Q Manual

10 Referencing

10.1 Introduction

Regardless of the nature of your assignments, it is essential that you read the literature on the topic and make reference to, challenge and/or incorporate the views of researchers into your assignment. In so doing you must acknowledge the words and ideas of these researchers.

Referencing is required to access new information, and to provide support for your interpretations and conclusions. Accurate and correct referencing will prevent plagiarism and ensure that the reader can `...trace the source of your material easily and accurately' (Clanchy and Ballard, 1989, p.122).

Many students believe that referencing is only necessary when copying (quoting) words directly from a text. This mistaken belief leads to plagiarism.

Following is a list of situations in which referencing is required:

Directly quoting (copying) the exact words of a writer.
Indirectly quoting (paraphrasing) the words/ideas of a writer.

10.2 Quoting

A quotation is a word for word transcription of text originally published elsewhere. A paraphrase is a re-written extract from another source. Direct quotations must appear in inverted commas and end with a citation. No inverted commas are used with paraphrases, but the citation at the end is still necessary.

If you use more than five words taken directly and word for word from a published source, and do not indicate that the material is a quotation, you are guilty of plagiarism. This is the case even when you cite the source in the body of your text, in your references, or both.

10.2.1 Misusing quotations

Quotations are misused when overused. An assignment that consists of a series of direct quotations strung together, with only a few sentences of your own, may indicate that you have not understood the material well enough to assimilate it and express it in your own words.

10.3 Methods of referencing

Although there are three main methods of referencing - footnotes, endnotes, Harvard system, you are advised that the faculty promotes the use of the Harvard system as it is the main referencing method used in the business discipline. However, if you are in doubt as to which referencing method to use, remember to always check with your lecturer.

10.3.1 Harvard system

As with other methods of referencing, the Harvard system is used to acknowledge direct and indirect quotations, provide readers with additional references in relation to a particular point or to validate an argument made by the author.

The Harvard system has gained in popularity in recent years because of its simplicity and ease of use. This form of referencing involves placing an abbreviated reference in the text. It includes:

the author's surname (author's initials are not included)
year of publication

relevant page number(s) which are enclosed in brackets.

Any of the following examples of format are acceptable:

Clanchy and Ballard (l989, p. 1) state that `As you will soon find out for yourself, essay writing is hard work - and it doesn't get very much easier as you advance in your studies'.
or
Essay writing may be considered as a task involving very little time and effort however, `... essay writing is hard work - and it doesn't get very much easier as you advance in your studies' (Clanchy and Ballard, l989, p. 1).
or
Essay writing may be considered as a task involving very little time and effort however, Clanchy and Ballard (l989, p. 1) state that `... essay writing is hard work...'.

There are a number of variations of this form of citation which are set out in the Australian Government Publishing Service's Style Manual and these are as follows:

Rule 1

Use a comma between the year and page (Clanchy and Ballard, 1991, p. 122)

Rule 2

Use a semi-colon between multiple citations (Clanchy and Ballard, 1991, p.122;

Anderson & Poole, 1994, pp. 101-108)

Rule 3

When authors' names are incorporated in Anderson and Poole (1994) suggest

the text, parentheses are placed around the that lengthy paragraphs should be

year avoided in most academic works.

Rule 4

In the case of a work that has more than three McLean et al. (1997) have found........

authors, use the surname of the first-listed author

Rule 5

When reference is made to more than one Anderson and Poole (1978, 1986,

work by the same author, arrange in 1994) were unable to explain

chronological order

Rule 6

Reference to a number of works published Ballard (1981a, p. 327; 1981b, p.72)

by the same author in the same year should suggested...

be distinguished by using lower caseletters

attached to the date

10.3.2 General rules governing entries in the reference list/bibliography

Note: the primary difference between the Harvard system and other referencing systems is the placement of the date. Following is a list of general rules governing entries in the bibliography with corresponding examples.

General Rules & Examples

Arrange entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author, alphabetise letter by letter, and alphabetise the prefixes M, Mc and Mac literally.

Thesis and Assignment Writing

Bate, D. & Sharpe, P. (l990), Students Writer's Handbook, Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich Group (Australia), Marrickville.

Clanchy, J. & Ballard, B. (l989), Essay Writing for Students: A Practical Guide,
Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.

- Single author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname.

- References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first:

- Order of several works by different authors with the same family name are arranged alphabetically by first initial:

Journal articles
The title of the journal article appears in double quotation marks, and the title of the journal is underlined or italicised.
It is important to provide inclusive page numbers of the journal article (not the citation), and to present them as the final item of the citation, separated from the preceding item by a comma.
Newspaper articles
If a newspaper article has an obvious author, the procedure described for journals should be followed, volume and series information being replaced by the day and month.
If the article has no obvious author, full details should be provided in the body of the assignment. Such a citation should also be included in the list of references.
Edited books
Article or chapter in edited book
Multiple edition book
Film or video
Audio cassette recording:
Personal communication
This may be letters, memos, telephone conversations, interviews, and other forms of communication that are not retrievable data.
They are cited in the body of the essay and should appear in the bibliography as well.
Give the initials as well as the surname of the communicator and provide as exact information as possible, including job title and organisation.
Material used by lecturers is often accessed from subject texts or weekly specified reading. These should be referenced in preference to the lecture notes.
Dubious publication date
If the publication date is dubious, a question mark is used.
Anonymous works
The publication date follows the title. The expressions 'Anonymous' or 'Anon. 1'. should not be used and these publications should be listed first in your reference list.
Conference papers
Papers presented at conferences, seminars and meetings are forms of unpublished material.
Government publications
When citing government publications, the procedure described for books should generally be followed.
Such citations often appear complex - for example, some publications have no obvious author, some have a sponsoring organisation and an author, some are the work of a committee.
Pamphlets are often published by government departments.
The following examples are a guide only.
Citations with one author
At the appropriate point in the text, the surname of the author and the year of publication should be inserted. Use a single initial to distinguish between authors with the same names
Where the name of the author appears in your text, simply add the date after the name:
Citations with two or three authors
Always cite all names in the text:
Citations with more than three authors
If there are more than three authors, all names should be cited the first time they are referred to. Thereafter, it is only necessary to cite the name of the first author and insert et al. after it. The term et al. should be in italics and should include the full stop.
Thereafter:
Citation with no authors and corporation name
In the cases where there is no author's name printed at the head of the paper cited, there are three common situations:
In the list of references, the name is also shown in square brackets, but this does not affect the filing.
Authors with identical surnames
When referring to authors with the same surname, initials should be included even if the date of publication is not the same:
Multiple citations of same author
When citing two or more works by the same author in the same year, lower case letters should be used after the year of publication:
Citations of specific part of source
When citing papers of less than 20 pages or so there is no need to put numbers in citations. For long papers or books, you may wish to add them. While an example is given below showing how to cite an entire chapter, page citations are to be preferred.
Citing unpublished materials
Information which results from telephone calls, interviews and correspondence must be cited when it is used. Follow the rules given above in creating the citation in the text of your paper. Note that the year is still necessary. In the list of references, the matching entry should include the phrase:
Annual company report
Unpublished thesis or dissertation
Encyclopedia article
Published speech
Unpublished speech

Citing Online Sources

For those students who wish to cite references from internet searches you will find information on how to do this at the following location:

http://www.quinion.com/words/articles/citation.htm

As a general rule, the following convention applies:

(Author's name) (title of document) ((URL)) (date of document) [Accessed (date accessed)].

Note: URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, which identifies the source of the material.

This begins with a code for the type of access involved ("http://", "ftp://'', "gopher://", etc). If you wanted to cite the document we are referring to above it would be:

If in fact the document was not dated with an update date then you would put

"Accessed (date you accessed)".

Source: Michael B. Quinion

10.3.3 Reference list (Harvard system)

The reference list appears at the end of an assignment. This alphabetical listing includes all reference sources that have been cited throughout the assignment.

All assignments submitted must have a reference list.

The following is an example of a reference list using the Harvard system:

Reference List

Anderson, J., Durston, B. & Poole, M. (l970), Thesis and Assignment Writing, John Wiley & Sons, Brisbane.

Bate, D. & Sharpe, P. (l990), Student Writer's Handbook, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Marrickville.

Clanchy, J. & Ballard, B. (l989), Essay Writing for Students: A Practical Guide, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne.

Clark, K.B. (Speaker) (l976), Problems of Freedom and Behaviour Modification, (Cassette Recording No. 7612). American Psychological Association, Washington D.C.

Commonwealth of Australia (l988), Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, (5th edn), Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

When writing the bibliography there are a number of accepted abbreviations including:

edn	edition
rev.edn	revised edition
2nd edn	second edition
Ed. (Eds)	Editor(s)
Trans.	Translator(s)
Vol.	Volume (as in Vol. 4)
vols	volumes (as in four volumes)
No.	number
pt	part
Tech.Rep.	Technical Report
Suppl.	Supplement
Pers.Comm.	Personal Communication
ND	No Date

10.3.4 Footnote system

There are two types of footnotes which can be used in assignments. The first type of footnote is used to include additional information(s) or explanation(s) which is not included in the text itself because it is not directly relevant to the main argument. The second type is used to:

acknowledge a direct/indirect quotation;
provide readers with additional references relating to the particular point;
validate an argument or point being made.

With this type of footnote you must include the following information:

author's initials and surname
title of the source
publisher and place of publication
year of publication
exact page(s) of the source.

Example: J. Anderson & M. Poole, Thesis and Assignment Writing, J.Wiley & Sons, Australia, 1994, pp. 101-108.

Remember that both types of footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page.

Following are a number of rules and related examples of footnoting.

Footnoting

Rule 1

Place a superscript number one half-space at the end of a quotation or sentence.

Correct referencing ensures that the reader can "trace the source of your material easily and accurately." 1

Separate the footnotes from the text. Place them at the (foot) bottom of the page. Use a new line for each footnote.

J. Clanchy & B. Ballard, Essay Writing for Students, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, 1991, p.122.

Rule 2

Use consecutive numbers on the same page.

J. Clanchy & B. Ballard, Essay Writing for Students, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, 1991, p.122.

Ensure that the correct reference is placed next to each number.

Rule 3

It is preferable to consecutively number footnotes from one page to the next. However, you can start with number one on each page. The most important point to remember is that the corresponding footnote must appear at the bottom of each page.

Rule 4

Remember the first time you mention a reference you must provide all details.

See Rule 1

Rule 5

When mentioning previous references there are two methods of shortening the reference.

(a) Use author's surname and page number

J. Clanchy & B. Ballard, pp.102-105.

(b) Use of Latin abbreviations

- if same page (same author) - ibid.
- if new page (same author) - ibid., p.78.

op.cit. "in the work cited"

- use this if a reference to another author precedes it in the current list of footnotes.

McEvedy & Jordan, op.cit., p.145.

loc.cit. "in the location cited"

- use this to refer to the same page of the previous citation of this author.

Clanchy & Ballard, loc.cit.

10.3.5 Endnote system

The rules for endnotes are basically the same as for footnotes. One of the differences is that you must use consecutive numbers throughout your document. Also, there will be no notes at the foot of the page, but there will be a list of `Endnotes' at the end of the chapter or section which can contain abbreviations.

Following is a sample list of endnotes:

M. McEvedy & M. Jordan, Succeeding at University and College, Thomas Nelson Australia, Melbourne, 1990. p. 27.
ibid., p. 90.
ibid.
J. Clanchy & B. Ballard, Essay Writing for Students, Longman Cheshire Pty Limited, Melbourne, 1991, p. 75.
J. Anderson & M. Poole, Thesis and Assignment Writing, (2nd edn), John Wiley & Sons, Queensland, 1994, p. 75.
Clanchy & Ballard, loc.cit.
J. Gibaldi & W. Achtert, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, (3rd edn), New York, 1988, p. 75.
Clanchy & Ballard, op.cit., p. 92.
Gibaldi & Achtert, op.cit., p. 180.

10.3.6 Bibliography (footnote/endnote system)

When (compiling the bibliography), using the footnote/endnote system, as opposed to the Harvard system, there are very few differences. In fact, these differences relate mainly to punctuation and placement of the date.

The following is an example of a bibliography using the above system. Note, this bibliography contains the same entries as the example on page 68.

Bibliography

Thesis and Assignment Writing,

Bate, D. & Sharpe, P. Student Writer's Handbook, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Marrickville, 1990.

Clanchy, J. & Ballard, B. Essay Writing for Students: A Practical Guide, Longman Cheshire, Melbourne, 1989.

Clark, K.B. (Speaker) (l976), Problems of Freedom and Behaviour Modification, (Cassette Recording No. 7612). American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 1976.

Commonwealth of Australia, Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, (5th edn), Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, 1988.

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