Anatomy Class

*The comments in blue are for the staff... I'd like some kept in for relevance for the Apprentices if possible - like the number of bones & muscles, but they dont' have to stay in.*

Cardiovascular: Your circulatory system consists of your heart and blood vessels. Together, these provide a continuous flow of blood around your body, supplying the tissues with the nutrients it needs to stay healthy. The heart is a powerful muscle that pumps the clean blood from the lungs into your body for it to use. Arteries carry the cleaner, brighter red blood away from the heart; veins return the darker red blood to the heart. The liver is the filter for the blood and keeps it clean. Too much drinking can cause your liver to go bad.

*We did discuss brighter red vs darker red blood in a FA class once, that's why it's in here - plus it can be seen when you look at your skin. Also, we'd see the color differences when someone was bleeding be it from an artery or vein*

Digestive: Your digestive system breaks down the food you eat into nutrients that your body needs for energy. Food enters the body through the mouth and is chewed up with the teeth, tasted with the tongue then is swallowed. Then it passes down the throat, also called the esophagus, and into the stomach, where the stomach acid starts to break it down. From there, the food passes the small intestine and is further broken down, then into the last section of the digestive tract; the large intestine. The appendix is a branch off the large intestine; it has no known function, but when it bursts can cause death Indigestible remains of food are expelled through the anus.

Musculo-Skeletal System: Your MusculoSkeletal system is responsible for your body's structure and movement. Babies are born with a few hundred soft bones (around 300); many of these will fuse together by about the age of twenty turns into couple hundred hard, permanent bones of an average adult (206). There are only minor differences between the bones of men and women: men's bones tend to be larger and heavier than women's bones and the women's pelvic cavity is wider to accommodate childbirth. The bones protect the internal organs as well as create the structure and stability of the body. There are also more three times the amount of muscles that work together with bones to produce movement (over 650). Muscles attach to bones with tendons, so when the muscle shortens, it pulls the bone in that direction; which is how we move.

Bones of the body:

Muscles of the body:

Skull

Jaw (Mandible/Maxilla)

Spinal Column - Vertebra

7 Cervical
12 Thoracic
5 Lumbar
7 Sacral(fused)

Rib cage

12 Ribs
Sternum

Shoulder/Arm:

Clavicle/Collarbone
Scapula/Shoulderblade
Humerus
Radius&Ulna
Carpals&Metacarpals
Phalanges (fingers)

Hip/Leg

Pelvis
Sacrum
Femur
Tibia &Fibula
Patella (kneecap)
Tarsals&Metatarsals
Phalanges (toes)

Face muscles

Eyes(Superior Rectus)
Mouth (Zygomaticus)
Jaw muscles (Masseter)

Neck muscles

Anterior/Posterior (Sternocleidomastoid/Scalenes)

Shoulder muscles

Shoulder flexors/extensors/elevators (Deltoids, Pectoralis, Rhomboids, Lattisimus Dorsi, Trapezius)
Rotators (Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus)

Elbow Muscles

Elbow flexors/extensors (Biceps/Triceps)
Forearm Rotator(Pronator Teres)

Wrist/Hand Muscles

Wrist flexors/extensors

Abdominal Muscles
Back Muscles
Leg Muscles:

Hip flexors/extensors (Psoas Major, Gluteals, Quadriceps)
Knee flexors/extensors (Quadriceps, Hamstrings)
Foot flexors/extensors (Tibialis/Gastrocnemious/Soleus)

*This is by no means an exhaustive list of how many bones and muscles are in our bodies, but I tried to cover the major ones. Let me know if you think this is too much...*

Reproductive: The body is equipped with this wonderous system that makes it possible for a human couple to procreate. It requires the reproductive parts of both the!Female and Male to come together to produce a baby. The female parts include: First, The Ovaries, where the eggs are matured. Second, the Fallopian tubes, which are the passageways for the eggs to travel from the Ovaries to the Uterus. Thirdly is the Uterus, where the egg is implanted and develops from a fertilized egg into a baby in about 40 sevendays time. And finally the Vagina, where the mature baby exits the mother's body into the world. The male reproductive anatomy consists of: The testicles, which produce the sperm to fertilize the eggs: and the Penis, which delivers the sperm into the female body so that they /can/ fertilize the eggs.

Respiratory: The respiratory system is your body's way of breathing. When Air is taken in, it goes through the nose and/or mouth and down through the throat. It then passes down the windpipe, through the left and right bronchi, and into the lungs. The lungs exchange good air for bad air. Good Air then goes into the blood and is delivered to the body to use. When one exhales, it breathes out bad air.

*Good Air/ Bad Air - a good point was made that the Miners would surely know about how there is good and bad air! People would know about suffocation.*

Urinary: Your urinary tract is the body system involved in the forming and excreting of urine. The kidneys filter the blood, combine the waste products with water, and forms urine. The urine passes out of the kidneys through two narrow tubes into the bladder. The bladder collects the urine until full then excretes it from the body through a tubelike structure called the urethra.

Skin: The skin, the largest organ of the body, is made up of a thin outer layer and a thicker outer layer. It is your body's outer defense to keep you safe from germs and injuries. Your skin is so sensitive that it can feel the difference between, heat, pain, pressure, and touch. Deep within the skin are your sweat glands, which produce perspiration to cool you off when you are too hot.

Brain: Your brain, protected within your skull, is actually an organ. It regulates many things within the body. If your brain is injured, many different things could happen. You could loose motor (movement) function, sensory function (vision, smell, taste, touch, and hearing), long or short term memory, speech, and it could even disrupt basic things such as breathing and heart function. That is why it is protected within the skull, and why it is so important to keep your head safeguarded.

Keep in mind this was written with the Pernese in mind - who are much less advanced in the sciences. This is an incomplete Anatomy of the Human body for our 21^st century Earth standards. The websites below have better information and pictures (and some games) to help you more understand the human anatomy.