Annul- To cancel or invalidate. Henry asked for annul from his wife because the pope didn�t allow divorce.
Gravity � The force that tends to pull one mass or object to another. Newton came up with the theory of gravity to define the force pulling things to the ground.
Patron- A patron is a person who provides financial support for the arts. Lorenzo was a generous patron.
Perspective- An artistic technique used to give drawings and paintings a three-dimensional effect. Renaissance artists learned the rules of perspective.
Theocracy- Government ran by church leaders. Calvin set up a theocracy in Switzerland.
John Calvin- He was asked to become the leader of Switzerland. Calvin set up a theocracy government which is led by church leaders.
Henry VIII- He was the king of England. Henry asked for annul from Catherine (his wife) and the pope refused, and this of course made him mad.
Leonardo da Vinci- He was a famous renaissance artist and painter from Italy. He was famous for his paintings and art.
Lorenzo de' Medici- He was an Italian statesman and ruler of the Florentine Republic during the Italian Renaissance. He was the most remarkable public figure of his time.
Niccolo Machiavelli- He was a political philosopher, musician, poet, and romantic comedic playwright. He is a key figure of the Italian Renaissance and a central figure of its political component.
Heliocentric- It is a theory stating the sun being the center of the world. This theory is still used today.
Humanism- An intellectual movement at the heart of the Italian Renaissance that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues. They believed that education should stimulate the individual�s creative powers.
Indulgence- Pardon for sins committed during a person�s life time in the Roman Catholic Church. Soon, indulgence could be gamed from a money donation to the church.
Predestination- Idea that God long ago determined who will gain salvation. Calvin believed in this idea and so do the Calvinists.
Recant- To give up one�s views. The Church asked Luther to recant but he refused.
Copenicus- Newton and Copernicus helped the Enlightenment grow out of the Scientific Revolution.
Durer- He traveled to Italy to study techniques of the Italian masters in 1494. He helped spread Italian Renaissance ideas in his homeland.
Luther- Made the theses and nailed them to the Church�s door. He reformed the church and didn�t like what was going on in it.
Newton- Came up with the theory of gravity. He was a scientist that came up with many good discoveries.
Petrarch- He was a Florentine who lived from 1304 to 1374 and was an early Renaissance humanist. He hunted down and assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts.
Renaissance focus- It was a cultural program or movement based on humanism, arts, and the classics rather than an entire historical age. Traditionally it was a historical movement.
Printing of reformation- The Chinese learned how to make paper. Inventions and new methods of papermaking had reached Europe and it had sprung up.
Results of Reformation- The reformation reformed what wasn�t formed before. Thanks to the reformation many things were reformed and were better than before.
Causes of Renaissance- Renaissance was needed because the Church was corrupt. People like Luther realized that and he solved some of the problems.
Chapter 18
Hobbes- He said people entered into a social contract, or agreement by which they gave up the state of nature for an organized society. He said they did this to escape brutish life.
Locke- Said people had a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Rulers have a responsibility to protect those rights.
Joseph II- Was the successor of some lady and he made the reforms all good. He was a cool cat and he did great stuff when he ruled.
Constitutional government- A system which establishes the rules and principles of a place. It is an organization, or political entity, is governed.
Enlightened despot- A term used to describe the actions of absolute rulers who were influenced by the Enlightenment. Voltaire was the main dude of the Enlightenment.
Natural laws- Laws that exists independently of the positive law of a given political order, society or nation-state.
Natural rights- Universal rights that are seen as inherent in the nature of the world, and not contingent on human actions or beliefs. Some philosophers believed that everyone has natural rights.
Physiocrat- A group of economists who believed that the wealth of nations was derived solely from agriculture. Their theories developed in France.
Bach- Was a good music person. He was good at making music for people to listen to.
Diderot- Created the Encyclopedia. He also influenced other people in accomplishing their works.
Tom Paine- was an English intellectual, scholar, revolutionary, deist and political and religious thinker. He spent much his time in America and France.
Rousseau- He was a Genevan philosopher of the Enlightenment. His political ideas influenced the French Revolution.
Robert Walpole- He was a British statesman who was the first Prime Minister of Great Britain. However, the term �prime minister� wasn�t used at the time.
Baroque- It�s a style in the arts. Baroque style used exaggerated motion and clear detail.
Free market- It�s a market where price is determined by unregulated supply and demand. The opposite of this would be a controlled market.
Laissez faire- It�s a French phrase meaning "let do, let go, let pass." It was used when the government tried to interfere with trade.
Salon- A salon is where philosophers would meet in a house and talk about philosopher stuff. Mary set up a famous one where many famous philosophers came to talk.
Social contract- A concept used in philosophy, political science, and sociology to denote an implicit agreement within a state. It regarded the responsibilities of the state and the citizens.