Electricity and Electromagnetic radiation
In the rush to gain as much knowledge as possible of the atom
and its structure in
the post nuclear bomb era , many areas which would have benefited from and undergone
radical changes in our understanding of their working had been overlooked. One such area has been the study of electricity and electromagnetic radiation.
Surprisingly most modern text books on the subject still refer to electricity as being carried by the free electrons in a conductor , although side by side to this is the information that free electrons in a conductor do not move at anything approximating to tyhe speed of light . For instance in an electrical conductor 3mm (dia ) by 1m in length through which a current of 10 amps is flowing the speed of the electrons is 0.25mm/sec. How does this information relate to physical observations that have been made over the past century or so on the behaviour of electricity. It can be proved that although the basic theory behind the modern theory of crystal lattices and electron behaviour might be true , yet the final carrier of electrcity is not the electron but the photon , this assertion can be mathematically supported .
Quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation :-
The quantum theory for electromagnetic radiation is based on several premises which are similar to those put forward in the new theory of light featuring "aumic" waves , yet the conclusions drawn by the quantum theory appear to be based on reasoning which seem to lack a logical basis. For instance the Quantum theory dealing with electromagnetic radiation states that the energy present in an electromagnetic field gives rise to 'virtual' photons which are extremely short lived 10 -20sec and thus are able to evade the laws of the conservation of energy , yet it fails to state where the energy for these fields comes from in the first place , if we are to attribute the presence of these fields to the spin of the electron then in a sense we are left once again with the phenomenon of action at a distance , ( since the fields exist at considerable distances from the electrical conductor ) which is precisely the circumstance that quantum theory is trying to avoid. Again , the premise that electromagnetic radiation gives rise to virtual photons , is in a sense, a self defeating one , for in order to interact with matter in the way that electromagnetic radiation has been observed to do , the virtual photons would have to be transformed into real photons . This is precisely what quantum theory suggests occurs. This theory lacks coherence in that the very method of transfer of energy from electrons to external objects and from electrons to electrons is through photons . Therefore for photons to be present in an electromagnetic field would mean that either electrons are present in extremely large numbers in the field and that these electrons give rise to photons, which we know to be false. Or that photons suddenly come into being at great distances from the electrons in the conductor due to the energy being emitted by these electrons in the conductor. Either proposition is untenable. Thus it would be more reasonable to assume that the electromagnetic fields are , in the first instance , due to photons , without the intervening QM theory stipulation that the electric fields generated by electrons in a conductor are manifested in an action at a distance phenomenon or that they give rise to virtual photons which later turn into real photons. This is what The New Theory of light suggests , namely that phjoton's are the first or prime cause for electromagnetic fields.
The other major failing in the QM theory definition of the nature of light is that it fails to explain why light moves at a constant speed , according to QM the speed of light as constant is taken as a given. The new theory of light states that the mediation process of the electron through the emission and absorption of 'virtual' photons , results in weak electromagnetic radiation in the form of 'aumic" waves which are identical to 'virtual photons. This means that a virtual photon emitted by an electron might be compensated for by the absorption of a 'virtual' photon arriving from another source , it would avoid the conservation of energy law by obeying the Heisenburg principle of uncertainity by having negligible energy values. "Aumic" waves pervade , since they orginate from matter , every part of the Universe , light is propagated through this medium.
Known and accepted facts about electricity:-
We observe:-
What we can deduce from these facts :-
1)It is apparent given the above facts that electricity in a
conductor is not carried by free electrons but by photons which have been emitted by electrons which in turn have
been excited by the influence of the potential difference which has been established across the ends of the conductor.
2)It follows that the electric fields which have been established in and around a conductor carrying an electric charge must be made up of photons.
3)The reason for this statement is that when the polarity of
the current in the conductor is reversed the electromagnetic fields move away from the conductor at the speed of light. Ergo these electromagnetic fields are made up of photons.(Electrons
cannot move at this speed.)
Already in these three points which have been established by observation it is clear that there is something fundamentally wrong in the established theories including those of quantum electrodynamics. For instance if it is a pure electromagnetic field of energy that has been established around the conductor , how does one account for these fields moving away from the conductor at the speed of light once the conductor undergoes a reversal of current or change of polarity ? Further how can these fields be detected at distant points in the form of electromagnetic radiation (remember all electromagnetic radiation consists of photons.) By these two statements we have
already violated two fundamental premises of quantum physics.
(1) A photon once emitted by an
electron moves away from the electron at the speed of light .
(2) An electromagnetic field is an independent entity quite apart and distinguishable from photons. Either this means that when in a wire carrying DC current there is a sudden change in polarity , the
electric field , in some as yet to be understood manner , gives rise to formation of photons when the current is reversed . Or we understand that the photons are already present !
This violates a fundamental rule of quantum electrodynamics , namely that a photon once emitted from an electron moves away from it with the speed of light.
These are very basic questions , namely what is an electric current , is it photons or is it electrons ?
Explanation of how electricity flows in a conductor :-
The following explanation of how electricity flows in an electrical conductor might help throw some light on this problem. The electrons orbit around the nucleus (protons or baryons) in discrete energy levels, which are not continuous. In order to excite one of the electrons orbiting in one of these discrete energy levels so that it
moves to a higher energy level it is necessary to find an energy or a photon with the equivalent energy which would resonantly interact with the electron according to the formula E = hv
, where v is frequency , h is Planck’s constant and E stands for energy . When this
frequency in the form of energy collides with the electron , the electron is promoted to a higher discrete energy level. When an electron occupies a higher energy level, it can either stay there or return to its original level by a direct route or return through several in between transitions stages, by a relaxation processes dependent on the time available. While doing so it would emit photons corresponding to magnitudes of various energies as the different frequencies of Photons of different wave lengths. So the original
electron which had experienced collision with the resonance frequency while occupying its original energy level ,shifts back to its relaxed state after a time giving back the absorbed energy or more than the absorbed energy which had imparted a certain momentum to it and promoted it to a higher discrete energy level by the emission of
a photon or photons .
The energy imparted to an electron is based on its magnitude of resonance energy and promotes the electron to a higher electronic energy level ( different Electronic Orbital) or promotes it to higher vibrational or rotational energy levels which lie inside each electronic energy level, of a corresponding eigen value.
In short , under most normal circumstances , the electron does not leave the atom but just moves to different Eigen energy states. But if the Energy which imparts momentum to an electron exceeds certain limits in magnitude the electron gets enough energy to be liberated from the atoms influence ,this process is called ionization of the Atom where the atom is left in a positive state and missing some of its electrons.
Using this model it is now possible to understand how electricity flows in a conductor and how electromagnetic fields arise from this process.
Any method used to create a Potential difference across the ends of a conductor as for instance an electric generator is the result of excitation of electrons in the generator and results in the release of photons , these photons travel through the conductor at the speed of light , colliding and being absorbed by electrons which give off more photons and so on. Thus it is proved that it is not the electrons which carry the current but the photons which they emit.
An examination of the rules governing the behaviour of electromagnetic fields and photons given at the beginning of this discussion shows that electromagnetic fields are made up of numerous linked photons and that as long as the current is unidirectional (DC ) in the conductor these electromagnetic fields stay attached to the conductor and flow through the conductor in closed loops , when the current in the conductor is reversed these loops of electromagnetic fields break free and move away from the conductor at the speed of light.
Many text books teach that electromagnetic radiation extends to wave lengths of several hundreds or even thousands of feet , this obviously cannot be true for it would mean that there exist photons possessing such enormous wave lengths . The most acceptable answer is that electromagnetic radiation of extremely large wave length is nothing more or less than loops of electromagnetic fields (i.e loops of linked photons .) and as such should be referred to as macro electromagnetic radiation and not as pure electromagnetic radiation. The lower limit of photon frequency in this macro electromagnetic radiation would be about 10 terahertz. We do not at present have receivers capable of receiving such high frequencies .
The question which follows naturally from theabove observations are:_
1) If photons make up the electromagnetic field , how do they do so ?
2) If excited electrons do not give rise to an electromagnetic field , what gives rise to these fields ?
The most plausible interpretation is that emitted photons
possess their own electromagnetic fields. From this we can come to the conclusion that just as energy comes in discrete quanta , so also is the electromagnetic field made up of discrete units associated with the photon. (Mathematical proofs will be given in a later addition
which will be added shortly.)
Definition of a photon according to the new theory on the nature of light:-
An electron is the fundamental sub-atomic particle present in all matter which bears a negative charge . The electron is thought to generate an electromagnetic field around itself due to its spin. It is assumed that on emission of a photon the electron imparts this spin to the photon.
If we examine the manner in which a photon is emitted by an electron under excitation , the phenomenon of electromagnetic radiation becomes more apparent.
For the purpose of this discussion it must be assumed that the electron is for all purposes a spherical conductor. Therefore any charge that it contains would be assumed to lie at its centre. When an electron is emitted , the electromagnetic field would therefore be set up tangentially to the surface of the conducting sphere (electron) while the direction taken by the photon ( ‘contained’ energy , frequency ) would be straight out from the surface of the electron in a direct line with the centre. i.e the direction of the electron would be radially oriented to the electron. When two electrically charged objects rapidly reverse their polarities in a process known as oscillation , the result is without exception the propagation of electro-magnetic waves. When a photon is emitted by an electron this is precisely the situation that exists , the electron , when stimulated or excited ,takes on extra energy and becomes negatively charged (i.e has excess energy ) it gets rid of this extra energy by emitting a photon (Frequency , energy) . The electron is now positive with respect to the emitted photon and by a process of repulsion the photon is set free of the electron’s influence.
The physical structure of the photon corresponding to the new theory of light is thought of as being ;configured as follows :-
The electron emits its energy in thin narrow bands of energy over a confined area , the bands of energy might be only tera-metres in width and are separated by equally narrow bands of empty space . The number and spacing of these bands of energy corresponds to the frequency of the emitted photon.
One characteristic of this energy emission would seem to be a definite gradation of energy , with the first bands of emitted energy having more negative charge and subsequent bands of energy becoming progressively weaker in charge content . This structure sets up a definite polarity within the photon conferring upon it the characteristics of a di-pole.
The negative electrical charge ;imparted to this structure by the
electron therefore acquires a stable configuration . Thus the structure of the photon according to this theory resembles a charged capacitor and evidences the same type of fields as associated with a charged capacitor , it should be remembered that the first function of capacitors is as storage devices for electric charge. The structure of the photon with its bands of energy separated by bands of dielectric seems to fulfil all the attributes needed to sustain itself either independently or when necessary to influence and transform surrounding
particles or ‘aumic’ waves.
A static electrical charge possesses an electric field , a moving electrical charge generates in addition to the electrical field , a magnetic field . It is thought that this magnetic field is formed due to a distortion in the lines of force of the electric field
caused by the charge moving forward and resulting in a concentration at certain points of the lines of flux. Thus when the negatively charged and stable electric field around the photon is made to spin , an electromagnetic field results. This electromagnetic field
because of the capacitor type of construction of the electrical bands of energy within the photon , settle into a solenoid type of stable configuration.
Because of the combination of the solenoid type of configuration of the magnetic field of the photon and the distribution of its charge in the manner of the plates of a capacitor , the photon can conserve all of its energy intact till that energy is given up on impact with an obstacle or obstruction lying in its path. It can also influence and connect with other photons , so that lines or fields of force appear to be formed . Photons link up in the same manner that magnetic di-poles link up , but lose none of their energy because of the capacitor like placement of the electrical charge.
"Aumic" waves:-
According to the present theory there is no such thing as the speed of light. c only exists because space happens to be filled with weak electromagnetic radiation ("aumic" waves ) similar (read identical ) to virtual photons which are constantly being emitted and absorbed by matter (electrons ) Therefore c can be thought of as the maximum possible speed of anything. Thus if one can think of a real photon which has been freshly emitted , as the dominant charge we can think of it as influencing all the other photons in its region even stretching into infinity , so that they orientate themselves in a negative to positive formation . "aumic " waves " are not at rest they are constantly being emitted and absorbed. So in an isotropic radiator , I envision the electromagnetic radiation (linked photons ) moving away from the antenna in a spherical wave shape at the speed of c. When the photons are linked in a DC current , their orientation would be negative to positive flowing in loops in and around the conductor , on release (AC) they would rotate through 90 degrees so that the orientation is negative to positive in the direction of their travel. In this position photons can influence the "aumic" waves in the direction of their travel as well as the "aumic" waves adjacent to their position. This linkage causes a drain on the photons energy. We must assume that there is a threshold on the amount of energy that a photon can dissipate and still retain its identity , if the dissipation is too great the photon would become in effect a 'virtual' photon. However because of the characteristics of its structure , its basic frequency remains unchanged , enabling it to always retain identifiable properties as long as it exists (i.e as long as the minimum threshold of energy is not crossed). As the first wave of photons is depleted their energy would be renewed by succeeding waves of photons which are travelling on the same path , as the distance from the conductor increases the chances of any two photons travelling the same path would decrease and the propagation would eventually cease. Thus if the distance from a light source is too great the photons might not reach their destination , if they do succeed in reaching their destination , they will retain their identifiable properties.