framed so called Translation of the original Code of Comunidades in English language and subsequently, the text of the said fraudulent framed translation was printed by the vested interest at Cuncolim private printing press in collusion with the then so called Administrator of Comunidades, South Zone. The copies of the same were sold and also circulated to the judicial organs of this State. Recently the Revenue Department of the Government of Goa thought it wise to reprint and sell/ or distribute as true and correct, the same fraudulently framed text, under the cover of the Government Printing Press, when it was pointed out by one of the Petitioners to the H�ble High Court that the Government is carrying out amendments in English to the original Code of Comunidades, which is Portuguese. That several Judgments stands passed by the Courts in this State, besides by the Administrative Tribunal in the absence of authenticated Text based on such fraudulently framed translation of the Code of Comunidades in English. The Politicians and their advisors are providing false information to the Office of the Governor as well as to the Central Government for their selfish interest. That there are several reported Judgments of the then High Court of Goa and as well as by then Supreme Tribunal of Portugal pertaining to the interest of Comunidades of Goa but the records thereof are not made available in English language till date for obvious reasons as to wrongly advise the members of public. b) It is based on such false and misinterpretation of the law of Comunidades that certain members of the society look at the Comunidade institution, just like the case of the seven blind men describing what is meant by Elephant, are attempting to describe, either in their own respective interest and or in connivance with the vested interested persons or politicians in the given Government, as to what is meant by the Comunidades of Goa, to those members of the public who have no such knowledge at all and or to those who have little knowledge of law. At Panaji, Goa. Dated: 12.11.2004 Adv. Andre A. Pereira Secretary Association of Componentes of Comunidades |