Plant Index


A	Agrimony - Agrimonia The aerial parts are astringent, tannic, bitter and diuretic. CAUTION!! - Do not use if constipated	Alfalfa - Medicago sativa A perrenial legume. The aerial parts can be used for nourishment and as a digestive tonic. Contains carotene.	Alliums - Garlic, onions, scallions shallots and to a lesser degrees chives. These are rich in sulfur compounds and have antibacterial properties.
	Allspice - Pimenta officinalis The dried berries are ground as spice. Do not ingest allspice oil!!! The oil is sometimes used topically as a pain reliever. The powder can be used for externally applied infusions and poultices.	Aloe Vera - A gel from the leaves of the plant may be used externally for inflammations or minor burns. CAUTION - Do not use internally as this is a strong laxative and uterine stimulant	Angelica - Angelica archangelica The leaves and roots are used as a diuretic, expectorant, antispasmotic and carminative. It makes a warming digestive tonic. CAUTION - Contains psoralens which cause a rash in some people upon exposure to the sun. Do not use if pregnant as it is a uterine stimulant. Avoid if diabetic. Do not harvest your own as it is often confused with water hemlock!
	Anise - Pimpinella anisum An expectorant and antiseptic. The essential oil (not to be ingested) and the seeds are the most commonly used parts	Arnica - Arnica montana (also called wolfsbane) Often used for calming after minor accident or shock. Arnica cream can also be used for sprains or bruises. CAUTION - In homeopathic doses the amount ingested is very small but arnica can be toxic in large doses. Do not use on broken skin, it can be an irritant. Avoid Arnica without expert medical advice.
B	Balm of Gilead - Populus gileadensis The buds are used as an antiseptic and expectorant. Often used for throat and bronchial infections. Contains salicin. CAUTION - Do not use in pregnant women or children under 16 because of the risks associated with aspirin (salicin)	Barberry - berberis vulgaris The bark is decocted and used to stimulate the flow of bile and to ease congestion fo the liver. A bitter laxative. CAUTION - Do not use in pregnancy. Do not confuse with bearberry or bayberry	Basil - Ocimum basilicum The aerial parts are used as an antiseptic and antidepressant CAUTION - Avoid the essential oil, even externally, if pregnant
	Bayberry - Myrica cerifera The dried root is used as an astringent, circulatory stimulant, throat remedy, diarrhea remedy and topical wound treatment. A tannin, with myrinic acid in its resin. CAUTION - Do not confuse with barberry or bearberry	Bearberry - arctostaphylos uva ursi The berries are astringent and antiseptic.Often used for urinary tract infections. CAUTION - Can cause nausea. Avoid if kidneys are damaged. Do not confuse with barberry or bearberry.	Bee Balm - See Lemon balm
	Benzoin - Styrax benzoin The essential oil and gum are used as an expectorant and astringent. Available in tincture form and often used to season or stabilize liniments and other remedies.	Blackberry - Rubus occidentalis The leaves and root bark are ised in infusions and decoctions especially to treat diarrhea.	Black cohosh - Cimicifuga racemosa The root is used as an antispasmotic and uterine stimulant. It is sometimes suggested to bring on the menses.CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy.Do not use on broken skin as it contains saponins which can dissolve red blood cells.
	Black Haw - Viburnum prunifolium The bark contains salicin and is decocted and used to ease menstrual cramps. A uterine relaxant, sedative and anti - inflammatory. CAUTION - Not for use by pregnant women or children under 16 due to the risks associated with aspiriin (salicin)	Blessed Thistle - Cnicus benedictus A purgative, promotes sweating and sometimes used for jaundice and vertigo. An astringent and digestive stimulant.	Blue Cohosh - Cauliphyllum thalictroides The rhizomes and roots are used, especially for dysmennorhea. An antispasmodic tonic for the reproductive system. CAUTION - Should not be used in pregnancy, unless until labor has commenced, and then only under professional advice. Can lower blood pressure; seek medical advice pertianing to this. Contains saponins which should not be used on broken skin.
	Boneset - See Comfrey, Feverwort and Gravelroot - Borago officinalis	Burdock - Arctium lappa A common roadside plant in North America. The dried root is the most commonly used part of the plant. Fresh parts contain antibiotic substances. Both the roots and the aerial parts are a diuretic, a mild laxative and generally cleansing to the system. Can be used externally for boils, sores, eczema and other skin inflammations. CAUTION - Excessive doses are to be avoided. Start slowly and work up as appropriate.	Butternut - Juglans cinerea The bark of the tree is decocted as a stimulating laxative. This is sometimes suggested for children.
C	Cabbage - Brassica oleracea The leaves of the common cabbage can be used as a poultice. They are anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antirheumatic. Internally they are a liver decongestant. CAUTION - Tends to depress thyroid function. (as do ALL members of the cabbage and mustard family) Avoid if thyroid levels are low.	Calendula - Calendula officinalis In the purest form just the petals are used. The leaves are sometimes used for poultices. An astringent, antiseptic and anti - inflammatory. The essential oil is anti fungal. CAUTION - Do not confuse with French marigold. Do not ingest the essential oil.	Caraway - Carum carvi A fatty oil and tannin, a stimulating expectorant and an antispasmodic. The seeds are used as a digestive stimulant and antiseptic.
	Castor Oil - Racinis communis The oil comes form the seeds of the castor-oil plant and is used for bowel irregualrity and as a cure-all spring tonic	Catmint/Catnip - Nepeta cataria The aerial parts are used as a digestive stimulant, to produce perspiration, to reduce fever, to reduce upper repiratory congestion and as an antispasmodic and astirgent. Often suggested for children.	Cayenne Pepper - Capsicum minimum Available both in pods and powdered. A powerful circulatory stimulant and often suggested for warmiing or counterirritant uses in cases of joint inflammation. (used externally) Cayenne compresses should be monitored carefully to be sure the skin doesnt blister or become irritated. Also produces perspiration, stimulates gastric secretions and is antiseptic. CAUTION - Cayenne can be severly irritating to eyes, open wounds and mucous membranes. Avoid if you have a history of ulcers or other stomach problems or if you are pregnant or nursing. Avoid using the seeds which can be toxic.
	Celandine - Chelidonium majus Should be avoided as it can be highly toxic.	Celery - Apium graveolens The seed is used to stimulate milk flow and as a urinary antiseptic and diuretic, uterine stimulant and digestive tonic. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant. Avoid the essential oil even externally if pregnant. The seed sold horticulturally is often treated with pesticides and should be avoided.	Chamomile, German - Matricaria recutita Given for menstrual pain and during labor, as well as for teething or colicky babies. Because of its mildness, chamomile is the most widely suggested remedy for children. The dried flowers are anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic and mild sedative. They are useful for fever management and as an inhalant for congestion and are calming to the digestive tract and nerves. CAUTION - The essential oil is a uterine stimulant and should be avoided in pregnancy. Dome people experience dermatitis from contact with chamomile. Also, those prone to ragweed and other daisy allergies may experience allergic reactions to chamomile although rarely to german chamomile.
	Chamomile, Roman - Anthemis nobilis The "true" or perrenial chamomile. It is almost identical as the German chamomile for medicinal use. See Chamomile German for cautions.	Chaste Berry - Vitex agnus-castus A hormone stimulant CAUTION - Large quantities may cause itching	Chickweed - Stellaria media The aerial parts are antirheumatic, astringent and demulcent. Often suggested to heal wounds and soothe ithy skin.
	Cilantro - Coriandrum sativum The seeds of cilantro are known as coriander, the leaves are called cilantro. Both are used as medicinals. Antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. Used as a digestive aid for flatulence and diarrhea. A weak tea of the leaves can be given to babies for colic. The seeds are sometimes used in salves for healing wounds and easing joint pain.	Cinnamon - Cinnamomum zeylanicum The dried inner bark of a tree. A warming digestive, antispasmodic and antiseptic. Both the bark and the essential oil are uterine stimulants. CAUTION - Avoid the essential oil if pregnant. Never ingest the essential oil, which could cause kidney damage and vomiting. Can be irritating to the skin in some people.	Clary - Salvia sclarea The aerial parts are used as a uterine stimulant, nerve tonic and digestive aid. CAUTION - Not for use in pregnancy. Toxic in high doses and may cause headache. see also sage.
	Clove - Syzygium aromaticum The essential oil and flower buds are used for armoatic and pain supressing functions. An antiseptic antispasmodic, and stimulant. Can alleviate vomiting. CAUTION - Don't ingest clove oil. Discontinue to use on skin if rash develops. Don't smoke cloves in any form, as they release carcinogens.	Colicroot - See Wild Yam	Comfrey - Symphytum officinale Also called backwort, bruisewort, barbset or knitback. The leaves and roots are used externally in poultices for bruises and broken bones. CAUTION - Do not use on dirty wounds because the healing action is so quick. Avoid for internal use.
	Coneflower, Purple - See Echinacea	Coriander - See Cilantro	Corn Silk - Zea Mays The stigmas and styles are diuretic and soothing to the urinary tract.
	Cowslip - Primula veris Cowslips are almost indistinguishable from primroses and both are used interchangeably as medicinals. The dried flowers are expectorant, antispasmodic and sedative. The roots contains salicin. CAUTION Pregnant women and children under 16 should not take products containing salicin. Should be avoided by anyone taking blood thinning medication. Should not be used on broken skin.	Cramp Bark - Viburnum opulus Cramp bark contains valeric acid, salicosides, tannin and a resin. It is used locally as a muscle relaxant.	Curly Dock - See Yellow Dock
D	Damask Rose - See rose	Damiana - Turnera diffusa aphrodisiaca The aerial parts are used. It is reputed to stimulate the reproductive system, especially male. Damiana is also a mild laxative, a urinary antiseptic and resorative to the nerves.	Damson - Damascenum A purplish black oval plum. Cures hiccups, also used for respiratory ills and coughs.
	Dandelion - Taraxacum officinale The leaves are a digestive and gentle diuretic commonly used in spring tonics for cleansing the liver. The roots are a diuretic and are used for cleansing the liver gallstones and joint and skin inflammations. The sap of the roots is used locally for warts. Caution - Children are often taught that they can suck the milk of dandelions which in moderation is relatively harmless but in large doses can cause diarrhea or vomiting. Beware of lawn chemicals as well.	Dock - See Yellow Dock
E	Echinacea - Echinacea purpurea The root is the most commonly used part of Echinacea although the flower can be used as well. It is fast becoming the number one herbal enhancer of the immune system especially for colds, mucous infections and kidney infections. Although toxic effects have been reported. CAUTION - High doses can cause dizziness or nausea. Purity can be a problem in sources of Echinacea. This is an easy one to consider growing yourself. Short term use is advised.	Elder - Sambucus nigra The dried flowers are used for fever, as an expectorant and as a diuretic. Very drying. The bark is a diuretic, purgative and in large doses emetic. CAUTION - Avoid the bark in pregnancy.	Elecampane - Inula helenium The roots and flowers are antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic. They are used as an expectorant and a digestive stimulant.
	Eucalyptus - Eucalyptus golbulus The leaves are highly antiseptic and are used for inflammations, as an expectorant and poultices. Eucalyptus also reduces blood sugar levels, is an antispasmodic and has a reputation for expelling worms. CAUTION - Best used externally. Never ingest the oil which is highly toxic even in small quantities. Avoid if you are insulin dependant except with professional advice.	Eyebright - Euphrasia officinalis The aerial parts are used as an antiseptic, antiphlegmatic, anti-inflammatory, eyewash and gargle.
F	False Unicorn Root - Chamaelirium luteum The rhizome is used as a diuretic and uterine tonic and to cause vomiting. Stimulates ovarian hormones. CAUTION - Contans saponins which should not be used on broken skin.	Fennel - Foeniculum vulgare The seeds and less commonly the roots are used. The latter mainly for urinary troubles. The essential oil is distilled from the seeds. Both are used as a diuretic, expectorant and anti-inflammatory and to promote lactation and the menses. Often suggested for children or for nursing mothers with colicky babies. CAUTION - Avoid therapeutic doses if pregnant. Don't harvest fennel in the wild, it closely resembles poison hemlock. Avoid for children under 6 years.	Fenugreek - Trigonella foenum-grecum The seeds are used as a nutritive, digestive, demulcent and anti-inflammatory. They promote lactation, reduce blood sugar levels, stimulate the uterus and may act as an aphrodisiac. The aerial parts are sometimes used as an antispasmodic. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant. Avoid if you are insulin dependant except under professional advice.
	Feverfew - Tanacetum parthenium Some studies suggest that feverfew capsules can reduce the number and severity of migraine headaches. Only good-quality sources of feverfew leaves or tea contain its active ingredient, parthenolide. A uterine stimulant, digestive and relaxant. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant. Can cause mouth sores and lip ulcers. Avoid if taking blood thinners.	Feverwort - Eupatorium perfoliatumAlso called boneset hemp agrimony and Indian sage. The aerial parts are a gentle laxative and expectorant. Being researched as an anticancer agent. Sometimes used for rheumatism, influenza and to enhance the immune system. CAUTION - Not for young children. Do not eat fresh. High doses can cause nausea and vomiting.	Flax, flaxseed - See Linseed
G	Garlic - Allium sativum Available in deoderized perles or capsules but fresh garlis is generally more effective. Reduces cholesterol; selectively antipathogenic. Used as an antiseptic, vasodilator, expectorant and antihistamine. Being studied for its potential in fighting heart disease, cancer and AIDS. CAUTIONS - Because of its anticlotting effects, anyone with hemophilia or other bloodclotting disorders should avoid garlic.Because of its reduction of blood sugar, diabetics should use only with medical advice.	Ginger - Zingiber officinalis The so-called gingerroot is really a rhizome. It is a strong circulatory stimulant and vasodilator; used frequently for motion sickness, morning sickness, nausea, as an expectorant and to relieve gas or colic. The essential oil can be used for rheumatic ills. CAUTION - Some people develop heartburn from ginger. Doses of up to one gram have been used for morning sickness without apparent ill effects but higher doses are discouraged in early pregnancy. Consult your doctor.	Ginkgo - Ginkgo biloba The seeds are antifungal, astringent and antibacterial. The leaves are used as a circulatory stimulant that relaxes blood vessels to improve blood flow to the brain and improve memory and mental function. Gikgo is being studied for use in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. CAUTION - High doses of the seeds may cause headaches or skin problems.
	Ginseng - Panax quinquefolium The roots of these various ginsengs are used. The American versions are usually used for exhaustion of fever; the Chinese versions are more commonly suggested for reproductive evergy or coronary ailments. CAUTION - Avoid taking ginseng with any other stimulant such as cola, coffee or tea. Avoid if pregnant. Avoid if you have a history of hyperactivity. Many ginseng products have been proven to contain no ginseng at all. Look for a reliable source and expect to pay a high price for the real thing. Do not use on broken skin.	Goat's rue - Galega officinalis The aerial parts are antispasmodic. CAUTION - Avoid if diabetic	Goldenrod - Solidago virgaurea The aerial parts are a phlegm reducing decongestant. Also a sedative, astringent and anti-inflammatory. Antiseptic to the urinary system, reducing blood pressure. CAUTION - Avoid if you have trouble with low blood pressure.
	Goldenseal - Hydrastis canadensis A traditional Native American medicinal. The rhizomes and roots are used for their astringent, digestive and laxative actions; for the mucous membranes associated with respiratory trouble; and for heavy menses, premenstrual syndrome and menopause. A uterine stimulant. CAUTION Avoid if pregnant or have high blood pressure. Bloodroot is sometimes sold under the guise of goldenseal and has powerful laxative actions and serious side effects in high doses. Seek a reputable source and avoid high doses which can cause cardiac arrest and respiratory problems in animal studies. Typical recommended adult dose is only about 1/4 tsp diluted in 1 cup hot water. Long term use could undermine the bodys absoption of B vitamins.	Gotu kola - Centella asiatica The aerial parts are an adaptogenic tonic, relaxant, digestive, diuretic and nervine. Short term use is recommended. CAUTION - Sedative effects and possible skin rash. High doses can cause itchy skin and headaches.	Gravelroot - Eupatorium purpureum The rhizomes and roots are diuretic and soothing to the urinary system. Sometimes suggested for urinary stones, colds and mentrual ills or rheumatic disorders. A laxative, expectoant and immune stimulant.
	Greater burnet - Sanguisorba officinalis The aerial parts are an astringent and tannin and are sometimes used for intestinal disorders.	Great mullein - Verbascum thapsus Some recommend the flowers and leaves for toothache, hemorrhoids and diarrhea. Infusions of the leaves have been used for coughs, sore throats chills and fevers. Promotes perspiration. An expectorant, mild diuretic and astringent. CAUTION - The seeds are toxic. Do not ingest if you have a history of cancer. Best used externally or as a gargle. Should not be used on broken skin.	Ground Ivy - Nepeta hederacea Leaves are astringent and anticatarrhal. Sometimes suggested for respiratory ills, to aid decongestion, for earaches and as a gargle.
H	Heartsease - Viola tricolor The aerial parts are an expectorant, laxative, diuretic and anti-inflamatory. Sometimes suggested for eczema or other skin problems or for bronchial ills. CAUTION - Avoid in high doses, can cause nausea and vomitng	Henbane - Hyoscyamus niger Avoid except under medical advice.	Honeysuckle - Lonicera periclymenum The flowers and flower buds are a laxative, expectorant and antispasmodic. CAUTION - Honeysuckle berries are toxic and cause vomiting.
	Hops - Humulus lupulus The flowers of the female parts are used, either fresh or dried, for their antiseptic, sedative, digestive and antispasmodic effects. CAUTIONS - Hops are a mild depressant and should be avoided by anyone prone to depression. Don't confuse with wild hops, which are poisonous.	Horehound, black - Ballota nigra The aerial parts are a stimulant, antispasmodic and antiemetic. Sometimes suggested for morning sickness.	Horehound, white - Marrabium vulgare This is the horehound commonly used for cough and congestion. The aerial parts are an expectorant, circulatory stimulant, relaxant, antispasmodic and digestive. CAUTION - In large doses horehound acts as a purgative and may precipitate irregular heart rate.
	Horse Chestnut - Aesculus hippocastanum The dried fruits (nuts) are astringent, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory. Used externally for hemorrhoids and varicose veins. Sometimes used internally for diarrhea and fever.	Horseradish - Armoracia rusticana The root is used as a diuretic, powerful circulatory stimulant and antiseptic. Stimulates stomach secretions. CAUTION - Tends to depress thyroid function. Avoid where thyroid levels are low. Can irritate the stomach in some people.	Horsetail - Equisetum arvense The aerial parts are an astringent, anti-inflammatory and diuretic. CAUTION - Seek medical advice for blood in the urine or other bleeding disorders including the onset of heavy menses. Should not be used on broken skin.
	Hyssop - Hyssopus officinalis The flowers are a relaxing expectorant and peripheral dilator; used for respiratory ills and flu. Often suggested for children. CAUTION - Stick to recommended doses and short term use. In large doses the essential oil can cause convulsions.
I	Irish Moss - Chrondrus crispus This is actually seaweed or red alga. A demulcent, expectorant, nutritive and emulsifier. Prevents vomiting.
J	Jewelweed - Impatiens pallida This is a common, very tall wildflower with watery stems. The fruits explode if touched. The juice from the stems is commonly used externally to treat poison ivy and insect bites and stings. Some say it can prevent poison ivy if applied before contact with the plant.	Jimsonweed - Datura stramonium The aerial paerts are both sedating and stimulating to the central nervous system. A bronchial and vesceral antispasmodic. CAUTION - High doses may cause depression, depressed crebral and respiratory function, tachycardia and even coma. Avoid in pregnancy, with glaucoma, or with other depressants. Avoid without expert medical advice.	Juniper - Juniperus communis The berries are used for their potent diuretic, digestive and antirheumatic actions and in making gin. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy or with kidney trouble. Do not eat the berries which may deliver too high a dose.
K	Kelp - Fucus vesiculosus A common seaweed in the Atlantic ocean. A metabolic stimulant, nutiritve and thyroid restorative. Contains iodine. An adaptogen, used for various thyroid ills, though best used with the advice of a medical professional. CAUTION - Harvesting needs to be done in uncontaminated areas. Beware of metal contaminants, Seel a reputable source.
L	Lady's-mantle - Alchemilla vulgaris The flowers are used as an astringent, digestive and anti-inflammatory and to regulate the menses. Suggested for gynecological ills but also a uterine stimulant. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy	Lady's Slipper - Cypripedium pubescens A protected species in some regions; not to be harvested in the wild. The rhizome has sedative actions. An antispasmodic and nervine.	Lavender - Lavendula officinalis The flowers are an relaxant, antispasmodic, diuretic, nerve tonic and uterine stimulant. The essential oil is sometimes suggested for external application against headaches or rheumatic ills. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy.
	Lemon Balm - Melssa officinalis Just the leaves are used as a sedative, antidepressant, digestive and antispasmodic. Antiviral and antibacterial. CAUTION - Has been linked with inhibiting thyroid function so should be avoided or used only under medical care by anyone with thyroid problems.	Lemon Verbena - Aloysia triphylla Mainly used as an aromatic, for the bath and as a stewing herb	Licorice - Glycyrrhiza glabra The roots and stolons are used. Considered a blood detoxifier by some. An expectorant and anti-inflammatory. Soothes gastric membranes and lowers blood cholesterol. Most licorice candies do not contain the true herb. CAUTION - Avoid in hypertension or with high blood pressure, glaucoma, heart conditions or kidnet disease. Avoid in combination with digitalis, digoxin-based drugs or asthma medicines. Can cause fluid retention. Can affect blood potassium. Contains saponins and should not be used on broken skin.
	Liferoot - Senecio aureus Do NOT confuse with squaw vine (mitchella repens) This root is a uterine relaxant and stimulant to the gravid uterus; soothing to the nervous system. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy	Lime - See Linden	Linden - Tilia europaea The flowers are used. A nervine with sedating actions; relaxes and helps heal blood vessels; may help prevent arteriosclerosis. A diuretic and peripheral vasodilator. Sometimes suggested for fever.
	Linseed - Linum usitatissimum The seed is used as a laxative, expectorant and local antiseptic. Another form, the mountain flax is a more potent laxative. If you use it be aware of its purgative effects. CAUTION Do NOT use artist's or hardware store versions of linseed oil for internal or medicinal uses. Deteriorates rapidly. Seeds comtain prussic acid, which is toxic in very high doses.	Lobelia - Lobelia inflata The aerial parts are used as an expectorant, emetic and antispasmodic CAUTION - Can cause difficulty breating. Strong emetic. Not recommended unless under medical care.	Lovage - Levisticum officinale The root is a digestive, antispasmodic, expectorant, diuretic and anticatarrhal. Sometimes the seeds are used
M	Maidenhair Fern - Adiantum pedatum Used for urinary stones, stitches in the side, respiratory ills, hair growth and swelling.	Maidenhair tree - See Ginko	Mallow - Malva sylvestris Commonly used as a poultice on wounds.
	Marigold - See calendula	Marjoram - Origanum marjorana The leaves and essential oil are sometimes used to promote menses or as an antispasmodic	Marshmallow - Althaea offinalis The flowers are used as an expectorant, the leaves for bronchial or urinary disorders. The roots are a demulcent, expectorant and diuretic and are used externally on wounds and burns. Both leaves and roots are mucilaginous.
	Meadowsweet - Filipendula ulmaria; Spiraea ulmaria The dried flowers and leaves are used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory and astringent and to soothe gastric mucosa. Commonly used as a strewing herb Some herbalists consider it a uterine stimulant. CAUTION - COntains salicin and should not be used if pregnant or in children under 16. Those with ulcers or gastritis should seek medical advice before using.	Milk Thistle - Carduus marianus The seeds are used to stimulate bile flow and may help protect the liver from degenerative diseases. CAUTION - Always seek a doctors advice about liver problems.	Motherwort - Leonurus cardiaca A uterine stimulant and triggers the menses. A nerve tonic and sedative. CAUTION - Do not use if pregnant. May have an anti clotting effect on the blood.
	Mugwort - Artemisia vulgaris An aromatic moth repellant. Used against worms and parasites, for menopause symptoms, for hepatitis and jaundice and for poor digestion. A common strewing herb and burned as incense for its aroma. CAUTION - Avoid during pregnancy and during nursing. May cause fetal abnormalities.	Mulberry - Morus nigra The berries may be used as a laxative. The leaves are antibacterial and may be used as an expectorant. The root bark may be used as a sedative and diuretic and can lower blood pressure. CAUTION - Avoid with diarrhea.	Mullien - See Great Mullien
	Mustard - Sinapis alba, Brassica nigra, B.juncea The seeds of all types are commonly used medicinally in heating plasters and poultices. CAUTION - Direct body contact can cause blistering.In large quantities or for prolonged use, can depress thyroid function. Can irritate stomach in internal use.	Myrrh - Commiphora molmol The resin is used as an antiseptic, astringent, antifungal agent and expectorant. A uterine stimulant. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant
N	Nettle - Urtica dioica or U. urens The aerial parts are generally used although the roots are sometimes decocoted for hair rinses. A nutritive, diuretic, astringent, and circulatory stimulant. Promotes lactation. CAUTION - Lowers blood sugar levels.Large doses can irritate the stomach, deplete minerals and lead to dehydration.	Nutmeg - Myristica fragrans The powdered fruit is an antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, digestive and gastric stimulant. Prevents vomiting and promotes appetite. Mace, the outer part of the fruit, was sometimes used in rheumatism ointments. CAUTION - Very large doses of nutmeg may be overly stimulating and cause convulsions or heart palpatations.
O	Oats - Avena sativaa The whol oat plant, harvested when the seeds are ripe, is called oat straw. Oat bran and oatmeal are derivitive forms and somewhat less active, though effective in reducing blood cholesterol. Oat straw is considered a restorative to the nervous system. CAUTION - Some people are senstive to the gluten in oats.	Onion - See alliums
P	Parsley - Petroselinum cripum, P. Sativum, or Carum petroselinium The aerial parts are a strong diuretic, digestive, antispasmodic and uterine stimulant. CAUTION - Avoid the seeds or heavt consumption during pregnancy.	Passionflower - Passiflora incarnata The leaves have an antispasmodic effect and some sedative and hypnotic properties. May reduce pain and promote sleep. CAUTION - Avoid in large doses if pregnant	Peppermint - Mentha piperita The aerial parts are used as an antispasmodic, peripheral vasodilator and analgesic. Used for fever and to reduce morning sickness. Reduces lactation. CAUTION - Do not give any of the mints directly to babies. Do not use if breast-feeding. Can irritate mucous membranes if used or inhaled over a long period. Pure menthol is toxic; avoid ingesting peppermint oil
	Peruvian Bark - Cinchona succirubra A bitter digestive and uterine stimulant. Sometimes suggested for drunkenness. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant. For short term use only. Incompatible with salicylates.	Plantain - Plantago major Plantain leaves are geberally used externally for poultices and to relieve insect bites and bee stings. Sometimes used internally for gastric or urinary ills. A demulcent, astringent, expectorant and diuretic. Not related to the banana like plantain	Pleurisy Root - Asclepias tuberosa An expectorant and vasodilator. Reputed to be soothing to the respiratory system.
	Poplar - Populus tremuloides The dried bark contains salicin. Used as a digestive, diuretic and astringent. CAUTION - Not to be used by pregnant women or children under 16.	Prickly ash - Zanthoxylum americanum The bark and berries are sometimes used as a circulatory stimulant or locally as a counterirritant	Primrose - See Cowslip
	Pukeweed - See Lobelia	Purple Coneflower - See Echinacea	Purslane - Portulaca oleracea A potherb commonly grown in kitchen gardens and used in slads or for a quick thirst quencher. Purslane was also used internally for jaundice or externally for toothache and sore eyes.
R	Rasberry - Rubus idaeus The leaves are usually used. The berries are sometimes recommended for rheumatic disorders or indigestion. Provides toning action to the gravid uterus and sometimes suggested for last trimester. Locally astringent and sometimes used as a gargle. CAUTION - Avoid high doses in the first 6 moths of pregnancy as it may act as a uterine stimulant.	Red Clover - Trifolium pratense The flowers are a diuretic, expectorant, antispasmodic and anti-inflammatory, with possible estrogenic effects. Has been used experimentally with breast, ovarian and lymphatic cancers. Sometimes suggested for topical skin inflammations or arthritis pain.	Rheumatism Root - See Wild yam
	Rhubarb - Rheum palmatum The root is used medicinally. (The cooking version is generally R.rhabarbarum, a more recent cultivar)A powerful purgative, laxative, digestive and astringent; antibacterial. CAUTION - Too strong for children. The leaves are toxic. Avoid in pregnancy. The root contains calcium oxalate and is best avoided in arthritic conditions or gout.	Rose - rose hips - rosa canina High in vitamin C, antidepressant, antispasmodic, astringent, sedative, digestive, expectorant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial and antiviral agent. SOmetimes suggested for colds, respiratory infections, or gastric distress. CAUTION - Do NOT substitute hybrid or garden roses for those listed here. Rose oil is generally considered non-toxic but should be used internally only with expert medical advice. Also, rose oil is frequently adulterated and difficult to find in its pure and expensive form.	Rosemary - rosemarinus officinalis The aerial parts are used as an antispasmodic, relaxant and to stimulate peripheral circulation, and nervine. Possibly a cardiac tonic. The essentail oil is sometimes used for topical treatment of rheumatic ills, as an analgesic and as a hair tonic. Reputed to restore color to brown hair. CAUTION - Avoid in medicinal doses if pregnant but fine for cooking in normal quantitites. Large doses of rosemary can cause gastric distress or cramping.
	Rue - Ruta graveolens The leaves are a uterine stimulant, expectorant and emetic. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy. Use in low doses because of its emetic propprties, best to seek medical advice.
S	Sage - Salvia officinalis The leaves are reputed to enhance longevity. Antibiotic, astringent, antiseptic and antispasmodic actions. Reduces blood sugar. Relaxes peripheral blood vessels. Contains estrogenic substances. CAUTION - Avoid medicinal doses in pregnancy. Avoid if epileptic. Sage oil may be toxic. Avoid if breastfeedng because it may reduce lactation.	Saint Johnswort - Hypericum perforatum Used for chest complaints and depression and as a gargle, astringent, nervine and expectorant. CAUTION - Can cause skin problems if taken internally and the skin is exposed to the sun.	Sarsparilla - Smilax The root is used as a circulatory stimulant and has some testosteronal properties. Sometimes suggested for rheumatic ills.
	Sassafras - sassafras albidum The root and bark were commonly used before modern day cautions were known. CAUTION - Has been linked with cancer, do NOT ingest. The oil contains safrols which is toxic to the central nervous system and blood.	Saw Palmetto - Serenoa serrulata The berries are diuretic, anticatarrhal and urnary antiseptic. Sometimes suggested for male reproductive functions and for reducing an enlarged prostrate. CAUTION - Obtain expert medical advice about prostrate troubles or blood in the urine. Can interact unfavorably with traditional prostrate medicines. Can influence screening tests for prostrate cancer. Seek oil based extracts and reliable sources.	Self-heal - Prunella vulgaris The aerial parts and flower spikes are an antioxidant, antibacterial agent and diuretic. Reduces blood pressure. Traditionally used for headaches. CAUTION - Avoid if you have low blood pressure
	Shepherd's purse - Capsella bursa-pastoris Used primarily as a styptic to stop bleeding. The aerial parts are also a circulatory and uterine stimulant, astingent and urinary antiseptic. Reduces blood pressure. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy. Avoid if low blood pressure is a problem. Always seek medical advise if there is blood in the urine.	Skullcap - Skuttelaria laterifolia The dired aerial parts are an antispasmodic, relaxing to the nervous system. May help treat epileptic symptoms. CAUTION - Germander, which has been suggested to be toxic to the liver, is occasionaly sold as skullcap. Be certain of your source.	Skunk Cabbage - Symplocarpus foetidus The roots and rhizomes are used much like onions, as an expectorant adn antispasmodic. Native Americans considered is a contraceptive. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant or trying to conceive.
	Slippery Elm - Ulmus rubra The inner bark is used for its demulcent and emollient properties. Somewhat nutritive. Often used in cough drops or throat lozenges. Considered soothing to mucous membranes.	Soapbark - Quillaja saponaria The bark is a sudsing agent and anti-inflammatory. CAUTION - For external use only. Contains saponins which should not be used on broken skin.	Southernwood - Artemisia arbrotanum The aerial parts are a uterine stimulant and digestive. CAUTION - Avoid if pregnant
	Squawroot - See black cohosh and blue cohosh	Stickwort - ee agrimony	Sweet Cicely - Myrrhis odorata or Osmorhiza Little used today CAUTION - Poison hemlock is an herbal lookalike, use extreme caution in identifying plants
	Sweet Sumac - Rhus aromatic The bark of the root is an astringent, antidiabetic agent and diuretic. CAUTION - Diabetics should seek expert advice about possible use.	Sweet Violet Viola odorata The aerial parts are an expectorant, diuretic and anti-inflammatory; some say they have antitumor properties. CAUTION - Avoid in high doses as it can cause nausea and vomitng See also Heartsease
T	Tansy - Tanacetum vulgare Generally regarded as a strwing herb now, althoug it was once used as an amulet against worms. CAUTION - Tansy is a narcotic and can cause miscarriage and fetal damage in high doses/ Avoid its internal use. Even external use may cause dermatitis.	Tea - Camellia sinensis There are many varieties of tea leaves and other tea ingredients and each has its own properties and uses. The three main types are green teas, which are rich in flouride and may enhance the immune system; oolong teas, which are partly fermented and often used to reduce blood cholesterol and lower blood pressure; and black teas, which are fully fermented, highly astringent and good for diarrhea. CAUTION - All three types contain caffeine and should be used in moderation in anyone pregnant or nursing, with irregular heartbeat or other heart conditions and anyone with stomach troubles.	Tea Tree Oil - Melaleuca alternifolia The essential oil is used externally as a powerful antibacterial agent CAUTION - Do NOT ingest
	Thyme - Thymus vulgaris The aerial parts are antiseptic, a uterine stimulant, expectorant, diuretic, antispasmodic, antibiotic and astringent. CAUTION - Avoid therapeutic doses in pregnancy. Thyme oil can irritate mucous membranes.	Turmeric - Curcuma longa The powdered rootstick of the plant is used medicinally, ceremonially and as a dye. An antioxidant. Reduces blood cholesterol. Anti-inflammatory, may protect the stomach lining and prevent ulcers. Being studied for its anti-cancer properties expecially with smokers. CAUTION - High doses can irritate the stomach. Should not be given in therapeutic doses to young children. May hamper conception but studies are inconclusive.
U	Unicorn root, false - ee False Unicorn Root
V	Valerian - valeriana officinalis Do not confuse this plant with the common red American valerian, which does not share its medicinal properties.The fresh or dried root is used as an expectoratn, duiretic, sleep aid and tranquilizer. CAUTION - An overdose may cause headache, vomiting, delusions, muscle spasms, dizziness or depression. Can lead to over excitement. Start any treatment with small doses. Never boil.	Vervain - Verbena officinalis The aerial parts are a uterine stimulant, nervine, sedative and lover restorative. Promotes lactation. CAUTION Avoid in pregnancy	Violet - ee Sweet Violet
W	White Willow - Salix alba The bark contains salicin ans has pain relieving properties. May help prevent heart attacks, stroke and migraine. An antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, alagesic, antiseptic, astringent and digestive. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy and in children under 16.	Wild Yam - Dioscorea villosa The rhizome is an antispasmodic, peripheral vasodilator and anti-inflammatory. Contains hormonal substances resembling progesterone. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy. Should not be used on broken skin as it contains saponins.	Willow - See White Willow
	Wintergreen - Gaultheria procumbens The leaves and stems are an anti-inflammatory and duiretic. Contains salicin. CAUTION - Avoid oil of wintergreen, generally derived from a species of birch which is toxic; do not ingest. Pregnant women and children under 16 should not take herbs containg salicin.	Witch Hazel - Hamamelis virginiana The bark and leaves are decocted for their astringent action. CAUTION Use externally	Wood Betony - Betonica officinalis or Stachys betonica The aerial parts are used most often, althought he roots were once used as a liver tonic and laxative. A tannin, bitter stimulant to digestion, uterine stimulant and astringent. CAUTION - Large doses are emetic and cathartic. Best not to use for children. Avoid in pregnancy.
	Wormwood - See mugwort
Y	Yam - See wild yam	Yarrow - Achillea millefolium An infusion of the flowers and aerial parts is used for colds and flu and for digestive and urinary problems. A uterine stimulant. CAUTION - Avoid in pregnancy. Some people develop skin rashes or photosensitivity form yarrow.	Yellow Dock - Rumex crispus The root is used as a cleansing laxative and to promote bile.
Y	Yam - See wild yam

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