Period 3
3/7/07
Chapter 29 Outline
The Mexican Revolution
1. By 1910, the dictator Porfirio Diaz had ruled Mexico for almost 35 years winning reelection as president again and again.
2. Prosperity benefited wealthy landowners, business people, and foreign investors.
3. During the power struggle that followed, several radical leaders emerged.
Reforms
1. In 1917 Venustiano Carranza was elected president of Mexico and then he approved a new constitution.
2. The constitution placed allowed nationalization, or government takeover of natural resources.
3. At first the constitution set goals to be achieved sometime in the future but later the government restored order after years of civil war and carried out reforms
Rising Tide of Nationalism
1. During the 1920s and 1930s events affected Latin American economies, an example is trade ending in Europe after World War I for quite some time.
2. Economic nationalism swept through the Latin American countries and they were determined to make their own economies and end foreign control.
3. By the 1920s the national feeling led Latin American writers, artists, and thinkers to reject European influences
The �Good Neighbor� Policy
1. During World War I the United States invested in nations of Latin America and they soared when British influence declined.
2. During the 1920s anti-American feeling grew.
3. In the 1930s Roosevelt abandoned the Roosevelt Corollary and pledged to follow �the policy of the good neighbor� which withdrew troops and let Cuba be independent.
Movements for Change in Africa
1. Opposition to imperialism grew among Africans.
2. Apartheid is a system of racial segregation.
3. Blacks were pushed to low-paid jobs and the whites got the better jobs and ends of the deals because their goal was to ensure white economic power.
Growing Self-Confidence
1. During the 1920s the Pan-Africanism movement nourished the nationalist spirit.
2. The Pan-Africanism emphasized unity of Africans and people of African descent around the world.
3. In 1922 the British finally declared Egypt independent.
Modernization in Turkey and Iran
1. Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish nationalists who overthrew the sultan and defeated western occupation forces which declared Turkey a republic.
2. Reforms transformed the lives of women because they no longer had to wear veils over their faces and were allowed to vote.
3. As Iran modernized it won better terms from the British company that controlled its oil industry.
Arab Nationalism and European Mandates
1. Arab nationalism increased after World War I and gave a rise to Pan-Arabism.
2. In 1897 Theodor Herzl responded to growing anti-Semitism in Europe by founding the modern Zionist movement.
3. In the 1930s anti-Semitism in Germany and Eastern Europe forced many Jews to seek safety in Palestine.
Moves Toward Independence
1. Tragedy at Armistar was linked to Indian frustrations after World War I because during the war more than a million had served overseas and suffered heavy casualties.
2. To quiet nationalist demands the British promised India greater self-government after the war.
3. Since 1885 the Congress party had pressed for self-rule within the British Empire. However, in the 1920s a new leader named Mohandas Gandhi united all Indians behind the drive for independence.
Mohandas Gandhi
1. At age 19 Gandhi went to England to study law and after returning to India he tried to set up his own law practice but soon joined Indian law in South Africa.
2. Gandhi admired civil disobedience, the refusal to obey unjust laws.
3. When riots broke out Gandhi would fast, pray, and call on patriots to practice self-control.
The Salt March
1. Gandhi marched to the sea with 78 followers and by the time they reached their destination the marcher�s numbers had reached to thousands.
2. Slowly but surely the march to the sea embarrassed Britain and they couldn�t stand it any longer.
3. Britain agreed to hand over some power to Indians and to meet other demands of the Congress party.
Looking Ahead
1. Muslim fears of the Hindu majority increased as India came closer to their independence.
2. During the 1930s the Muslim League gained an able leader named Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
3. India was moving toward independence when a new world war exploded in 1939 and Britain outraged Indian leaders by postponing further action on independence and then bringing India into the war without consulting them.
The Chinese Republic
1. In 1912 Sun Yixian stepped down as president so that Yuan Shikai could step up.
2. Foregin powers increased their influence over Chinese affairs, and in 1915 Japan put new pressure on its once-powerful neighbor.
3. By the 1920s a small group of Chinese communists had formed their own party in hope that they could set China back on it�s tracks.
Leaders for a New China
1. In 1921 Sun Yixian and his Nationalist party established a government in south China, his plan was to raise an army, defeat the warlords, and spread his government�s rule over China.
2. The Nationalist party of China was called Guoindang and Jiang Jieshi took over it after Sun�s death in 1925.
3. Among the Communists who escaped Jiang�s attack was Mao Zedong who believed the Communists should seek support among the large peasant masses.
Japanese Invasion
1. In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria in northeastern China trying to add it to the Japanese empire.
2. In 1937 Japan struck again but this time they attacked China properly with airplanes and troops overran eastern China including Beijing and Guangzhou.
3. The Communists and Jiang joined forces against the Japanese in order to save China from going under completely.
Liberal Changes of the 1920s
1. In the 1920s Japan moved toward democracy.
2. During World War I the Japanese economy enjoyed phenomenal growth.
3. During the 1920s tensions between the government and the military simmered.
The Nationalist Reaction
1. In 1929 the Great Depression hit the Pacific including Japan with a huge force.
2. Economic disaster fed the discontent of the military and extreme nationalists, or ultranationalists.
3. In 1931 a group of the Japanese army officers blew up tracks on a Japanese owned railroad line and claimed the Chinese had done it.
Militarists in Power
1. Ultranationalists in the early 1930s were winning popular support for foreign conquests.
2. Military leaders wanted to take over the government and in 1936 they occupied the center of Tokyo for a moment.
3. Civilian government survived but it had been forced to accept military domination in 1937.