Iona is the name of a miniscule island situated on the western coast of modern Scotland. Without any dispute, Iona was one of the most important religious centres in northern Europe in the early Middle Ages...

Generally speaking, Zollverein, the German term for customs union, refers to the treaty signed by the majority of German states in 1833. In that treaty, all members agreed to abolish almost all customs barriers that existed amongst practically all the states...

Without any disputes, Germany was a latecomer to the Industrial Age. In the years following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Britain, then the greatest industrial power of Europe, had left Germany completely in dust in terms of industrialization...

The Weimar Republic that lasted from 1918 to 1933 represented one of the most politically unstable period in modern German history. During its fourteen years of lifespan, the Reichstag of the Republic was dissolved over and over again, while popularity of various parties, both big one and small one, wildly fluctuated...

In May 23 1949, the Parliamentary Council of the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany proclaimed the new constitution. Naturally, with the memory of a dictatorial regime still vividly in the mind of every German soul, one of the main focuses of the 1949 constitution must be to avoid the revival of a Nazi-type government...