The Field :
Central to an understanding of this Grand Unified Field Theory is the concept of a Universe that is filled with a sea of “virtual” photons. Every part of space is permeated by these virtual photons . Hence virtual photons are synonymous with space and are similar to the aether.
However , at this point it must be made clear , that any ordinary medium , as for instance an aether providing a medium for waves to propagate through , as happens in the case of sound traveling through the atmosphere or waves traveling in water , would not be adequate. This is due to the unique nature of photons , which unlike sound or other waves which tend to dissipate their energy as they travel , retain their initial energies intact until they are either absorbed or reach their destination. The only possible type of aether which would fit this scenario , is a “virtual photon” aether. The presence of a “virtual photon field ” would enable photons of almost any wave length or frequency to retain their original energies over unimaginable distances. Virtual Photons being electrically neutral and of very low energies would not effect accelerated particles such as cosmic rays and would not interact with matter to any noticeable degree.
The possibility of the existence of a “virtual photon field “ which permeates every part of the Universe is based strictly on scientific fact and physical observation and not on hypotheses alone.
Before this line of
reasoning is followed further ,
it should be noted that present day quantum mechanics also follows the
conviction that an “aether” of sorts exists and permeates the whole of
space. As a result of this quantum mechanics believes that space is not “empty” but that it is “filled” with virtual
particles. For instance the following
transformations are quite acceptable to quantum mechanics : A photon is transformed into a virtual electron-positron
pair , which is annihilated and transformed again into a photon. The members of
this virtual electron-positron pair may during their lifetime generate virtual
photons and consequently new virtual electron-positron pairs. This may be described as follows : From
empty space comes something and then that something disappears again into empty
space. If the field interacts with a real photon the result of the
electron-positron annihilation is also a real photon.
Obviously the Quantum mechanics view that space is filled with “virtual” photons which undergo transformations into “virtual” electron-positron pairs which annihilate themselves giving rise in the process to another “virtual” photon is a complicated scenario. By contrast the field as proposed by “Aumic” Theory consists only of “virtual” photons , there are no “virtual” electron-positron pairs or “quantum entangled pairs “ as they are known in Quantum mechanics.
It is possible that the virtual photon sea had its origin at the time of the conception of the Universe and came into being simultaneously with the Universe at the time of the Big Bang and evolved with it . All matter constantly emits “virtual” photons , all light and electromagnetic radiation , if not absorbed eventually evolve into “virtual” photons. Light from the stars is a steady source of virtual photons as are all forms of matter. This means in effect that wherever there is light or matter , “virtual photons” are present , they pervade all of space.
The Universe consists of atoms containing charged particles (electrons ) moving with non-zero acceleration and constantly emitting electromagnetic radiation ergo , photons , or “virtual” photons . Thus the Universe is filled with “virtual “ photons. When a real photon (i.e one having energy in significant amounts and for significant times when taken on the sub-atomic level.) makes its appearance , the “virtual “ photons immediately re-orient themselves forming a line whose ends rest on infinity and passing the energy of the photon along at the speed of light. Since “virtual” photons are , when taken in this sense of being all pervading , synonymous with space itself . The question of why photons travel at the speed of light when taken from this view-point is simply that to go any faster would mean arriving there before starting out ! An evident implementation of the fine structure constant.
Frequency , wave-length , eigen values and intensity according to “aumic” theory are closely related but distinct phenomenon. Thus frequency is not the same as intensity and intensity is not the same as eigen value. In order to understand how this works , we consider a 20 GHz isotropic radiator. The frequency is dependent upon the number of times per second that the current in the conductor (aerial) undergoes a change of polarity , ( when dealing with light emission , frequency relates to the time taken by subsequent emissions of photons by the electron ) the intensity (i.e ., the number of lines of force ) surrounding the conductor , depends upon the power of the current in the conductor. More current results in more lines of force. When a change of polarity occurs freeing the composite wave from the conductor , the photons of the composite wave re-arrange themselves in parallel and move away from the conductor at the speed of light. When the photons are re-aligned in parallel formation the lines of force (i.e virtual photons ) are no longer oriented around the conductor but outwards in the direction of propagation of the composite wave . Close to the source the lines of force are so dense as to result in a very intense signal , each line of force or composite wave in the formation consisting of a number of real photons in series , this represents the intensity of the wave . As the composite wave moves away from the conductor the wave begins to spread out in accordance with the inverse square law. This spreading out of the formation results in gaps being formed in the photon front , the virtual photons which occupy these “gaps “ are transformed into real photons and a resultant real “line of force” by transfer of energy from photons in a parallel line of force.
This results in a new photon being formed at the front of the wave and a real photon at the rear of the wave being transformed into a virtual photons . Thus the number of photons involved in the propagation process remains constant . Mathematically this is in exact conformation to the observed manner in which intensity varies according to the inverse square law. The situation in an isotropic radiator maybe considered as concentric composite photon shells or spheres.
If we take the 20 GHz example : The composite wave front at 1m from the source is represented by a shell 4pr2 in area i.e., 12 . 56 x 1002 = 125600 cm sq . Dividing this by the composite wave length squared we get 558.2 composite wave length areas. At 2m the wave front covers an area of 12.56 x 2002 = 502400 / 225 = 2232.88 cm sq composite wave length areas , which is exactly four times the area at 1m. In effect the energy of the photons making up the 1m photon shell go to replace the gaps in the wave front of the 2 m photon shell. Thus both the number of photons and the initial energy remains unchanged , however the energy is now spread out over four times the original area and the intensity is reduced to one fourth of the strength it possessed at 1m from the source. Each composite photon in the composite wave length represents a line of force , the problem can therefore also be solved by using the individual composite photon wave-length and area to give the same result.
The composite waves released from the conductor are exactly aligned , the composite photons making up each consecutive composite wave being exactly aligned , it is this depth which represents the intensity of the wave and which is slowly reduced in keeping with the inverse square law according to the process enumerated above. It is the structure of the photon as elaborated in “aumic” theory which enables this re-arrangement of photons.
The
structure of the photon is also responsible for electromagnetic radiation
following the inverse square law because it entails interaction with virtual
photons of the “virtual photon field”.
It can be seen that “aumic” theory offers a comprehensive solution of the fact that electromagnetic radiation behaves both as a wave and as a system of photons. This is an important contribution. The frequency component is represented by the change in polarity per second of the current in the conductor , while the intensity is represent by the number of lines of force , or the number of composite photons in a line of force. The eigen value of the wave remains unaffected and unchanged throughout the propagation process.
Physically the “virtual “ photon sea may be described as a
homogenous field , whose each part has infinitely many degrees of freedom. When a real photon interacts with this field
, the virtual photons ,
orientate themselves in the direction of propagation of the photon forming a
line whose ends rest on infinity. The energy of the photon propagates through
this line of virtual photons.
In order to prove the existence of the “virtual” photon sea , it is necessary to understand how the existence of virtual photons had first been postulated and later detected.
At the
risk of repeating myself . Classical physics
predicted that electrons
orbiting the nucleus of the atom would lose their energy through radiation and
spiral in towards the nucleus. This demonstrates the complete failure of
classical physics when applied to the sub-atomic world. By making use of obvious conclusions drawn from the
principles of classical physics ,
namely the instability of any stationary structure of charged particles
and the emission of radiation by a
particle moving with acceleration , it is concluded that atoms cannot exist
!
Many theories were
formed to explain the fact that the electron did not spiral into the nucleus
and that atoms and the world of matter continued to exist. The most important
of these new theories was the principle of the wave-particle duality of matter
, which allowed for the disassociation of matter , since a wave is not
localised , the question of the electron falling into the nucleus was avoided. With increasing improvements in technology ,
an aberration in the spectrum of
Hydrogen , known as the Lamb shift , was noticed ,and for a long time
proved an enigma to scientists. It was
finally resolved when it was postulated that the electron is constantly
emitting and absorbing “virtual” photons. In multi-electron atoms this
phenomenon is shielded by the presence of other electrons within the atom. The
Hydrogen atom , since it has only one electron is not subject to such shielding
and the result of “virtual photon” emission
and absorption can clearly be seen in the Hydrogen spectrum:
Note on the Lamb Shift proving
the emission and absorption of “virtual”
photons by electrons:
When the Lamb shift
was experimentally
determined, it provided a high precision verification of theoretical
calculations made with the quantum theory of electrodynamics. These
calculations predicted that electrons continually exchanged “virtual” photons,
this being the mechanism by which the electromagnetic
force acted. The effect of the continuous emission and absorption of
“virtual” photons on the electron
g-factor could be calculated with great precision.
The emission and absorption of
“virtual” photons by the electrons in an atom is known as self interaction
. Although this explanation of why
the electron does not eventually spiral
into the nucleus effectively negated the need for wave-particle duality
, this development was not reflected within the science. Apart from this
specific case it follows that electrons must also constantly emit and absorb “virtual”
photons during their orbit around the
nucleus , many of these electrons must escape , as for instance when “virtual”
photons from other atoms or electrons within the same atom are absorbed soon
after or simultaneously with the emission of a “virtual” photon.
Electrons are able to emit and absorb “virtual” photons without violating the conservation laws because of the Heisenberg uncertainty relation : DE Dt > h / 4p
This relation means that if an event occurs in a very short period of time , 10 –15 Sec. The conservation laws are not violated.
The “virtual” photon sea is made possible by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. An interesting corollary to this theory is that “virtual” photons of low energy can exist almost indefinitely , since the term DE is synonymous with mass when taken in accordance with Einstein’s matter / energy equivalence equation : E = mc2, a virtual photon of low energy would possess neither rest mass nor inertial mass ( or practically none ) it means in effect that “virtual” photons can exist for a very long time , almost indefinitely , making possible the existence of the “virtual” photon sea.
The presence of the “Virtual photon field” , negates many of the experiments on which Quantum mechanics has been founded. The Double Slit Experiment and the Stern Gehrlach quantum entanglement (EPR) experiment. , both of which are frequently quoted as the final proof of the wave-particle duality of matter , would be completely negated by the presence of a “virtual” photon sea. A fact noted by several eminent scientists including Henri Lorentz , who first postulated (wrongly ?) that it was the spin of the electron which was responsible for electromagnetic radiation.
Every physical theory is a synthesis of certain ideas ( advanced on the basis of observation and/or experiment ) and a reliable mathematical apparatus . The building up of a theory is a complicated and controversial process , developing according to successive observations and hypotheses. There are however , in all such formulations at least three successive and logical stages : ( 1 ) The first stage is that in which the basic physical ideas are formulated and interpreted on the basis of observation , this represents the foundation on which the theory is built. ( 2) the second stage is where an adequate mathematical expression for the theory is found and the theory and the mathematical formulations are linked together ( 3) lastly there is the stage where the physical theory supported by its mathematical formula is verified by experiment.
However , the formulation of a new physical theory need not necessarily follow the stages set forth above in an exact order. Often theories are formulated for which no experimental proof is immediately available , sometimes , the theory is verified by experiment and physical observations even before a supporting mathematical structure is developed.
“Aumic” Theory may be stated as follows:-
We first postulate that “associated “ with each fundamental particle of physics (i.e., an electron ) is a body existing in a small region of space , in other words each fundamental particle may be approximated as a mathematical point.
The next stage is to assume that associated with this body is a field without which the body is never found in the free state. This field is represented by the Y field , which may be considered as being somewhat like the gravitational or the electro-magnetic but as having some characteristics of its own.
The source of this Y field may be thought of as originating at the time of the creation of the Universe , the field is therefore all pervading.
In the next stage we speculate on the nature and characteristics of the individual components which make up the field (i.e virtual photons ) .
Because of the very low energy of these virtual photons they can by the HUP be considered as having relatively long lives and also of being virtually stationary , since they do not interact with other virtual photons. (i.e after their initial release they travel for some distance and come to a halt.)
The virtual photons comprising the Y field may be thought of as being ‘photon shells’ in that they can accommodate any energy and wave-length of photon up to the wave length and energy of the conduction photon (approx . 8.5 x 10 –7 m. )
In the presence of a real photon the virtual photons comprising the Y field line up instantly in the direction of propagation of the real photon , forming a line whose ends rest on infinity and the energy of the real photon is passed along this line at the speed of light.
The physical structure of the photon as
described by “aumic “ theory enables the transfer of energy through the propagating structure and a re-arrangement of
the photons comprising the propagating structure. Both the number of photons
and the total energy is conserved throughout the propagation process . However
if the intensity reduces to point where it can no longer be replenished the
propagating structure collapses and the photons comprising the propagating
structure are transformed into “virtual” photons.
Consider now the double slit experiment when conducted with an electron
or a neutron , with respect to the Y
field . When only one slit is open , the electron or neutron travels in a
relatively straight line and forms a spot on the detecting screen. When both
slits are open the electron or neutron naturally travels along the lines where
the Y
field is most intense (i.e ., where the fields entering from slit A and B
impinge ) , therefore the pattern found on the detecting screen is an
interference pattern.