1. Europe is a small area, but its impact on the world has been enormous.
2. Before the middle ages Europe had great untapped potential, it had dense forests that covered most of the north, and its soil was suited for raising crops.
3. Coastal people fished for food and also used the seas as highways for trade and exploration.
II. Germanic Kingdoms
1. The Germanic tribes were farmers and herders that migrated across Europe.
2. These people had no cities and no written laws at the time; instead they lived in small communities that were being lead by unwritten customs.
3. The Germanic tribes made Western Europe into small kingdoms, the strongest was the Franks.
III. Islam: A New Mediterranean Power
1. A new powerful force swept out of the Middle East and into the Mediterranean, it was Islam.
2. Muslims were overcoming the Christians around the Mediterranean, overrunning kingdoms in North Africa and Spain.
3. Christians had a hostile view of the Muslims presence because of their victories.
IV. The Age of Charlemagne
1. Charles Martle�s grandson; or Charlemagne, built an empire reaching across France, Germany, and part of Italy.
2. Pope Leo III called for Charlemagne, who marched to the rebellious Romans and killed them, the pope then crowned Charlemagne emperor.
3. Charlemagne tried to create a Christian Europe and worked closely with the church.
VI. A Revival of Learning
1. Charlemagne wanted to make his capital at Aachen, to accomplish this he had to revive the Latin language.
2. To help people become educated, he set up a school in Aachen and asked Alcuin to run the school.
3. Alcuin taught grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. He also hired scholars to copy ancient manuscripts like the Bible and other Latin books of history and science.
VII. Charlemagne�s Legacy
1. Charlemagne died in 814 and his empire then fell apart. His heirs battled for individual power for almost 30 years.
2. In 843 Charlemagne�s grandsons made the Treaty of Verdun, which split the empire into three regions.
3. Although Charlemagne died, he extended Christian civilization into northern Europe and blended the German, Roman, and Christian traditions. He also set up an efficient government that medieval rulers used his example to set up their own government.
VIII. New Attacks
1. Muslim forces were attacking Europe; in the late 800s they conquered Sicily that became a center for Islamic culture.
2. In 896 people called Magyars made up today�s Hungary.
3. The Vikings were lead by Leif Erikson, who set up a colony on the continent of North America in about the year 1000. Vikings also began to settle in England, northern France, Ireland, and parts of Russia.
IX. A New System of Rule
1. A system called feudalism evolved, based on the basic need of individual protection. People needed their own protection because of the invasions the Vikings had made.
2. The vassals (lesser lords) were pledged to service and loyalty to their monarch (greater lord). A lord granted his vassal a fief, or estate.
3. An estate was a piece of land that peasants would work on, the lord would also promise to protect his vassal. The vassal also agreed to provide the lord with 40 days of military service each year, certain money payments, and advice.
X. Lords, Vassals, and Knights
1. Everyone had a place in a feudal society. Each monarch had its vassal, and each vassal had their own vassals too, in most cases the same man was both a vassal and a lord.
2. Since vassals had fiefs from more than one lord, the feudal relationship became very complex, if a vassals� several lords feuded then that vassal wouldn�t be able to have loyalty to all the lords.
3. To solve the problem of having more than one lord, a vassal usually had a liege lord to whom he owned his first loyalty.
XI. The World of Warriors
1. Nobles trained when they were little to become a knight, or mounted warrior.
2. At the age of seven, a boy was sent to the castle of the father�s lord to begin training. He learned to ride and fight at the castle and how to keep the armor and weapons in good condition.
3. Noblewomen supervised vassals, managed the household, and performed necessary agricultural and medical tasks. Chivalry was the code of conduct used by knights; it required them to be brave, loyal, and true to their world. Troubadours were wandering poets.
XII. The Manor
1. The heart of the medieval economy was the manor, or lord�s estate. They included one or more villages and the surrounding lands.
2. Most of the peasants on a manor were serfs, who were bound to the land. Serfs weren�t slaves but couldn�t leave the manor.
3. Peasants produced most of everything you needed to live at the time; there was a small church to go to also.
XII. Daily Life
1. For most of the peasants, life was tough, men women, and children worked long hours from morning until the evening. When planting was in season a man would guide an ox-drawn plow while is wife goaded it into motion with a pointed stick.
2. Peasants found occasions to celebrate, such as marriages and births. Festivals brought days off too.
3. On the Sabbath, peasants would most likely go to their small chapel. In medieval Europe, people believed in elves, fairies, and other nature spirits; they also had faith in love potions, magic charms, and witches.
XIII. A Spiritual and Worldly Empire
1. The Roman Catholic Church grew stronger and wealthier during the Middle Ages, it became the secular, or worldly force in Western Europe.
2. They believed the only way to avoid hell was to participate in sacraments, which are sacred rituals of the Church.
3. The Church had its own rules and laws, called the canon law; it applied to religious teachings, the behavior of the clergy, and even marriages and morals. Anyone who refused to obey Church laws had penalties, the most sever was excommunication, they couldn�t receive the sacraments, they couldn�t be buried in sacred ground either and all Christians shunned them. Interdicting excluded an entire town, region, or kingdom from participating in most sacraments and from receiving Christian burial.
XIV. The Church and Daily Life
1. Christians pay tithes, or a tax equal to a tenth of their incomes.
2. Priests baptized the peasants children and performed their marriages.
3. Women were taught as inferior to men, but equal in the eyes of God, they were also seen as �Daughters of Eve.� They were taught that they needed the guide of men because they were easily brought to sin.
XV. Monks and Nuns
1. About 530 a monk named Benedict founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy. It spread to monasteries and convents across Europe.
2. Monks and nuns tended to the sick, they gave alms, or charity, to the poor and set up schools for children.
3. Not all monks and nuns remained isolated from the outside world, during the early middle Ages they went to spread the Christian faith with others, risking their lives.
XVI. Hildegard of Bingen: Adviser to Popes and Kings
1. At the age of 14 Hildegard made the decision of becoming a nun.
2. At the age of 38 Hildegard was named abbess, or head of the covenant.
3. In 1147 Hildegard founded a new convent, in Germany. Her reputation grew as being known as a sage and prophet. Restrictions on women grew in the church and they couldn�t do as much as Hildegard had done.
XVII. Reform Movements
1. As the medieval Church grew in wealth and power the discipline had dropped, nuns and monks had began to ignore their vows and wanted to live in luxury. Demand for a reform was put into action.
2. Abbot Berno revived the Benedictine Rule, he announced that he would not permit nobles to interfere in the running of the monastery, and he filled the monastery with men who were devoted solely to religious pursuits. These were known as the Cluniac Reforms.
3. Gregory VII, the new pope extended the Cluniac reforms throughout the church; he prohibited the selling of positions in the church and outlawed marriage for priests. He wanted Christians to renew their faith and insisted that the Church; not the kings and nobles choose Church officials.
XVIII. Jews in Western Europe
1. Jews had scattered around the Mediterranean, they preserved the oral and written laws that were central to their faith in their homes. They were known as Sephardic Jews.
2. Medieval Christians blamed Jews for the persecution of Jesus, and the foundations for anti-Semitism started, which was prejudice against Jews.
3. Persecution increased on the Jews, being blamed for diseases and illnesses. Most Jews then migrated into Eastern Europe where they built communities.
XIX. An Agricultural Revolution
1. In 1000, Europe�s economic recovery was going fine; farming technologies had increased and made their fields more productive. Europe had an agricultural revolution.
2. By 800 the peasants were using new iron plows, which was a lot better than the wooden plows they were using. They also used a new kind of harness for horses instead of oxen, because the horses worked faster. A windmill was invented also, using the power of the wind to grind their grain into flour.
3. The population in Europe grew because of all the new abundances of food they had, between 1000 and 1300 the population doubled.
XX. Trade Reviews
1. Demand for goods had grown, peasants wanted the iron for working the fields with and nobles wanted expensive furs and fine wools from Asia. Since the warfare had declined merchants had reappeared for the demands.
2. New trade routes had started to sprout up. In the seasons where the merchants couldn�t pass on the roads they stopped in a small town to stay; this made small cities.
3. Merchants that started a town would ask the lord or king for a charter; a written document that set out the rights and privileges of the town.
XXI. A Commercial Revolution
1. The merchants had a need for money to buy goods for their customers, they borrowed their money from moneylenders, their need for capital (money for investment) had grown and so banks started to form.
2. A system called the bill of exchange was made where merchants could deposit money in one town then travel to another and take out the money in the new town, that way their gold coins wouldn�t get stolen while traveling.
3. A new middle class came out, it was in-between nobles and peasants, some of the peasants could start paying for rent because they were selling some of the goods they got in town.
XXII. Role of Guilds
1. Merchant guilds (associations) passed laws, levied taxes, and decided to spend funds to pave the streets with cobblestones, build protective walls for the city, or raise a new town hall.
2. To become a member of a guild you had to have many years of hard work as an apprentice or trainee.
3. Some women had dominated trades and some led their on guilds.
XXIII. City Life
1. The cities were protected by high walls. When the city grew they often had to expand the walls so people didn�t have to live on farms outside the city.
2. Cities had narrow streets and were lined with tall houses for people to live in.
3. Even rich town had no garbage collection or sewer system, they usually just threw their wastes into the street, most towns were just disgusting.
XXIV. Looking Ahead
1. Europe was changing; it was a different place then from what it was in the early middle Ages.
2. Trade had also put money and ideas into the picture.
3. Europeans were using ideas from more advanced civilizations that would help them in an even greater transformation that had already happened.
Chapter 9
XXV. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
1. Kings were the head of society in Medieval Europe.
2. Nobles and the Church had as much or more power than the king; they had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and had their own armies.
3. Struggles against monarchs, nobles, and the Church lasted for centuries.
XXVI. Strong Monarchs in England
1. In 1066 King Edward died without an heir which made a power struggle in England. A council of nobles chose Edward�s brother0in-law Harold to rule.
2. Duke William, a man of Viking descent claimed the English throne, which ended in the battlefield. Duke William set up an army and won the backing of the pope. At the Battle of Hastings William triumphed over Harold, William then was the king of England.
3. In 1154 Henry II inherited the throne. He developed a jury system, officials collected a jury, or group of men sworn to speak the truth. A conflict between Henry and the church was brought into action when he was trying to expand royal power.
XXVII. Evolving Traditions of Government
1. Henry�s son John became the ruler of England, he faced King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and English nobles.
2. John used his power for bad reasons; he angered his nobles which forced him to sign the Magna Carta so that John couldn�t abuse his rights.
3. Parliament devolved into a two-house body: The House of Lords with nobles and high clergy and the House of Commons with knights and middle-class citizens.
XXVIII. Royal Successes in France
1. Hugh Capet of Paris was elected in 987 to the throne. He might have been elected because he was too weak to pose a threat to the feudal.
2. Hugh made the throne hereditary so it was passed on from father to son, royal power had begun to increase.
3. Philip IV extended royal power.
XXIX. The Holy Roman Empire
1. Otto�s successors took the title of the Holy Roman emperor because they were crowned by the pope, Roman because they saw themselves as heirs to the emperors of Ancient Rome.
2. The close ties between Otto and the church inflicted conflict.
3. They didn�t know if emperors or popes would control appointments to high Church offices.
XXX. Two Determined Rulers
1. Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV had conflict in-between each other and it was turning for the worst.
2. In 1076 Gregory excommunicated Henry, the pope then left to crown a new emperor. Henry had to make peace.
3. Henry traveled over the Alps to apologize to Gregory and receive forgiveness.
XXXI. New Struggles between Popes and Emperors
1. German emperors wanted to master Italy, Barabossa dreamed of building an empire that stretched from the Batlic to the Adriatic.
2. Barabossa achieved his goal and it tied in Germany even more into Italy.
3. Sicily was brought to ruins because of the quarrels between Popes and Emperors, French and Spanish battled for power on the island.
XXXII. The Church under Innocent III
1. In the 1200s the Roman Catholic Church reaches its peak of power.
2. Innocent III took office in 1198, he claimed supremacy over all the other rulers and so he had conflict with all the other rulers.
3. Innocent and Philp II launched a crusade, or holy war, against the Alibigenasians in southern France.
XXXIII. The World of 1050
1. Islamic civilization reached from Span across North Africa, and the Middle East and then to India.
2. Byzantine was a rival of the Islam culture, in the eastern Mediterranean.
3. In the 1050s the Seljuk Turks invaded the Byzantine empire, the Seljuk Turks had conquered most of Palestine.
XXXIV. The Crusades
1. Alexius I sent a plea to Pope Urban II in Rome, in 1095 he asked for Christian knights to help him fight the Turks.
2. Christian knights captured Jerusalem in 1099 and massacred Muslim and Jewish residents of the city.
3. Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslim leader Salah al-Din in 1187.
XXXV. Impact of the Crusades
1. The Crusades had over all failed their destination, which was conquest of the Holy Land. They also had a bitter taste of each from then on.
2. Trade had increased because of the Crusades.
3. The Crusades increased the power of feudal monarchs too, Europeans were curious of the places they had never been to before and started exploring places like India more.
XXXVI. The Crusading Spirit and Reconquista
1. Christians advanced and controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula except for Granada.
2. Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon and the marriage opened the way for two powerful kingdoms to become unified.
3. Over 150,000 people fled into exile, the queens policy destroyed two educated groups that had much to do with Spain�s economy and culture.
XXXVII. Medieval Universities
1. The need for educated people expanded as the economic and political conditions improved in the High Middle Ages.
2. By the 1100s schools had sprung up around cathedrals to train the clergy.
3. A program of study covered arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammar, rhetoric, and logic.
XXXVIII. Europeans Acquire �New� Learning
1. Jewish scholars translated the Arabic books of Aristotle so that Christian European scholars could read them. The method was known as scholasticism, used reason to support Christian beliefs.
2. Thomas Aquinas brought together Christian faith and classical Greek philosophy.
3. Sciences and Mathematics were translated from Arabic and Greek, also reached Europe from Spain and the Byzantine Empire.
XXXIX. Education for Women
1. Few women received any education.
2. De Pizan used her pen to examine the achievements of women. She wrote books about it.
3. Most men looked upon educated women as being odd, it was unusual for a women to be educated.
XXXX. Medieval Literature
1. Vernacular was a type of new writing which became the everyday languages of ordinary people.
2. Traveling people loved to hear the old Greek heroic epics, people began writing them down and saving them.
3. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales, which follows a band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket�s tomb.
XXXXI. Splendors in Stone
1. People were building churches that reflected Roman influences; they looked like fortresses with thick walls and towers.
2. People were competing to build taller and grander building in Europe.
3. Stonemasons carved sculptures to decorate churches.
XXXXII. the Black Death
1. A boat that was traveling a sea became over come with sickness and began dieing.
2. It docked in a town and it was spreading, the disease was known as the Black Death and was raging through Italy, by 1348 it reached Spain and France.
3. The sickness was actually the bubonic plague, which spread by fleas on rats.
XXXXIII. Upheaval in the Church
1. People battled for the truth, Wycliffe insisted that the Bible was the source of all Christian truth but not the church.
2. The Church persecuted Wycliffe and his followers.
3. Hus was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in 1415, however the ideas of Wycliffe and Hus survived, a century later, other reformers took up the same demands.
XXXXIV. the Hundred Years� War
1. Between 1337 and 1453 England and France fought a series of wars that lasted 100 years.
2. The English won a victory at Crecy in 1346.
3. The longbow was created, a six foot weapon which was the most advanced weaponry of the time. An archer with the longbow could shoot three arrows in the time a regular bow could shoot one.
XXXXV. Looking Ahead
1. In the 1400s Europe recovered from the Black Death.
2. The population had expanded and manufacturing grew.
3. These changes led to increased trade.