Enclosure - In England in the 1700s, the process of taking over and fencing off public lands was enclosure. Rich landowners in England pushed ahead with enclosure.
Factories (How they worked) - Factory workers often worked long hours and many people were hurt or even killed from the heavy machinery. Children also worked in the factories as long women who were hurt very often.
Turnpike � A turn pike is a privately built road that charges fees to travelers who use it. Capitalists invested in turnpikes in the 1700s.
Urbanization � Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to cities. The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization because people needed jobs and cities provided jobs for people.
Utilitarianism � Utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Jeremy Bentham was preaching utilitarianism in the 1800s.
Socialism � Socialism is the system in which the people as a whole rather than private individuals own all property and operate all businesses. To end poverty and injustice they offered a radical solution which was socialism.
Communism � Form of socialism advocated by Karl Marx; according to Marx class struggle was inevitable and would lead to the creation of a classless society in which all wealth and property would be owned by the community.
Proletariat � The proletariat is the working class. Marx said the proletariat was the working class and the bourgeoisie was the middle class.
Michael Faraday � Michael Faraday created an electric generator. His electric generator worked by rotating a coil of wire between the poles of a magnet which created electric current.
John Wesley � John Wesley founded the Methodist Church. He was Methodist.
Karl Marx � Marx and Engels published The Communist Manifesto. Marx theorized that economics was the driving force in history.
Thomas Malthus � Malthus was on of many thinkers who tried to understand the staggering changes taking place in the early industrial age. Malthus�s writings on population shaped economic thinking for generations.
John Stuart Mill � John Stuart Mill was Bentham�s chief follower and argued that actions are right of they promote happiness and wrong if they cause pain.
James Watt � James Watt improved the steam engine. Watt�s steam engines became a vital source of power for the early Industrial Revolution.
Abraham Darby � Darby experimented with iron and created a better quality and cheaper substance. He removed impurities from coal because he found out it damaged iron.
David Ricardo � Ricardo strongly believed in not allowing the government to help the poor. Instead, he said that the poor should gain better status through hard work and birth limitations.
Jeremy Bentham � Bentham preached utilitarianism. Utilitarianism is the idea that the goal of society should be �the greatest happiness for the greatest number� of citizens.
Robert Owen � Owen owned his own mill and was very successful but didn�t use child labor. Owen campaigned vigorously for child labor laws and encouraged labor unions.
Britain's population growth (why did it happen?)- The reason Britain�s population exploded was because of all the industrialization happening in the nation. People migrated towards cities which caused the city to grow and expand.
Importance of coal to Industrialization � Coal was the biggest source of power during the Industrialization. Since most of the power sources were powered by coal, it was well used.
Agricultural Revolution � The industrialization led to an agricultural revolution because more things were being invented which helped farmers produce crops. After the agricultural revolution life on farms became a lot easier.
Textile industry � Cloths from India became very popular and Britain which busted the textile industry. Factories too also increased the income for textile industries.
Laissez faire economics (Adam Smith) � The prophet of laissez faire economics was Adam Smith. Smith believed that a free market would help everyone because it would produce more goods at lower prices.
Chapter 21
Ideology � Ideologies were systems of thought and belief. In 1815 ideology plunged Europe into turmoil for more than 30 years.
Universal manhood suffrage � Universal manhood suffrage gave all adult men the right to vote and social reforms. John Stuart Mill was an influential English liberal who urged equal rights for women.
Autonomy � Autonomy was self rule. The Serbs suffered terrible defeats but ultimately achieved autonomy for themselves within the Ottoman Empire.
El Grito de Dolores � Father Hidalgo�s speech became known as �el Grito de Dolores.� El Grito de Dolores meant the cry of the Dolores.
February Days � In February 1848 the government took steps to silence critics and prevent public meetings. Angry crowds took to the streets and iron railings, overturned carts, paving stones, and toppled trees blocked the streets of Paris.
Frankfurt Assembly � Throughout 1848 delegates many German states met in the Frankfurt Assembly. They wanted to create a constitution for Germany for everyone.
Simon Bolivar � Bolivar lead the struggle to liberate northern South America from Spain. Bolivar traveled in Europe and was inspired by the ideals of �liberty, equality, and brotherhood.�
Miguel Hidalgo � Miguel Hidalgo wanted freedom. He presided over the poor rural parish of Dolores and on the morning of September 16, 1810 he rang the church bells summoning the people to prayer.
Louis Kossuth � Kossuth lead a revolution to parts of the Austrian empire. Kossuth demanded an independent government.
Tupac Amaru � Tupac organized a revolt in 1780. An army killed him but the revolt had effects and the Spanish king ordered officials to look into the system of forced labor and eventually abolish it.
Louis XVIII � Louis was restored to the throne from the Congress of Vienna. He prudently issued a constitution so the Charter of French Liberties was created.
John Stuart Mill � John Stuart Mill was an influential English liberal who urged equal rights to women. He wanted the universal manhood of suffrage principle to go for women too.
Toussaint L' Ouverture � The Toussaint L� Ouverture was this thing that had to do with France. It did some stuff that helped or didn�t help France.
Louis Napoleon � Louis Napoleon was a guy with the last name of Napoleon. His first name was Louis and he was born by a woman.
Louis Philippe � Liberals denounced Louis� government for corruption and called for expanded suffrage. Louis extended suffrage but only France�s wealthiest citizens.
Clemens Von Metternich � Metternich had dominated the Austrian Empire for more than 30 years. Metternich fled in disguise and the Austrian emperor promised reform.
Pedro � Pedro followed his father�s advice and became emperor of Brazil in 1822. He accepted a constitution that provided for freedom of the press and religion as well as an elected legislature.
Revolts in Austrian empire � Revolts began in the Austrian empire because of Metternich. Metternich�s ideas angered the people and he fled.
Goals of nationalists � Nationalists wanted power over their nation. They wanted to use so that they could rule with an iron fist of injustice.
Conservative ideology in Europe � Conservative ideology was more conservative than just the regular ideology. Conservative people liked conservative ideology.
Chapter 22
Interchangeable parts � A new idea emerged for new machines that were invented. Interchangeable parts were used as a method so that if parts were broken on a machine people could just buy the part and change it; it was a good source of money.
Assembly line � A new method used in factories emerged. A method called the assembly line was very efficient and useful. As an item moved along a belt people would add their item to it until it became one large item, this saved time and money.
Corporation � A corporation was a business owned by many investors who buy shares of stock and risk only the amount of their investment. This helped businesses get started.
Cartel � A cartel is an association of large corporations formed to fix prices, set production quotas, or divide up markets. Corporations worked more effectively using this.
Women's suffrage � Women�s suffrage is the right of women to vote. Women�s suffrage was granted to the women.
Racism � Racism is the belief that one racial group is superior to another. Often times the whites were racist to the blacks and that caused controversy.
Social gospel � The social gospel was a movement of the 1800s. It urged Christians to do social service.
Romanticism � Romanticism was the nineteenth-century artistic movement. It appealed to emotion rather than reason.
Realism � Realism was an artistic movement. Its aim was to represent the world as it is.
Impressionism � Impressionism was a school of painting of the late 1800s and early 1900s. It tried to capture fleeting visual impressions.
Social Darwinism - Ideas and theories created by Darwin were known as Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism applied the idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition.
Darwin � Darwin promoted social ideas. People Used his theories to support their own beliefs about society and that�s how Social Darwinism was created.
Joseph Lister � Joseph Lister was an English surgeon who discovered how antiseptics prevented infection. He insisted that surgeons wash their hands before operation and sterilize their instruments.
Factory life (How it changed the lives of workers) � Factory life changed the lives of workers drastically. Workers worked long hours and got little pay; their lives were also dull and boring because they did the same thing every day.