Suffrage- Suffrage is the right to vote. Suffrage was extended to all male citizens and not just property owners in the French Republic.
Sans-culottes- Sans-culottes is the working class men and women who called for radical action in France during the French Revolution. By 1791 they demanded a republic.
Abdicate- To give up a high office. Napoleon abdicated when he lost in the Battle of the Nations at Leipizig.
Deficit spending- Situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in. Louis XIV had left France deeply in debt.
Plebiscite- A plebiscite is a ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue. Napoleon held a plebiscite at each step in his rise to power.
Blockade- A blockade is the shutting off of a port to keep people or supplies from moving in or out. Britain created a blockade of European ports.
Bourgeoisie- Bourgeoisie is the middle class. The bourgeoisie included the bankers, merchants, and manufacturers who increased French economy.
Nationalism- Nationalism is the feeling of pride in and devotion to one�s country. Nationalism spread throughout France when Napoleon came to power.
�migr�- An �migr� is a person who flees his or her country for political reasons. French people fled the country because of the revolution.
Louis XVI- Louis XVI was the leader of France. No one liked Louis because he fled from France.
Clemens von Metternich- Metternich was the dominant figure of the Congress. He wanted to restore the status quo of 1792.
Napoleon- Napoleon came to power of France during the Revolution because of his leadership of the military. He used nationalism to control the people of France and get them on his side.
Olympe de Gouges- A journalist that demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman. This created some reforms which were ruined when Napoleon came to power.
Rosbespierre- He rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety. He liked Rousseau�s idea of the general will.
Jacques Louis David- He was the leading artist of the French Revolution. He used stirring events as the Tennis Court Oath and Napoleon�s reign of power.
Who denounced Fr. Rev? Why?- The congress denounced the French Revolution. They denounced it because it was getting way too out of control.
Reign of Terror- By 1794 people questioned the need for constant executions. Between 20,000 and 40,000 French people were executed as traitors.
Napoleon annexed who?- He annexed the Netherlands and Belgium and some parts of Italy. This was an addition to the areas of France.
Congress of Vienna- The Congress of Vienna tried to restore stability and order in Europe after 25 years of war. Its chief goal was to create a lasting peace by making a balance of power and protecting the system of monarchy.
Ch. 23
Alexander II- Alexander came to the throne in 1855 during the Crimean War. Alexander agreed to reforms and in 1861 he issued a royal decree emancipating the serfs.
Francis Joseph- Inherited the throne at the age of 18. He came to power during turmoil and he ruled until 1916.
Giuseppe Garibaldi- Garibaldi wanted to create an Italian republic. He recruited a force of 1,000 red-shirted volunteers provided with weapons that went south to Sicily.
Otto von Bismarck- Bismarck served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France before King William I made him chancellor in 1862. He used his policy of �blood and iron� to unite the German states under Prussian rule.
William II- In 1888 he succeeded his grandfather as Kaiser. William launched a campaign to expand the German navy and win an overseas empire.
Camillo Cavour- Cavour sent Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi and his troops. Cavour died in 1861.
Anarchist- A person who wants to abolish all government is an anarchist. Anarchists turned to violence and sabotage.
Refugee- A person who flees his or her homeland to seek safety elsewhere is a refugee. Jews fled from Russia as refugees and to the United States with fear.
Pogrom- A pogrom is a violent attack on a Jewish community. Jews fled as refugees because of pogroms made against them.
Realpolitik- Otto von Bismarck reflected the ideas of Realpolitik. Realpolitik are realistic politics based on a tough minded evaluation of the needs of the state.
Zemstvo- Zemstvos are called elected assemblies. Zemstovs were made responsible for matters like road repair, schools, and agriculture.
Economic development in Germany- Economy was developed in Germany because it came to do that. Economy was good in Germany for awhile and then it wasn�t and then it was.
Nationalism threatened? who? (which country the most)- Nationalism threatened Russia the most. It also threatened a lot of other countries though too.
Revolution of1905- The revolution of 1905 was a revolution which had occurred in 1905. This revolution was based on revolving ideas and making them better.